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Fox SC, Waskiewicz AJ. Transforming growth factor beta signaling and craniofacial development: modeling human diseases in zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1338070. [PMID: 38385025 PMCID: PMC10879340 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1338070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans and other jawed vertebrates rely heavily on their craniofacial skeleton for eating, breathing, and communicating. As such, it is vital that the elements of the craniofacial skeleton develop properly during embryogenesis to ensure a high quality of life and evolutionary fitness. Indeed, craniofacial abnormalities, including cleft palate and craniosynostosis, represent some of the most common congenital abnormalities in newborns. Like many other organ systems, the development of the craniofacial skeleton is complex, relying on specification and migration of the neural crest, patterning of the pharyngeal arches, and morphogenesis of each skeletal element into its final form. These processes must be carefully coordinated and integrated. One way this is achieved is through the spatial and temporal deployment of cell signaling pathways. Recent studies conducted using the zebrafish model underscore the importance of the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways in craniofacial development. Although both pathways contain similar components, each pathway results in unique outcomes on a cellular level. In this review, we will cover studies conducted using zebrafish that show the necessity of these pathways in each stage of craniofacial development, starting with the induction of the neural crest, and ending with the morphogenesis of craniofacial elements. We will also cover human skeletal and craniofacial diseases and malformations caused by mutations in the components of these pathways (e.g., cleft palate, craniosynostosis, etc.) and the potential utility of zebrafish in studying the etiology of these diseases. We will also briefly cover the utility of the zebrafish model in joint development and biology and discuss the role of TGF-β/BMP signaling in these processes and the diseases that result from aberrancies in these pathways, including osteoarthritis and multiple synostoses syndrome. Overall, this review will demonstrate the critical roles of TGF-β/BMP signaling in craniofacial development and show the utility of the zebrafish model in development and disease.
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2
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Werfel L, Martens H, Hennies I, Gjerstad AC, Fröde K, Altarescu G, Banerjee S, Valenzuela Palafoll I, Geffers R, Kirschstein M, Christians A, Bjerre A, Haffner D, Weber RG. Diagnostic Yield and Benefits of Whole Exome Sequencing in CAKUT Patients Diagnosed in the First Thousand Days of Life. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:2439-2457. [PMID: 38025229 PMCID: PMC10658255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the predominant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the need for kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in children. Although more than 60 genes are known to cause CAKUT if mutated, genetic etiology is detected, on average, in only 16% of unselected CAKUT cases, making genetic testing unproductive. Methods Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed in 100 patients with CAKUT diagnosed in the first 1000 days of life with CKD stages 1 to 5D/T. Variants in 58 established CAKUT-associated genes were extracted, classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines, and their translational value was assessed. Results In 25% of these mostly sporadic patients with CAKUT, a rare likely pathogenic or pathogenic variant was identified in 1 or 2 of 15 CAKUT-associated genes, including GATA3, HNF1B, LIFR, PAX2, SALL1, and TBC1D1. Of the 27 variants detected, 52% were loss-of-function and 18.5% de novo variants. The diagnostic yield was significantly higher in patients requiring KRT before 3 years of age (43%, odds ratio 2.95) and in patients with extrarenal features (41%, odds ratio 3.5) compared with patients lacking these criteria. Considering that all affected genes were previously associated with extrarenal complications, including treatable conditions, such as diabetes, hyperuricemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypoparathyroidism, the genetic diagnosis allowed preventive measures and/or early treatment in 25% of patients. Conclusion WES offers significant advantages for the diagnosis and management of patients with CAKUT diagnosed before 3 years of age, especially in patients who require KRT or have extrarenal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Werfel
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Martens
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Imke Hennies
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ann Christin Gjerstad
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kerstin Fröde
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gheona Altarescu
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Anne Christians
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Bjerre
