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Hercus JC, Salcedo Rubio DA, Osorio Nieto ME, Sturn MML, Keum C, Christians JK. The whole is lesser than the sum of its parts? Dissecting layer-enriched samples of rodent placenta is worth the effort. Placenta 2024:S0143-4004(24)00657-X. [PMID: 39317518 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Gene expression in the placenta, assessed by bulk RNA-seq, is a common method to explore placental function. Many rodent studies homogenize the entire placenta, and yet doing so may obscure differences within specific functional regions such as the labyrinth, junctional zone and decidua. Conversely, analysis of the whole placenta could generate apparent differences due to changes in composition (e.g., relative amounts of labyrinth vs junctional zone) rather than differential gene expression. We assess the value of dissecting and separately analysing the labyrinth and junctional zone/decidua by comparing RNA-seq results from the labyrinth, junctional zone/decidua combined, and whole placenta from an experiment examining effects of maternal food restriction and fetal sex in C57BL6/J mice at gestational day 17.5. The number of genes identified as differentially expressed in response to maternal food restriction was substantially higher in the labyrinth (910 genes), than in the junctional zone/decidua (50 genes), which in turn was slightly higher than in the whole placenta (3 genes). Only one gene was differentially expressed in all 3 tissue types, and 20 genes were differentially expressed in both the labyrinth and junctional zone/decidua. The larger number of differentially expressed genes in the labyrinth was due to both larger effect sizes and estimates of effect sizes having smaller standard errors. While dissection to obtain layer-enriched samples is slightly more time-consuming than collection of whole placenta and requires some practice, our results show that layer-enrichment is clearly worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess C Hercus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | | | - Mackenzie M L Sturn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Cheayeong Keum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Julian K Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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2
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Maheshwari U, Mateos JM, Weber‐Stadlbauer U, Ni R, Tamatey V, Sridhar S, Restrepo A, de Jong PA, Huang S, Schaffenrath J, Stifter SA, Szeri F, Greter M, Koek HL, Keller A. Inorganic phosphate exporter heterozygosity in mice leads to brain vascular calcification, microangiopathy, and microgliosis. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13189. [PMID: 37505935 PMCID: PMC10580014 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcification of the cerebral microvessels in the basal ganglia in the absence of systemic calcium and phosphate imbalance is a hallmark of primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), a rare neurodegenerative disorder. Mutation in genes encoding for sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2 (SLC20A2), xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1), platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB), myogenesis regulating glycosidase (MYORG), and junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) are known to cause PFBC. Loss-of-function mutations in XPR1, the only known inorganic phosphate exporter in metazoans, causing dominantly inherited PFBC was first reported in 2015 but until now no studies in the brain have addressed whether loss of one functional allele leads to pathological alterations in mice, a commonly used organism to model human diseases. Here we show that mice heterozygous for Xpr1 (Xpr1WT/lacZ ) present with reduced inorganic phosphate levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and age- and sex-dependent growth of vascular calcifications in the thalamus. Vascular calcifications are surrounded by vascular basement membrane and are located at arterioles in the smooth muscle layer. Similar to previously characterized PFBC mouse models, vascular calcifications in Xpr1WT/lacZ mice contain bone matrix proteins and are surrounded by reactive astrocytes and microglia. However, microglial activation is not confined to calcified vessels but shows a widespread presence. In addition to vascular calcifications, we observed vessel tortuosity and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed microangiopathy-endothelial swelling, phenotypic alterations in vascular smooth muscle cells, and thickening of the basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Maheshwari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - José M. Mateos
- Center for Microscopy and Image analysisUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ulrike Weber‐Stadlbauer
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Zurich‐Vetsuisse, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Virgil Tamatey
- Research Centre for Natural SciencesInstitute of EnzymologyBudapestHungary
- Doctoral School of BiologyELTE Eotvos Lorand UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Sucheta Sridhar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alejandro Restrepo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pim A. de Jong
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sheng‐Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Johanna Schaffenrath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Flora Szeri
- Research Centre for Natural SciencesInstitute of EnzymologyBudapestHungary
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Huiberdina L. Koek
- Department of Geriatric MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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3
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Jennings ML. Role of transporters in regulating mammalian intracellular inorganic phosphate. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1163442. [PMID: 37063296 PMCID: PMC10097972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1163442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of plasma membrane transporters in regulating intracellular inorganic phosphate ([Pi]In) in mammals. Pi influx is mediated by SLC34 and SLC20 Na+-Pi cotransporters. In non-epithelial cells other than erythrocytes, Pi influx via SLC20 transporters PiT1 and/or PiT2 is balanced by efflux through XPR1 (xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1). Two new pathways for mammalian Pi transport regulation have been described recently: 1) in the presence of adequate Pi, cells continuously internalize and degrade PiT1. Pi starvation causes recycling of PiT1 from early endosomes to the plasma membrane and thereby increases the capacity for Pi influx; and 2) binding of inositol pyrophosphate InsP8 to the SPX domain of XPR1 increases Pi efflux. InsP8 is degraded by a phosphatase that is strongly inhibited by Pi. Therefore, an increase in [Pi]In decreases InsP8 degradation, increases InsP8 binding to SPX, and increases Pi efflux, completing a feedback loop for [Pi]In homeostasis. Published data on [Pi]In by magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that the steady state [Pi]In of skeletal muscle, heart, and brain is normally in the range of 1–5 mM, but it is not yet known whether PiT1 recycling or XPR1 activation by InsP8 contributes to Pi homeostasis in these organs. Data on [Pi]In in cultured cells are variable and suggest that some cells can regulate [Pi] better than others, following a change in [Pi]Ex. More measurements of [Pi]In, influx, and efflux are needed to determine how closely, and how rapidly, mammalian [Pi]In is regulated during either hyper- or hypophosphatemia.
