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Arakil N, Akhund SA, Elaasser B, Mohammad KS. Intersecting Paths: Unraveling the Complex Journey of Cancer to Bone Metastasis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1075. [PMID: 38791037 PMCID: PMC11117796 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of bone metastases presents a significant challenge within the context of advanced cancer treatments, particularly pertaining to breast, prostate, and lung cancers. These metastatic occurrences stem from the dissemination of cancerous cells into the bone, thereby interrupting the equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Such disruption results in skeletal complications, adversely affecting patient morbidity and quality of life. This review discusses the intricate interplay between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment, positing the bone not merely as a passive recipient of metastatic cells but as an active contributor to cancer progression through its distinctive biochemical and cellular makeup. A thorough examination of bone structure and the dynamics of bone remodeling is undertaken, elucidating how metastatic cancer cells exploit these processes. This review explores the genetic and molecular pathways that underpin the onset and development of bone metastases. Particular emphasis is placed on the roles of cytokines and growth factors in facilitating osteoclastogenesis and influencing osteoblast activity. Additionally, this paper offers a meticulous critique of current diagnostic methodologies, ranging from conventional radiography to advanced molecular imaging techniques, and discusses the implications of a nuanced understanding of bone metastasis biology for therapeutic intervention. This includes the development of targeted therapies and strategies for managing bone pain and other skeletal-related events. Moreover, this review underscores the imperative of ongoing research efforts aimed at identifying novel therapeutic targets and refining management approaches for bone metastases. It advocates for a multidisciplinary strategy that integrates advancements in medical oncology and radiology with insights derived from molecular biology and genetics, to enhance prognostic outcomes and the quality of life for patients afflicted by this debilitating condition. In summary, bone metastases constitute a complex issue that demands a comprehensive and informed approach to treatment. This article contributes to the ongoing discourse by consolidating existing knowledge and identifying avenues for future investigation, with the overarching objective of ameliorating patient care in the domain of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Khalid S. Mohammad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 1153, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (S.A.A.); (B.E.)
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Agnishwaran B, Manivasagam G, Udduttula A. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Shaping the Future of Early-Stage Bone Loss Detection-A Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8730-8742. [PMID: 38434830 PMCID: PMC10905706 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the deterioration of bone mineral density (BMD) because of an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, which might happen due to lots of factors like age, hormonal imbalance, and several others. While this occurrence is prevalent in both genders, it is more common in women, especially postmenopausal women. It is an asymptomatic disease that is underlying until the first incidence of a fracture. The bone is weakened, making it more susceptible to fracture. Even a low trauma can result in a fracture, making osteoporosis an even more alarming disease. These fractures can sometimes be fatal or can make the patient bedridden. Osteoporosis is an understudied disease, and there are certain limitations in diagnosing and early-stage detection of this condition. The standard method of dual X-ray absorptiometry can be used to some extent and can be detected in standard radiographs after the deterioration of a significant amount of bone mass. Clinically assessing osteoporosis using biomarkers can still be challenging, as clinical tests can be expensive and cannot be accessed by most of the general population. In addition, manufacturing antibodies specific to these biomarkers can be a challenging, time-consuming, and expensive method. As an alternative to these antibodies, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) can be used in the detection of these biomarkers. This Review provides a comprehensive exploration of bone formation, resorption, and remodeling processes, linking them to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. It details biomarker-based detection and diagnosis methods, with a focus on MIPs for sensing CTX-1, NTX-1, and other biomarkers. The discussion compares traditional clinical practices with MIP-based sensors, revealing comparable sensitivity with identified limitations. Additionally, the Review contrasts antibody-functionalized sensors with MIPs. Finally, our Review concludes by highlighting the potential of MIPs in future early-stage osteoporosis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Agnishwaran
- Centre
for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- School
of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore
Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632014, Tamil