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Congenital Kidney Diseases, Center for Rare Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruthild G. Weber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Congenital Kidney Diseases, Center for Rare Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Yu T, Li G, Wang C, Li N, Yao R, Wang J. Defective Joint Development and Maintenance in GDF6-Related Multiple Synostoses Syndrome. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:568-577. [PMID: 36744814 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple synostoses syndromes (SYNS) are a group of rare genetic bone disorders characterized by multiple joint fusions. We previously reported an SYNS4-causing GDF6 c.1330 T > A (p.Tyr444Asn) mutation, which reduced Noggin-induced GDF6 inhibition and enhanced SMAD1/5/8 signaling. However, the mechanisms by which GDF6 gain-of-function mutation alters joint formation and the comprehensive molecular portraits of SYNS4 remain unclear. Herein, we introduce the p.Tyr443Asn (orthologous to the human GDF6 p.Tyr444Asn) mutation into the mouse Gdf6 locus and report the results of extensive phenotype analysis, joint development investigation, and transcriptome profiling of Gdf6 p.Tyr443Asn limb buds. Gdf6 p.Tyr443Asn knock-in mice recapitulated the morphological features of human SYNS4, showing joint fusion in the wrists, ankles, phalanges, and auditory ossicles. Analysis of mouse embryonic forelimbs demonstrated joint interzone formation defects and excess chondrogenesis in Gdf6 p.Tyr443Asn knock-in mice. Further, RNA sequencing of forelimb buds revealed enhanced bone formation and upregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in mice carrying the Gdf6 p.Tyr443Asn mutation. Because tightly regulated BMP signaling is critical for skeletal development and joint morphogenesis, our study shows that enhancing GDF6 activity has a significant impact on both prenatal joint development and postnatal joint maintenance. © 2023 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruen Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Ding Y, Li Z, Zhang Q, Li N, Chang G, Wang Y, Li X, Li J, Li Q, Yao RE, Li X, Wang X. Complex clinical manifestations and new insights in RNA sequencing of children with diabetes and WFS1 variants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1066320. [PMID: 36967753 PMCID: PMC10031778 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1066320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WFS1-related disorders involve a wide range of clinical phenotypes, including diabetes mellitus and neurodegeneration. Inheritance patterns of pathogenic variants of this gene can be autosomal recessive or dominant, and differences in penetrance present challenges for accurate diagnosis and genetic counselling. METHODS Three probands and one elder brother from three families were systematically evaluated and the clinical data of other family members were collected from the medical history. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the probands, and RNA sequencing was performed on four patients, their parents with WFS1 variants, and four gender- and age-matched children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS There were six patients with diabetes. Dilated cardiomyopathy, a rare manifestation of WFS1-related disease, was identified in one patient, along with MRI findings of brain atrophy at age 7 years and 3 months, the earliest age of discovery we know of. Whole-exome sequencing revealed five pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the WFS1 gene, including c.1348dupC (p.His450Profs*93), c.1381A>C (p.Thr461pro), c.1329C>G (p.Ser443Arg), c.2081delA (p.Glu694Glyfs*16), c.1350-1356delinsGCA (p.His450Glnfs*26), of which 3 variants (c.1348dupC, c.2081delA, c.1350-1356delinsGCA) were novel that have not been previously reported. The differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with immune-related pathways according to the Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of the RNA sequencing data. The exon 1 region of HLA-DRB1 in two patients was not transcribed, while the transcription of the region in their parents was normal. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the clinical and genetic heterogeneity in patients, even in the same family with WFS1 variants. MRI evaluation of the brain should be considered when WFS1-related disorder is first diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoying Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirou Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-en Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiumin Wang, ; Xin Li,
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiumin Wang, ; Xin Li,
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5
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Ding Y, Chen J, Tang Y, Chen LN, Yao RE, Yu T, Yin Y, Wang X, Wang J, Li N. Identification and functional analysis of novel SOX11 variants in Chinese patients with Coffin-Siris syndrome 9. Front Genet 2022; 13:940776. [PMID: 35938035 PMCID: PMC9354949 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.940776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX11 is a transcription factor belonging to the sex determining region Y-related high-mobility group box family that plays a vital role in early embryogenesis and neurogenesis. De novo variants in SOX11 have been initially reported to cause a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, mainly referred to Coffin-siris syndrome 9 (CSS9, OMIM# 615866) which is characterized with growth deficiency, intellectual disability (ID), microcephaly, coarse facies, and hypoplastic nails of the fifth fingers and/or toes. A recent large-scale cohort study suggests that SOX11 variation would result in a clinically and molecularly distinct disease from CSS. Here, we describe three unrelated Chinese cases with variable phenotype, mainly involving developmental delay, ID, short statute, microcephaly, facial deformities (i.e., prominent forehead, arched eye brow, flat nasal bridge, broad nose and short philtrum), and cryptorchidism. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed three novel heterozygous variants in the SOX11 gene, including two missense variants of c.337T>C (p.Y113H) and c.425C>G (p.A142G), and one nonsense variant of c.820A>T (p. K142*). Luciferase reporting assay shows that the two missense variants impair the transcriptional activity of the SOX11 target gene GDF5. Additionally, WES uncovered a 4,300 kb deletion involving the region of 1q24.2-q25.1 (hg19,chr1:169,433,149-173,827,682) in patient 1, which also contributes to the condition of the patient. In summary, this is the first report of Chinese cases with de novo variants of SOX11. Our study partially supports the previous observation that the phenotype caused by SOX11 variants somewhat differs from classical CSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiande Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-En Yao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Rare Pediatric Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Rare Pediatric Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Rare Pediatric Diseases, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Niu Li, ; Jian Wang,
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics for Pediatrics, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Rare Pediatric Diseases, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Niu Li, ; Jian Wang,
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6
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Zhang Z, Lu Y, Cao JY, Wang L, Li LK, Wang C, Ye X, Ji YM, Tu LY, Sun Y. Clinical observation and genetic analysis of a SYNS1 family caused by novel NOG gene mutation. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1933. [PMID: 35332702 PMCID: PMC9034678 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics of a rare Chinese family with Multiple synostoses syndrome and identify the causative variant with the high‐throughput sequencing approach. Methods The medical history investigation, physical examination, imaging examination, and audiological examination of the family members were performed. DNA samples were extracted from the family members. The candidate variant was identified by performing whole‐exome sequencing of the proband, then verified by Sanger sequencing in the family. Results The family named HBSY‐018 from Hubei province had 18 subjects in three generations, and six subjects were diagnosed with conductive or mixed hearing loss. Meanwhile, characteristic features including short philtrum, hemicylindrical nose, and hypoplastic alae nasi were noticed among those patients. Symptoms of proximal interdigital joint adhesion and inflexibility were found. The family was diagnosed as Multiple synostoses syndrome type 1 (SYNS1).The inheritance pattern of this family was autosomal dominant. A novel mutation in the NOG gene c.533G>A was identified by performing whole‐exome sequencing of the proband. The substitution of cysteine encoding 178th position with tyrosine (p.Cys178Tyr) was caused by this mutation, which was conserved across species. Co‐segregation of disease phenotypes was demonstrated by the family verification. Conclusion The family diagnosed as SYNS1 was caused by the novel mutation (c.533G>A) of NOG. The combination of clinical diagnosis and molecular diagnosis had improved the understanding of this rare disease and provided a scientific basis for genetic counseling in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Institute of Rare Diseases, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Ke Li
- Institute of Rare Diseases, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Ming Ji
- College of Art and Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lin-Yi Tu
- Department of anorectal, Wuhan eighth hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
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7
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Dobson SM, Kiss C, Borschneck D, Heath KE, Gross A, Glucksman MJ, Guerin A. Novel
FGF9
variant contributes to multiple synostoses syndrome 3. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2162-2167. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney Kiss
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics Queen’s University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | | | - Karen E. Heath
- Institute of Medical & Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ Universidad de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Skeletal dysplasia multidisciplinary Unit and ERN‐BOND Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII Madrid Spain
| | - Adrian Gross
- Center for Proteomics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chicago Medical School Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois USA
| | | | - Andrea Guerin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics Queen’s University Kingston Ontario Canada
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8