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4
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The Pathology of Primary Familial Brain Calcification: Implications for Treatment. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:659-674. [PMID: 36469195 PMCID: PMC10073384 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPrimary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by progressive calcium deposition bilaterally in the brain, accompanied by various symptoms, such as dystonia, ataxia, parkinsonism, dementia, depression, headaches, and epilepsy. Currently, the etiology of PFBC is largely unknown, and no specific prevention or treatment is available. During the past 10 years, six causative genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, XPR1, MYORG, and JAM2) have been identified in PFBC. In this review, considering mechanistic studies of these genes at the cellular level and in animals, we summarize the pathogenesis and potential preventive and therapeutic strategies for PFBC patients. Our systematic analysis suggests a classification for PFBC genetic etiology based on several characteristics, provides a summary of the known composition of brain calcification, and identifies some potential therapeutic targets for PFBC.
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Hu Y, Bai J, Zhou D, Zhang L, Chen X, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhang B, Li H, Yin C. The miR-4732-5p/XPR1 axis suppresses the invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung adenocarcinoma via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Snail pathway. Mol Omics 2022; 18:417-429. [PMID: 35388387 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
The roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the occurrence, metastasis, and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have been drawing extensive attention from researchers. The aim of this study is to identify the effects of miR-4732-5p on the migration, invasion, and metastasis of LUAD. In this study, we found that the expression of miR-4732-5p was decreased in LUAD based on the data derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, tissues, and cell lines. LUAD patients with a low expression of miR-4732-5p exhibited a lower survival rate. Meanwhile, miR-4732-5p could directly target xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1), and elevated XPR1 was observed in LUAD mRNA microarrays, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. Overexpression of miR-4732-5p significantly inhibits the migration, invasion, and metastasis of LUAD in vitro and in vivo, which can be reversed by overexpression of XPR1. We also found that the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Snail pathway induced by EGF induced EMT could be inhibited by miR-4732-5p overexpression and XPR1 knockdown. The migration and invasion of LUAD could be converted by cytoskeletal rearrangements, and the polymerization of EGF induced F-actin in A549 cells could be inhibited by elevated miR-4732-5p. Our results suggest that miR-4732-5p exerts anti-tumor effects on the invasion and metastasis of LUAD by regulating XPR1 in vivo and in vitro, indicating that the miR-4732-5p/XPR1 axis may be a potential target for LUAD therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Jun Bai
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Dandan Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Liping Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Xinlu Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Yuqing Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Baogang Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Chonggao Yin
- College of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
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Arase H, Yamada S, Torisu K, Tokumoto M, Taniguchi M, Tsuruya K, Nakano T, Kitazono T. Protective Roles of Xenotropic and Polytropic Retrovirus Receptor 1 (XPR1) in Uremic Vascular Calcification. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:685-697. [PMID: 35112184 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cellular phosphate transporters play critical roles in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification (VC) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the mechanistic link between VC and xenotropic and polytropic receptor 1 (XPR1), a newly identified phosphate exporter, remains unknown. We developed a new mouse model with rapidly progressive uremic VC in C57BL/6 mice and examined the roles of XPR1. The combination of surgical heminephrectomy and 8 weeks of feeding a customized warfarin and adenine-based diet induced extensive aortic VC in almost all mice. The XPR1 mRNA level in the aorta of CKD mice was significantly lower than those in control mice as early as week 2, when there was no apparent VC, which progressively declined thereafter. Dietary phosphate restriction increased XPR1 mRNA expression in the aorta but reduced aortic VC in CKD mice. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), a calcifying medium supplemented with high phosphate and calcium did not affect XPR1 mRNA expression. The XPR1 mRNA expression in cultured VCMCs was also unaffected by administration of indoxyl sulfate or calcitriol deficiency but was decreased by 1-34 parathyroid hormone or fibroblast growth factor 23 supplementation. Furthermore, XPR1 deletion in the cultured VSMCs exacerbated calcification of the extracellular matrix as well as the osteogenic phenotypic switch under the condition of calcifying medium. Our data suggest that XPR1 plays protective roles in the pathogenesis of VC and its decrease in the aorta may contribute to the progression of VC in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Arase
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 8128582, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 8128582, Japan
| | - Kumiko Torisu
- Department of Integrated Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 8128582, Japan
| | - Masanori Tokumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-Ku, Fukuoka, 8140193, Japan
| | - Masatomo Taniguchi
- Fukuoka Renal Clinic, 4-6-20 Watanabe-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Fukuoka, 8100004, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tsuruya
- Department of Nephrology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, 6348521, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 8128582, Japan.