Nadu, India
| | - Geetha Manivasagam
- Centre
for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anjaneyulu Udduttula
- Centre
for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Guo Z, Afza R, Moneeb Khan M, Khan SU, Khan MW, Ali Z, Batool S, Din FU. Investigation of the treatment potential of Raloxifene-loaded polymeric nanoparticles in osteoporosis: In-vitro and in-vivo analyses. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20107. [PMID: 37810010 PMCID: PMC10559869 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP), is a systemic bone disorder associated with low bone mass and bone tissue corrosion. Worsening of the disease condition leads to bone delicacy and fracture. Various drugs are available for the treatment of OP, however they have limitations including poor solubility, bioavailability and toxicity. Herein, Raloxifene-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (RLX-PNPs) were developed and investigated for the treatment of OP with possible solutions to the above mentioned problems. RLX-PNPs were prepared by modified ionic gelation method followed by determining their particle properties. FTIR, DSC and PXRD analysis of the RLX-PNPs were performed to check chemical interaction, thermal behavior and crystallinity, respectively. In-vitro release profile of RLX-PNPs was checked in lab setting, whereas its pharmacokinetics was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats, in-vivo. Finally, the treatment potential of RLX-PNPs was analyzed in OP induced animal model. The optimized PNPs formulation indicated 134.5 nm particle size, +24.4 mV charge and 91.73% % EE. TEM analysis showed spherical and uniform sized particles with no interactions observed in FTIR analysis. In-vitro release of RLX from RLX-PNPs showed more sustained release behavior as compared to RLX-suspension. Moreover, pharmacokinetic investigations showed a significantly enhanced bioavailability of the RLX-PNPs as well as reduced serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and calcium in OP induced rats when compared with RLX-Suspension after oral administration. Findings of this study suggested that the developed RLX-PNPs have the potential to treat OP due to sustained release and improved bioavailability of the incorporated drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Province Hospital of TCM, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, 450002, China
| | - Rabia Afza
- Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra KP, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Moneeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsada, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zakir Ali
- Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibgha Batool
- Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar ud Din
- Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
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The Effect of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor on Bone Health in Castrated Hypertensive Rats Is Mediated via the Kinin-Kallikrein System. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:9067167. [PMID: 35814865 PMCID: PMC9213206 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9067167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous studies, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) use was associated with increased bone loss, while an angiotensin II type I receptor blocker had no effect on bone loss in elder subjects, which suggested that the effect of ACEI on bone loss was not mediated through the classical renin-angiotensin system. In this study, we set to investigate whether the effect of ACEI on bone deterioration was mediated via the kinin-kallikrein system. Methods Six-month-old male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats were used. The effect of captopril on blood pressure, serum Ang II, and bradykinin concentration was measured in intact rats. Ovariectomy and orchidectomy were performed to establish an osteoporosis model in female and male rats, respectively. Captopril and the bradykinin receptor blocker icatibant (HOE140) were administered after operation for 12 weeks. Serum Ang II and bradykinin concentration, bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone microarchitecture were evaluated. Femur samples were subjected to a mechanical test. Results Captopril decreased blood pressure and serum Ang II concentration and increased serum bradykinin concentration in intact rats (P < 0.05). After castration, captopril decreased serum Ang II concentration (P < 0.05); in female rats, icatibant increased serum Ang II concentration (P < 0.05). Captopril increased serum bradykinin concentration (P < 0.05); in male rats, icatibant decreased serum bradykinin concentration (P < 0.05). Captopril increased the rat urine deoxypyridinoline-creatinine ratio (DPD/Cr) and serum osteocalcin concentration (P < 0.05). Icatibant decreased urine DPD/Cr in male rats (P < 0.05) and increased osteocalcin concentration in female rats (P < 0.05). Captopril increased cancellous BMD in castrated hypertensive rats (P < 0.05), and icatibant further increased cancellous BMD (P < 0.05), which was due to the increased trabecular bone number. In mechanical testing, ACEI increased bone strength (P < 0.05), and icatibant further improved it (P < 0.05). Conclusion ACEI decreased bone deterioration in both male and female hypertensive rats, and the bradykinin receptor blocker further decreased bone deterioration.