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GDF6 Knockdown in a Family with Multiple Synostosis Syndrome and Speech Impairment. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091354. [PMID: 34573339 PMCID: PMC8470939 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple synostoses syndrome type 4 (SYNS4; MIM 617898) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by carpal-tarsal coalition and otosclerosis-associated hearing loss. SYSN4 has been associated with GDF6 gain-of-function mutations. Here we report a five-generation SYNS4 family with a reduction in GDF6 expression resulting from a chromosomal breakpoint 3' of GDF6. A 30-year medical history of the family indicated bilateral carpal-tarsal coalition in ~50% of affected family members and acquired otosclerosis-associated hearing loss in females only, whereas vertebral fusion was present in all affected family members, most of whom were speech impaired. All vertebral fusions were acquired postnatally in progressive fashion from a very early age. Thinning across the 2nd cervical vertebral interspace (C2-3) in the proband during infancy progressed to block fusion across C2-7 and T3-7 later in life. Carpal-tarsal coalition and pisiform expansion were bilaterally symmetrical within, but varied greatly between, affected family members. This is the first report of SYNS4 in a family with reduced GDF6 expression indicating a prenatal role for GDF6 in regulating development of the joints of the carpals and tarsals, the pisiform, ears, larynx, mouth and face and an overlapping postnatal role in suppression of aberrant ossification and synostosis of the joints of the inner ear (otosclerosis), larynx and vertebrae. RNAseq gene expression analysis indicated >10 fold knockdown of NOMO3, RBMXL1 and NEIL2 in both primary fibroblast cultures and fresh white blood cells. Together these results provide greater insight into the role of GDF6 in skeletal joint development.
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9
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Bademci G, Abad C, Cengiz FB, Seyhan S, Incesulu A, Guo S, Fitoz S, Atli EI, Gosstola NC, Demir S, Colbert BM, Seyhan GC, Sineni CJ, Duman D, Gurkan H, Morton CC, Dykxhoorn DM, Walz K, Tekin M. Long-range cis-regulatory elements controlling GDF6 expression are essential for ear development. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4213-4217. [PMID: 32369452 DOI: 10.1172/jci136951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms governing the development of the mammalian cochlea, the hearing organ, remain largely unknown. Through genome sequencing in 3 subjects from 2 families with nonsyndromic cochlear aplasia, we identified homozygous 221-kb and 338-kb deletions in a noncoding region on chromosome 8 with an approximately 200-kb overlapping section. Genomic location of the overlapping deleted region started from approximately 350 kb downstream of GDF6, which codes for growth and differentiation factor 6. Otic lineage cells differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from an affected individual showed reduced expression of GDF6 compared with control cells. Knockout of Gdf6 in a mouse model resulted in cochlear aplasia, closely resembling the human phenotype. We conclude that GDF6 plays a necessary role in early cochlear development controlled by cis-regulatory elements located within an approximately 500-kb region of the genome in humans and that its disruption leads to deafness due to cochlear aplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guney Bademci
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Clemer Abad
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Filiz B Cengiz
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Serhat Seyhan
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Armagan Incesulu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University School of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Shengru Guo
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Suat Fitoz
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Ikbal Atli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Nicholas C Gosstola
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Selma Demir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Brett M Colbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gozde Cosar Seyhan
- Department of Dermatology, Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Claire J Sineni
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Duygu Duman
- Department of Audiology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Cynthia C Morton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, and
| | - Katherina Walz
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, and
| | - Mustafa Tekin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, and.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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10