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 8128582, Japan
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7
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Characteristics and therapeutic potential of sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters in relation to idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:152-155. [PMID: 34924120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters 1 and 2 (PiT 1 and PiT 2, respectively) are proteins encoded by SLC20A1 and SLC20A2, respectively. The ubiquitous distribution of SLC20A1 and SLC20A2 mRNAs in mammalian tissues supports the housekeeping maintenance and homeostasis of intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi), which is absorbed from interstitial fluid for normal cellular functions. SLC20A2 variants have been found in patients with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), also known as Fahr's disease or primary familial brain calcification (PFBC). Thus, disrupted Pi homeostasis is considered one of the major factors in the pathogenic mechanism of IBGC. In this paper, among the causative genes of IBGC, we focused specifically on PiT2, and its potential for a therapeutic target of IBGC.
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Li Z, He X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Guo X, Sun W, Chu M. Analysis of Expression Profiles of CircRNA and MiRNA in Oviduct during the Follicular and Luteal Phases of Sheep with Two Fecundity ( FecB Gene) Genotypes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102826. [PMID: 34679847 PMCID: PMC8532869 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CircRNA and miRNA, as classes of non-coding RNA, have been found to play pivotal roles in sheep reproduction. There are many reports of circRNA and miRNA in the ovary and uterus, but few in the oviduct. In this study, RNA-Seq was performed to analyze the expression profile of circRNA and miRNA in the oviduct during the follicular phase and luteal phase of sheep with FecBBB and FecB++ genotypes. The results showed that a total of 3223 circRNAs and 148 miRNAs were identified. A total of 15 DE circRNAs and 40 DE miRNAs were found in the comparison between the follicular phase and luteal phase, and 1 DE circRNA and 18 DE miRNAs were found in the comparison between the FecBBB genotype and FecB++ genotype. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the host genes of DE circRNAs were mainly enriched in the Rap1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. Novel_circ_0004065, novel_circ_0005109, novel_circ_0012086, novel_circ_0014274 and novel_circ_0001794 were found to be possibly involved in the oviductal reproduction process. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the target genes of DE miRNAs were mainly enriched in insulin secretion, the cAMP signaling pathway, the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, the Rap1 signaling pathway and the TGF-β signaling pathway, and the target genes LPAR1, LPAR2, FGF18, TACR3, BMP6, SMAD4, INHBB, SKP1 and TGFBR2 were found to be associated with the reproductive process. Miranda software was used to identify 27 miRNAs that may bind to 13 DE circRNAs, including miR-22-3p (target to novel_circ_0004065), miR-127, miR-136 (target to novel_circ_0000417), miR-27a (target to novel_circ_0014274) and oar-miR-181a (target to novel_circ_ 0017815). The results of this study will help to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs and miRNAs in sheep reproduction. Our study, although not establishing direct causal relationships of the circRNA and miRNA changes, enriches the sheep circRNA and miRNA database and provides a basis for further studies on sheep reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.L.); (X.H.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China; (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China; (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China; (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (M.C.); Tel.: +86-0514-8797-9213 (W.S.); +86-010-6281-9850 (M.C.)
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.L.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (M.C.); Tel.: +86-0514-8797-9213 (W.S.); +86-010-6281-9850 (M.C.)