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Kim H, Lee K, Kim JM, Kim MY, Kim JR, Lee HW, Chung YW, Shin HI, Kim T, Park ES, Rho J, Lee SH, Kim N, Lee SY, Choi Y, Jeong D. Selenoprotein W ensures physiological bone remodeling by preventing hyperactivity of osteoclasts. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2258. [PMID: 33859201 PMCID: PMC8050258 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoproteins containing selenium in the form of selenocysteine are critical for bone remodeling. However, their underlying mechanism of action is not fully understood. Herein, we report the identification of selenoprotein W (SELENOW) through large-scale mRNA profiling of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κΒ ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation, as a protein that is downregulated via RANKL/RANK/tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6/p38 signaling. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that SELENOW regulates osteoclastogenic genes. SELENOW overexpression enhances osteoclastogenesis in vitro via nuclear translocation of NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 mediated by 14-3-3γ, whereas its deficiency suppresses osteoclast formation. SELENOW-deficient and SELENOW-overexpressing mice exhibit high bone mass phenotype and osteoporosis, respectively. Ectopic SELENOW expression stimulates cell-cell fusion critical for osteoclast maturation as well as bone resorption. Thus, RANKL-dependent repression of SELENOW regulates osteoclast differentiation and blocks osteoporosis caused by overactive osteoclasts. These findings demonstrate a biological link between selenium and bone metabolism. Selenoproteins containing selenium have a variety of physiological functions including redox homeostasis and thyroid hormone metabolism. Here, the authors show that RANKL-dependent repression of selenoprotein W regulates cell fusion during osteoclast differentiation and bone remodelling in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.,Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyunghee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Yeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smart-aging Convergence Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Wook Chung
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-In Shin
- IHBR, Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui-Soon Park
- Department of Microbiology and BK21 Bio Brain Center, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and BK21 Bio Brain Center, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seoung Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry, Iksan, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Life Science, Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daewon Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
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Wu WJ, Welter AA, Rice EA, Olson BA, O'Quinn TG, Boyle EAE, Magnin-Bissel G, Houser TA, Chao MD. Biochemical Factors Affecting East Asian Consumers’ Sensory Preferences of Six Beef Shank Cuts. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.11626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate biochemical factors affecting Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and East Asian consumers’ eating preferences of 6 different beef shank cuts cooked by moist heat. Six different beef shank muscles were collected from 12 USDA Choice beef carcasses (N = 72). Shank cuts from the left sides were cooked with moist heat and used for East Asian consumer sensory evaluation and WBSF, and shank cuts from the right sides were left uncooked and used for biochemical analysis and visual panels utilizing the same group of consumers. A correlation analysis was conducted to determine the driving factors that contributed to WBSF and East Asian consumers’ overall liking for beef shanks. Biceps brachii and flexor digitorum superficialis-pelvic received the greatest sensory overall liking, with deep digital flexor from the foreshank having the lowest scores (P < 0.01). Deep digital flexor from the foreshank had the greatest WBSF value, most cooked collagen content, and greatest insoluble collagen percentage as well as the greatest raw and cooked pyridinoline (PYD) densities among all the beef shank cuts (P < 0.05). For visual overall liking, shank cuts at approximately 700–750 g such as biceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis received the highest ratings (P < 0.01), and consumers indicated that there was no visual difference in surface color among the shank cuts (P > 0.10). Correlation analysis showed that cooked collagen content and insoluble collagen percentage as well as raw PYD densities had positive correlations with WBSF (P < 0.05) and negative correlations with consumer overall liking (P < 0.01). Surprisingly, collagen content from uncooked shank cuts did not have a direct relationship with consumers’ overall liking nor with WBSF. The results demonstrated that raw PYD density may be a great indicator for cooked beef tenderness in beef cuts with a high concentration of connective tissue prepared with moist heat cookery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Jun Wu
- Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
| | - Amelia A. Welter
- Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
| | - Emily A. Rice
- Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael D. Chao
- Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