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De Tienda M, Bouthors C, Pejin Z, Glorion C, Wicart P. Multiple synostoses syndrome: Radiological findings and orthopedic management in a single institution cohort. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2021; 14:361-369. [PMID: 34334433 DOI: 10.3233/prm-200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple synostoses syndrome (MSS) is a rare genetic condition. Classical features consist of joint fusions which notably start at the distal phalanx of the hands and feet with symphalangism progressing proximally to carpal, tarsal, radio-ulnar, and radio-humeral joints, as well as the spine. Usually, genetic testing reveals a mutation of the NOG gene with variable expressivity. The goal was to present the anatomical, functional, and radiological presentations of MSS in a series of patients followed since childhood. METHODS Patients with more than 3 synostoses affecting at least one hand joint were included. When possible, genetic screening was offered. RESULTS A retrospective study was performed from 1972 to 2017 and included 14 patients with a mean follow-up of 18.6 years. Mutation of the NOG protein coding gene was seen in 3 patients. All presented with tarsal synostoses including 9 carpal, 7 elbow, and 2 vertebral fusions. Facial dysmorphia was seen in 6 patients and 3 were hearing-impaired. Surgical treatment of tarsal synostosis was performed in 4 patients. Progressing joint fusions were invariably seen on x-rays amongst adults. CONCLUSION Long radiological follow-up allowed the assessment of MSS progression. Feet deformities resulted in a severe impact on quality of life, and neurological complications secondary to spine fusions warranted performing at least one imaging study in childhood. As there is no treatment of ankylosis, physiotherapy is not recommended. However, surgical arthrodesis for the treatment of pain may have reasonable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine De Tienda
- Universitary Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, Orthopaedic Department, Paris, France
| | - Charlie Bouthors
- Universitary Hospital Kremlin Bicêtre, Orthopaedic Department, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Zagorha Pejin
- Universitary Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, Orthopaedic Department, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Glorion
- Universitary Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, Orthopaedic Department, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Wicart
- Universitary Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, Orthopaedic Department, Paris, France
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11
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Sentchordi-Montané L, Diaz-Gonzalez F, Cátedra-Vallés EV, Heath KE. Identification of the third FGF9 variant in a girl with multiple synostosis-comparison of the genotype:phenotype of FGF9 variants in humans and mice. Clin Genet 2020; 99:309-312. [PMID: 33140402 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple synostosis syndrome (SYNS) is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders mainly characterized by multiple joint synostosis due to variants in either NOG, GDF5, FGF9 or GDF6. To date, only two FGF9 variants have been associated with SYNS, characterized with hand and feet joint synostosis and fusion of the elbow and vertebral lumbar joints. Craniosynostosis was also observed in one family. Here, we report the clinical and radiological description of a young girl with a third heterozygous FGF9 variant, NM_002010.2:c.427A>T;p.(Asn143Tyr), which interestingly, is located at the same amino acid as the well characterized spontaneous Eks mouse variant. We also compare the genotype: phenotypes observed between humans and mice with SYNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sentchordi-Montané
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Skeletal dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Diaz-Gonzalez
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Skeletal dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Karen E Heath
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Skeletal dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE) and ERN-BOND, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, U753), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Martens H, Hennies I, Getwan M, Christians A, Weiss AC, Brand F, Gjerstad AC, Christians A, Gucev Z, Geffers R, Seeman T, Kispert A, Tasic V, Bjerre A, Lienkamp SS, Haffner D, Weber RG. Rare heterozygous GDF6 variants in patients with renal anomalies. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:1681-1693. [PMID: 32737436 PMCID: PMC7784874 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although over 50 genes are known to cause renal malformation if mutated, the underlying genetic basis, most easily identified in syndromic cases, remains unsolved in most patients. In search of novel causative genes, whole-exome sequencing in a patient with renal, i.e., crossed fused renal ectopia, and extrarenal, i.e., skeletal, eye, and ear, malformations yielded a rare heterozygous variant in the GDF6 gene encoding growth differentiation factor 6, a member of the BMP family of ligands. Previously, GDF6 variants were reported to cause pleiotropic defects including skeletal, e.g., vertebral, carpal, tarsal fusions, and ocular, e.g., microphthalmia and coloboma, phenotypes. To assess the role of GDF6 in the pathogenesis of renal malformation, we performed targeted sequencing in 193 further patients identifying rare GDF6 variants in two cases with kidney hypodysplasia and extrarenal manifestations. During development, gdf6 was expressed in the pronephric tubule of Xenopus laevis, and Gdf6 expression was observed in the ureteric tree of the murine kidney by RNA in situ hybridization. CRISPR/Cas9-derived knockout of Gdf6 attenuated migration of murine IMCD3 cells, an effect rescued by expression of wild-type but not mutant GDF6, indicating affected variant function regarding a fundamental developmental process. Knockdown of gdf6 in Xenopus laevis resulted in impaired pronephros development. Altogether, we identified rare heterozygous GDF6 variants in 1.6% of all renal anomaly patients and 5.4% of renal anomaly patients additionally manifesting skeletal, ocular, or auricular abnormalities, adding renal hypodysplasia and fusion to the phenotype spectrum of GDF6 variant carriers and suggesting an involvement of GDF6 in nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Martens