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9
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Arnold A, Dennison E, Kovacs CS, Mannstadt M, Rizzoli R, Brandi ML, Clarke B, Thakker RV. Hormonal regulation of biomineralization. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:261-275. [PMID: 33727709 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms produce mineralized tissues. This crucial process makes possible the rigidity and flexibility that the skeleton needs for ambulation and protection of vital organs, and the hardness that teeth require to tear and grind food. The skeleton also serves as a source of mineral in times of short supply, and the intestines absorb and the kidneys reclaim or excrete minerals as needed. This Review focuses on physiological and pathological aspects of the hormonal regulation of biomineralization. We discuss the roles of calcium and inorganic phosphate, dietary intake of minerals and the delicate balance between activators and inhibitors of mineralization. We also highlight the importance of tight regulation of serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate, and the major regulators of biomineralization: parathyroid hormone (PTH), the vitamin D system, vitamin K, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and phosphatase enzymes. Finally, we summarize how developmental stresses in the fetus and neonate, and in the mother during pregnancy and lactation, invoke alternative hormonal regulatory pathways to control mineral delivery, skeletal metabolism and biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Arnold
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Elaine Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine - Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - René Rizzoli
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Biochemical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bart Clarke
- Mayo Clinic Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zarb Y, Sridhar S, Nassiri S, Utz SG, Schaffenrath J, Maheshwari U, Rushing EJ, Nilsson KPR, Delorenzi M, Colonna M, Greter M, Keller A. Microglia control small vessel calcification via TREM2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabc4898. [PMID: 33637522 PMCID: PMC7909879 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc4898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microglia participate in central nervous system (CNS) development and homeostasis and are often implicated in modulating disease processes. However, less is known about the role of microglia in the biology of the neurovascular unit (NVU). In particular, data are scant on whether microglia are involved in CNS vascular pathology. In this study, we use a mouse model of primary familial brain calcification, Pdgfbret/ret , to investigate the role of microglia in calcification of the NVU. We report that microglia enclosing vessel calcifications, coined calcification-associated microglia, display a distinct activation phenotype. Pharmacological ablation of microglia with the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622 leads to aggravated vessel calcification. Mechanistically, we show that microglia require functional TREM2 for controlling vascular calcification. Our results demonstrate that microglial activity in the setting of pathological vascular calcification is beneficial. In addition, we identify a previously unrecognized function of microglia in halting the expansion of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Zarb
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurocentre, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sucheta Sridhar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurocentre, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sina Nassiri
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Guido Utz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Schaffenrath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurocentre, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Upasana Maheshwari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurocentre, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Institute of Neuropathology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, University Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurocentre, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Ying Y, Pan P, Zou C, Wang Y, Tang Y, Hou X, Li Y, Xu Q, Lin L, Lu J, Ge RS. Tebuconazole exposure disrupts placental function and causes fetal low birth weight in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128432. [PMID: 33049508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB) is one of the widely used broad-spectrum triazole fungicides. Its accumulation in mammals leads to various endocrine disruptions. However, it is unclear whether the exposure of TEB during pregnancy affects the growth and development of fetus and placenta. Here, TEB was exposed to pregnant Sprague-Dawley female rats from gestational days 12-21 of 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg for 10 days. TEB reduced placental estradiol levels. TEB disrupted the structure and function of the placenta, leading to hypertrophy, fibrin exudation, edema, calcification, arterial fibroblast proliferation, and trophoblastic infarction. RNA-seq analysis showed that TEB mainly down-regulated the expression of iron transport genes and up-regulated the expression of genes for immune/inflammatory responses. Further qPCR showed that TEB down-regulated Tfrc, Hamp, Eif2ak2 and up-regulated the expression of Cd34, Cd36, Jag1, Pln, Cyp1a1, Esrra, and Aqp1 at 50 and 100 mg/kg. Western blot and semi-quantitative immunohistochemical staining also demonstrated that TEB lowered the levels of TFRC and EIF2AK2 and increased the levels of CD34, CD36, JAG1, CYP1A1, and ESRRA at 50 and 100 mg/kg. In conclusion, TEB severely damages the structure and function of the placenta, leading to hypertrophy of the placenta, low birth weight and feminization of the male fetus possibly via several pathways including iron transport and TNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfen Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Peipei Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Cheng Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Liben Lin
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Jieqiang Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China.