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Bielajew BJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Collagen: quantification, biomechanics, and role of minor subtypes in cartilage. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2020; 5:730-747. [PMID: 33996147 PMCID: PMC8114887 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-020-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is a ubiquitous biomaterial in vertebrate animals. Although each of its 28 subtypes contributes to the functions of many different tissues in the body, most studies on collagen or collagenous tissues have focussed on only one or two subtypes. With recent developments in analytical chemistry, especially mass spectrometry, significant advances have been made toward quantifying the different collagen subtypes in various tissues; however, high-throughput and low-cost methods for collagen subtype quantification do not yet exist. In this Review, we introduce the roles of collagen subtypes and crosslinks, and describe modern assays that enable a deep understanding of tissue physiology and disease states. Using cartilage as a model tissue, we describe the roles of major and minor collagen subtypes in detail; discuss known and unknown structure-function relationships; and show how tissue engineers may harness the functional characteristics of collagen to engineer robust neotissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Bielajew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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Negri AL, Quiroga MA, Bravo M, Marino A, Fradinger E, Bogado CE, Zanchetta JR. Serum CrossLaps as Bone Resorption Marker in Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080202200518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Luis Negri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Metabólicas Fresenius Medical Care Branch Caballito Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mabel Alvarez Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Metabólicas Fresenius Medical Care Branch Caballito Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Bravo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Metabólicas Fresenius Medical Care Branch Caballito Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Marino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Metabólicas Fresenius Medical Care Branch Caballito Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erich Fradinger
- Instituto de Investigaciones Metabólicas Fresenius Medical Care Branch Caballito Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cesar E. Bogado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Metabólicas Fresenius Medical Care Branch Caballito Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jose Ruben Zanchetta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Metabólicas Fresenius Medical Care Branch Caballito Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Tamaki J, Iki M, Sato Y, Kajita E, Nishino H, Akiba T, Matsumoto T, Kagamimori S. Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels predict fracture risk: results from the 15-year follow-up of the Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Cohort Study. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:1903-1913. [PMID: 28243705 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-3967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We found that community-dwelling women with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels <20 ng/mL compared to levels ≥20 ng/mL indicated increased risks for clinical, non-vertebral, and fragility fractures during 5 years. Furthermore, the increased risks of non-vertebral fractures remained significant in 10 and 15 years after adjusting for age and bone mineral density. INTRODUCTION We examined whether total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels are associated with fracture risk over 15 years in a Japanese female cohort. METHODS Of 1437 community-dwelling women aged ≥50 years in the baseline survey, 1236 provided information regarding fractures during a 15-year follow-up period. The analysis included 1211 women without early menopause or diseases affecting bone metabolism. RESULTS Over 15 years, 269 clinical (224 non-vertebral, 149 fragility) fracture events were confirmed. Incidence rates categorized by 25(OH)D levels (<10, 10-20, 20-30, and ≥30 ng/mL) indicated a significant divergence for any clinical fractures in 5 years (log rank test p = 0.016) and for non-vertebral fractures in 5, 10, and 15 years (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.017, respectively). Hazard ratios (HRs) for 25(OH)D levels <10 and 10-20 ng/mL compared to levels ≥30 ng/mL during 5 years indicated significances for clinical fractures (HR 4.93 with p = 0.009, HR 3.00 with p = 0.034) and for non-vertebral fractures (HR 6.55 with p = 0.005, HR 3.49 with p = 0.036). Those with levels <20 ng/mL compared to those with levels ≥20 ng/mL indicated significant increased risks for clinical fractures (HR 1.72 with p = 0.010), non-vertebral fractures (HR 2.45 with p < 0.001), and fragility fractures (HR 2.00 with p = 0.032) in 5 years. The HR of non-vertebral fractures for levels <20 ng/mL remained significant during 15 years (HR 1.42 with p = 0.012) after adjustment for age and femoral neck bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS Low 25(OH)D levels, especially <20 ng/mL, were associated with elevated fracture risks in Japanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tamaki
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - M Iki
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Y Sato
- Department of Human Life, Jin-ai University, 3-1-1 Ohdecho, Echizen, Fukui, 915-8586, Japan
| | - E Kajita
- Department of Public Health and Home Nursing, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 461-8673, Japan
| | - H Nishino