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Imke Hennies
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Getwan
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Christians
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Brand
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ann Christin Gjerstad
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Christians
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zoran Gucev
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tomáš Seeman
- Department of Paediatrics and Transplantation Center, University Hospital Motol, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Anna Bjerre
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Soeren S Lienkamp
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruthild G Weber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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13
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Ding Y, Li N, Lou D, Zhang Q, Chang G, Li J, Li X, Li Q, Huang X, Wang J, Jiang F, Wang X. Clinical and genetic analysis in a Chinese cohort of children and adolescents with diabetes/persistent hyperglycemia. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 12:48-62. [PMID: 32531870 PMCID: PMC7779271 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction To investigate the genetic etiology and evaluate the diagnostic application of next‐generation sequencing for diabetes/persistent hyperglycemia in children and adolescents. Materials and Methods Patients with diabetes/persistent hyperglycemia, presenting with at least one other clinical manifestation (other than diabetes) or with a family history of diabetes, were recruited. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were recorded. Next‐generation sequencing was carried out, and candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing. Variant pathogenicity was further evaluated according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Results This study included 101 potential probands, 36 of whom were identified as positive by genetic testing. A further 51.2 and 20.9% of variants were determined to be pathogenic or likely pathogenic, respectively. Variants associated with the disease were primarily identified in 21 genes and three regions of copy number variants. Among the 39 variants in 21 genes, 61.5% (24/39) were novel. The genetic diagnosis of 23 patients was confirmed based on genetic evidence and associated clinical manifestations. We reported GCK variants (21.7%, 5/23) as the most common etiology in our cohort. Different clinical manifestations were observed in one family with WFS1 variants. Conclusions Our findings support the use of next‐generation sequencing as a standard method in patients with diabetes/persistent hyperglycemia and provide insights into the etiologies of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Lou
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoying Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Silvestro S, Chiricosta L, Gugliandolo A, Pizzicannella J, Diomede F, Bramanti P, Trubiani O, Mazzon E. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Transcriptomic Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020118. [PMID: 31973135 PMCID: PMC7073771 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (hGMSCs) have outstanding characteristics of proliferation and are able to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic cell lineages. The extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by hGMSCs contain proteins, lipids, mRNA and microRNA have emerged as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of hGMSCs-derived EVs using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The functional evaluation of the transcriptome highlighted 26 structural protein classes and the presence of "non-coding RNAs". Our results showed that EVs contain several growth factors such as Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF) implicated in osteoblast differentiation and in angiogenetic process. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis showed the presence of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands and neurotrophins involved in neuronal development. The NGS analysis also identified the presence of several interleukins among which some with anti-inflammatory action. Moreover, the transcriptome profile of EVs contained members of the Wnt family, involved in several biological processes, such as cellular proliferation and tissue regeneration. In conclusion, the huge amount of growth factors included in the hGMSCs-derived EVs could make them a big resource in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Silvestro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (L.C.); (A.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Luigi Chiricosta
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (L.C.); (A.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (L.C.); (A.G.); (P.B.)
| | | | - Francesca Diomede
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.D.); (O.T.)
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (L.C.); (A.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.D.); (O.T.)