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12
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Tang LO, Hou BH, Zhang XN, Xi ZY, Li CX, Xu L. Biallelic XPR1 mutation associated with primary familial brain calcification presenting as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with infantile convulsions. Brain Dev 2021; 43:331-336. [PMID: 33433330 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the XPR1 gene are associated with primary familial brain calcifications (PFBC). All reported mutations are missense and inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. PFBC patients exhibited movement disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and other associated symptoms with diverse severity, even within the same family. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified and enrolled a patient with PFBC. Clinical data were comprehensively collected, including the age of onset, seizure types and frequency, trigger factors of paroxysmal dyskinesia, response to drugs, and general and neurological examination results. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to detect pathogenic variants. We further systematically reviewed the phenotypic and genetic features of patients with XPR1 mutations. RESULTS The patient showed bilateral calcification involving basal ganglia and cerebellar dentate. Clinically, he presented as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with infantile convulsions (PKD/IC) with favorable outcome. We identified a compound heterozygous XPR1 mutation (c.786_789delTAGA/p.D262Efs*6, c.1342C>T/p.R448W), which were inherited from unaffected parents respectively. Further literature review shows a wide range of clinical manifestations of patients with XPR1 mutations, with movement disorders being the most common. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of biallelic mutations in XPR1. The findings suggest for the first time a possible link between PKD/IC and XPR1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ou Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Bing-Hui Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Xi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China.
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13
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Sellars KB, Ryan BA, Hartery SA, Kirby BJ, Kovacs CS. Murine Fetal Serum Phosphorus is Set Independent of FGF23 and PTH, Except in the Presence of Maternal Phosphate Loading. Endocrinology 2021; 162:5956315. [PMID: 33150413 PMCID: PMC7737482 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) appears to play no role until after birth, given unaltered phosphate and bone metabolism in Fgf23- and Klotho-null fetuses. However, in those studies maternal serum phosphorus was normal. We studied whether maternal phosphate loading alters fetal serum phosphorus and invokes a fetal FGF23 or parathyroid hormone (PTH) response. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) female mice received low (0.3%), normal (0.7%), or high (1.65%) phosphate diets beginning 1 week prior to mating to WT males. Fgf23+/- female mice received the normal or high-phosphate diets 1 week before mating to Fgf23+/- males. One day before expected birth, we harvested maternal and fetal blood, intact fetuses, placentas, and fetal kidneys. Increasing phosphate intake in WT resulted in progressively higher maternal serum phosphorus and FGF23 during pregnancy, while PTH remained undetectable. Fetal serum phosphorus was independent of the maternal phosphorus and PTH remained low, but FGF23 showed a small nonsignificant increase with high maternal serum phosphorus. There were no differences in fetal ash weight and mineral content, or placental gene expression. High phosphate intake in Fgf23+/- mice also increased maternal serum phosphorus and FGF23, but there was no change in PTH. WT fetuses remained unaffected by maternal high-phosphate intake, while Fgf23-null fetuses became hyperphosphatemic but had no change in PTH, skeletal ash weight or mineral content. In conclusion, fetal phosphate metabolism is generally regulated independently of maternal serum phosphorus and fetal FGF23 or PTH. However, maternal phosphate loading reveals that fetal FGF23 can defend against the development of fetal hyperphosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berit Sellars
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Brittany A Ryan
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hartery
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Correspondence: Dr Christopher Kovacs, Health Sciences Centre, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada. E-mail:
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Nicolas G, Grangeon L, Wallon D. Reply: Primary brain calcification due to a homozygous MYORG mutation causing isolated paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. Brain 2020; 143:e37. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Lou Grangeon
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
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15
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Abstract
Phosphate is an essential nutrient for life and is a critical component of bone formation, a major signaling molecule, and structural component of cell walls. Phosphate is also a component of high-energy compounds (i.e., AMP, ADP, and ATP) and essential for nucleic acid helical structure (i.e., RNA and DNA). Phosphate plays a central role in the process of mineralization, normal serum levels being associated with appropriate bone mineralization, while high and low serum levels are associated with soft tissue calcification. The serum concentration of phosphate and the total body content of phosphate are highly regulated, a process that is accomplished by the coordinated effort of two families of sodium-dependent transporter proteins. The three isoforms of the SLC34 family (SLC34A1-A3) show very restricted tissue expression and regulate intestinal absorption and renal excretion of phosphate. SLC34A2 also regulates the phosphate concentration in multiple lumen fluids including milk, saliva, pancreatic fluid, and surfactant. Both isoforms of the SLC20 family exhibit ubiquitous expression (with some variation as to which one or both are expressed), are regulated by ambient phosphate, and likely serve the phosphate needs of the individual cell. These proteins exhibit similarities to phosphate transporters in nonmammalian organisms. The proteins are nonredundant as mutations in each yield unique clinical presentations. Further research is essential to understand the function, regulation, and coordination of the various phosphate transporters, both the ones described in this review and the phosphate transporters involved in intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nati Hernando
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kenneth Gagnon
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Eleanor Lederer
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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