- Nippon Express Co., Inc. Toyama, 1-2-9 Takara-cho, Toyama, 930-0007, Japan
| | - T Akiba
- Department of Blood Purification and Internal Medicine, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - T Matsumoto
- Fuji Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - S Kagamimori
- University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Kuo TR, Chen CH. Bone biomarker for the clinical assessment of osteoporosis: recent developments and future perspectives. Biomark Res 2017; 5:18. [PMID: 28529755 PMCID: PMC5436437 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-017-0097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone biomarkers included formation, resorption and regulator are released during the bone remodeling processes. These bone biomarkers have attracted much attention in the clinical assessment of osteoporosis treatment in the past decade. Combination with the measurement of bone mineral density, the clinical applications of bone biomarkers have provided comprehensive information for diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, the analytical approaches of the bone biomarkers are still the challenge for further clinical trials. In this mini-review, we have introduced the functions of bone biomarkers and then recently developed techniques for bone biomarker measurements have been systematically integrated to discuss the possibility for osteoporosis assessment in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Rong Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hwa Chen
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
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11
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Shetty S, Kapoor N, Bondu JD, Thomas N, Paul TV. Bone turnover markers: Emerging tool in the management of osteoporosis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20:846-852. [PMID: 27867890 PMCID: PMC5105571 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.192914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue which undergoes constant remodeling throughout the life span. Bone turnover is balanced with coupling of bone formation and resorption at various rates leading to continuous remodeling of bone. A study of bone turnover markers (BTMs) provides an insight of the dynamics of bone turnover in many metabolic bone disorders. An increase in bone turnover seen with aging and pathological states such as osteoporosis leads to deterioration of bone microarchitecture and thus contributes to an increase in the risk of fracture independent of low bone mineral density (BMD). These microarchitectural alterations affecting the bone quality can be assessed by BTMs and thus may serve as a complementary tool to BMD in the assessment of fracture risk. A systematic search of literature regarding BTMs was carried out using the PubMed database for the purpose of this review. Various reliable, rapid, and cost-effective automated assays of BTMs with good sensitivity are available for the management of osteoporosis. However, BTMs are subjected to various preanalytical and analytical variations necessitating strict sample collection and assays methods along with utilizing ethnicity-based reference standards for different populations. Estimation of fracture risk and monitoring the adherence and response to therapy, which is a challenge in a chronic, asymptomatic disease such as osteoporosis, are the most important applications of measuring BTMs. This review describes the physiology of bone remodeling, various conventional and novel BTMs, and BTM assays and their role in the assessment of fracture risk and monitoring response to treatment with antiresorptive or anabolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Shetty
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nitin Kapoor
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joseph Dian Bondu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nihal Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thomas Vizhalil Paul
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Dong XL, Li CM, Cao SS, Zhou LP, Wong MS. A High-Saturated-Fat, High-Sucrose Diet Aggravates Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Female Rats. J Nutr 2016; 146:1172-9. [PMID: 27099231 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.225474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen deficiency in women and high-saturated fat, high-sucrose (HFS) diets have both been recognized as risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Studies on the combined actions of these 2 detrimental factors on the bone in females are limited. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the interactive actions of estrogen deficiency and an HFS diet on bone properties and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Six-month-old Sprague Dawley sham or ovariectomized (OVX) rats were pair fed the same amount of either a low-saturated-fat, low-sucrose (LFS) diet (13% fat calories; 15% sucrose calories) or an HFS diet (42% fat calories; 30% sucrose calories) for 12 wk. Blood, liver, and bone were collected for correspondent parameters measurement. RESULTS Ovariectomy decreased bone mineral density in the tibia head (TH) by 62% and the femoral end (FE) by 49% (P < 0.0001). The HFS diet aggravated bone loss in OVX rats by an additional 41% in the TH and 37% in the FE (P < 0.05). Bone loss in the HFS-OVX rats was accompanied by increased urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations by 28% (P < 0.05). The HFS diet induced cathepsin K by 145% but reduced osteoprotegerin mRNA expression at the FE of the HFS-sham rats by 71% (P < 0.05). Ovariectomy significantly increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ mRNA expression by 136% and 170% at the FE of the LFS- and HFS-OVX rats, respectively (P < 0.05). The HFS diet aggravated ovariectomy-induced lipid deposition and oxidative stress (OS) in rat livers (P < 0.05). Trabecular bone mineral density at the FE was negatively correlated with rat liver malondialdehyde concentrations (R(2) = 0.39; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The detrimental actions of the HFS diet and ovariectomy on bone properties in rats occurred mainly in cancellous bones and were characterized by a high degree of bone resorption and alterations in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Shenzhen State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and