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, 98124 Messina, Italy; (S.S.); (L.C.); (A.G.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-60-12-8172
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15
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Abstract
Synovial joints enable movement and protect the integrity of the articular cartilage. Joints form within skeletal condensations destined to undergo chondrogenesis. The suppression of this chondrogenic program in the interzone is the first morphological sign of joint formation. While we have a fairly good understanding of the essential roles of BMP and TGFβ family members in promoting chondrogenic differentiation in developing skeletal elements, we know very little about how BMP activity is suppressed specifically within the interzone, a crucial step in joint development. The function of the BMP ligand Gdf5 has been especially difficult to decipher. On the one hand, Gdf5 is required to promote chondrogenesis of articular elements. On the other hand, Gdf5 is highly expressed in the joint interzone where chondrogenesis must be suppressed for the formation of many joints. Here we review the evidence that BMP signaling must be suppressed within the joint interzone for joint morphogenesis to progress, and consider how Gdf5 exerts its divergent effects on chondrogenesis and joint formation. We also consider how TGFβ signaling impacts formation of the interzone. Finally, we propose a model whereby Gdf5 exerts distinct effects in the interzone vs. surrounding cartilage based on the repertoire of BMP receptors available in these tissues. Understanding how BMP antagonists and counteracting TGFβ signals intersect with Gdf5 to sculpt the joint interzone is essential for understanding the origin of osteoarthritis and other diseases of joint tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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16
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Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Makras P, Rauner M, Sonnleitner L, Hawa G, Tsourdi E, Yavropoulou MP, Missbichler A, Terpos E. Circulating noggin levels following treatment with denosumab or teriparatide in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2019; 19:253-257. [PMID: 31475931 PMCID: PMC6737552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Noggin inactivates bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), possibly exerting negative effects on the skeleton.We aimed to compare the effect of agents with opposite impact on bone turnover on noggin circulating levels. METHODS In this observational, open label, non-randomized clinical study postmenopausal women with low bone mass were treated with either denosumab (n=30) or teriparatide (n=30). Serum samples were obtained at baseline, three and twelve months after treatment initiation. Prevalent fractures were recorded at baseline and lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS BMD) was measured at baseline and twelve months. Measured parameters included noggin, BMP-2, BMP-4, procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTx). RESULTS Noggin levels remained unchanged after either denosumab or teriparatide treatment. Baseline noggin levels were not different between women with vs. without previous anti-osteoporotic treatment, or between those with vs. without vertebral or non-vertebral fractures and were not correlated with age or LS BMD. At twelve months, noggin levels were positively correlated with P1NP within the denosumab (rs= 0.47; p=0.014), whereas negatively within the teriparatide group (rs= -0.43; p=0.019). CONCLUSIONS In postmenopausal women with low bone mass noggin levels were not correlated with bone parameters at any time point, except with P1NP at 12 months, and remained stable with both denosumab and teriparatide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios D. Anastasilakis
- Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece,Corresponding author: Dr. Athanasios D. Anastasilakis, Ring Road, 564 29 N.Efkarpia, Thessaloniki, Greece E-mail:
| | - Stergios A. Polyzos
- First Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Polyzois Makras
- Department of Medical Research and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 251 Hellenic Air Force & VA General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany,Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Elena Tsourdi
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany,Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria P. Yavropoulou
- 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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17
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Li G, Xu Y, Hu X, Li N, Yao R, Yu T, Wang X, Guo W, Wang J. Compound heterozygous variants of the COG6 gene in a Chinese patient with deficiency of subunit 6 of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex (COG6-CDG). Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:44-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Drage Berentsen R, Haukanes BI, Júlíusson PB, Rosendahl K, Houge G. A Novel GDF6 Mutation in a Family with Multiple Synostoses Syndrome without Hearing Loss. Mol Syndromol 2018; 9:228-234. [PMID: 30733656 DOI: 10.1159/000492418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-generation family with multiple synostoses syndrome type 4 (SYNS4) is reported, the third family identified so far. The phenotype segregated with a previously undescribed Asn399Lys (c.1197C>A) substitution in GDF6. N399 is part of a hydrophobic pocket critical for binding the BMP/GDF antagonist noggin. The N399K substitution renders GDF6 more similar to noggin-resistant members of the BMP family, namely GDF2 and BMP10, both of which contain lysine in the corresponding position. To further define the SYNS4 phenotype, we examined 6 of 9 affected family members. The phenotype was carpal and tarsal synostoses with painful feet after walking, but the condition could also be asymptomatic. Interestingly, unlike the previous SYNS4 families, the family presented here has no history of hearing loss, and a 73-year-old mutation carrier had normal audiometry for his age. Based on structure modelling, BMPR2 binding should not be affected by the GDF6-N399K substitution, unlike the S429R and Y444N mutations found in the 2 other families. Hypothetically, this difference may be related to lack of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjørn I Haukanes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pétur B Júlíusson
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Houge
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Terhal PA, Verbeek NE, Knoers N, Nievelstein RJAJ, van den Ouweland A, Sakkers RJ, Speleman L, van Haaften G. Further delineation of the GDF6 related multiple synostoses syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:225-229. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulien A. Terhal
- Department of Genetics; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Nienke E. Verbeek
- Department of Genetics; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Nine Knoers
- Department of Genetics; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ralph J. Sakkers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Lucienne Speleman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Haaften
- Department of Genetics; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht Netherlands
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20
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Xu Y, Sun S, Li N, Yu T, Wang X, Wang J, Bao N. Identification and analysis of the genetic causes in nine unrelated probands with syndromic craniosynostosis. Gene 2017; 641:144-150. [PMID: 29037998 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Syndromic craniosynostosis is a group of multiple conditions with high heterogeneity, and many rare syndromes still remain to be characterized. To identify and analyze causative genetic variants in nine unrelated probands mainly manifested as syndromic craniosynostosis, we reviewed the relevant medical information of the patients and performed the whole exome sequencing, further verified with Sanger sequencing and parental background. Bioinformatics analysis was used to evaluate the potential deleterious or benign effect of each genetic variant through evolutionary conservation alignment, multi-lines of computer predication and the allele frequency in population dataset (control and patient). The Standards and guidelines from American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics was used to classify and interpret the pathogenicity for each genetic variant. All the nine probands were found to carry the possibly causative variants, among which three variants including two missense mutations (c.3385C>T in IFT122 gene, c.3581A>G in SMC1A gene) and a frameshift mutation (c.434dupA in TWIST1 gene) have never been reported in patients before. We suggested Cornelia de Lange syndrome caused by SMC1A variant is a neglected syndromic craniosynostosis. Our study not only expanded genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of the rare syndromes, but also confirmed that there existed an underlying genetic mechanism. We emphasized that deliberate selection of both the potential candidates and comprehensive detection methods for genetic analysis is important to increase the genetic diagnosis yield of syndromic craninosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shouqing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Nan Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Tang L, Wu X, Zhang H, Lu S, Wu M, Shen C, Chen X, Wang Y, Wang W, Shen Y, Gu M, Ding X, Jin X, Fei J, Wang Z. A point mutation in Fgf9 impedes joint interzone formation leading to multiple synostoses syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1280-1293. [PMID: 28169396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple joint fusions. We previously identified a point mutation (S99N) in FGF9 that causes human SYNS3. However, the physiological function of FGF9 during joint development and comprehensive molecular portraits of SYNS3 remain elusive. Here, we report that mice harboring the S99N mutation in Fgf9 develop the curly tail phenotype and partially or fully fused caudal vertebrae and limb joints, which mimic the major phenotypes of SYNS3 patients. Further study reveals that the S99N mutation in Fgf9 disrupts joint interzone formation by affecting the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells at the early stage of joint development. Consistently, the limb bud micromass culture (LBMMC) assay shows that Fgf9 inhibits mesenchymal cell differentiation into chondrocytes by downregulating the expression of Sox6 and Sox9. However, the mutant protein does not exhibit the same inhibitory effect. We also show that Fgf9 is required for normal expression of Gdf5 in the prospective elbow and knee joints through its activation of Gdf5 promoter activity. Signal transduction assays indicate that the S99N mutation diminishes FGF signaling in developmental limb joints. Finally, we demonstrate that the conformational change in FGF9 resulting from the S99N mutation disrupts FGF9/FGFR/heparin interaction, which impedes FGF signaling in developmental joints. Taken together, we conclude that the S99N mutation in Fgf9 causes SYNS3 via the disturbance of joint interzone formation. These results further implicate the crucial role of Fgf9 during embryonic joint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shunyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Weigang Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mingmin Gu
- Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Ding
- Department of Radiology and Department of Pathology of Rui-Jin Hospital, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Jin
- Department of Radiology and Department of Pathology of Rui-Jin Hospital, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Fei
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Zhugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, SJTUSM, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, P.R. China and
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