| | - Chun-Mei Li
- Shenzhen State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and College of Light Industry and Food, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Si Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Li-Ping Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen, China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Shenzhen State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and
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Holy X, Bégot L, Renault S, Butigieg X, André C, Bonneau D, Savourey G, Collombet JM. Seasonal influence over serum and urine metabolic markers in submariners during prolonged patrols. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/8/e12494. [PMID: 26265754 PMCID: PMC4562580 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the framework of earlier publications, we have consistently dedicated our investigations to eliciting the effects of both seasonal vitamin D deficiency and submarine-induced hypercapnia on serum parameters for acid–base balance and bone metabolism in submariners over a 2-month winter (WP) or summer (SP) patrols. The latest findings reported herein, contribute further evidence with regard to overall physiological regulations in the same submariner populations that underwent past scrutiny. Hence, urine and blood samples were collected in WP and SP submariners at control prepatrol time as well as on submarine patrol days 20, 41, and 58. Several urine and serum metabolic markers were quantified, namely, deoxypyridinoline (DPD), lactate, albumin, creatinine, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and ionized sodium (Na+) or potassium (K+), with a view to assessing bone, muscle, liver, or kidney metabolisms. We evidenced bone metabolism alteration (urine DPD, calcium, and phosphorus) previously recorded in submarine crewmembers under prolonged patrols. We also highlighted transitory modifications in liver metabolism (serum albumin) occurring within the first 20 days of submersion. We further evidenced changes in submariners’ renal physiology (serum creatinine) throughout the entire patrol time span. Measurements of ionic homeostasis (serum Na+ and K+) displayed potential seasonal impact over active ionic pumps in submariners. Finally, there is some evidence that submersion provides beneficial conditions prone to fend off seasonal lactic acidosis (serum lactate) detected in WP submariners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Holy
- Département des Services; IRBA; Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex France
| | - Laurent Bégot
- Département des Services; IRBA; Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex France
| | - Sylvie Renault
- Département Soutien Médico-Chirurgical des Forces; IRBA; Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex France
| | - Xavier Butigieg
- Département des Services; IRBA; Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex France
| | - Catherine André
- Département des Services; IRBA; Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex France
| | | | - Gustave Savourey
- Département des Facteurs Humains; IRBA Antenne La Tronche; La Tronche Cedex France
| | - Jean-Marc Collombet
- Département Soutien Médico-Chirurgical des Forces; IRBA; Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex France
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Kaume L, Gilbert W, Smith BJ, Devareddy L. Cyanidin 3-O-β-d-Glucoside Improves Bone Indices. J Med Food 2015; 18:690-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kaume
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - William Gilbert
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Breda J. Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Latha Devareddy
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Iimura Y, Agata U, Takeda S, Kobayashi Y, Yoshida S, Ezawa I, Omi N. The protective effect of lycopene intake on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2015; 33:270-8. [PMID: 24996525 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant lycopene supplementation has been shown to decrease oxidative stress and have beneficial effects on bone health. However, it remains unclear whether lycopene exerts its beneficial effect on bone metabolism through mitigation of oxidative stress in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate whether lycopene intake protects against bone loss by reducing oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats. Female Sprague-Dawley 6-week-old rats were ovariectomized and randomly divided into four groups according to the lycopene content of their diet: 0, 50, 100, and 200 ppm. The tibial bone mineral density (BMD) in the 50, 100, and 200 ppm groups was significantly higher than that in the 0 ppm group. Serum and urinary bone resorption marker levels were significantly lower in the 50, 100, and 200 ppm groups than in the 0 ppm group. There was no significant difference in systemic oxidative stress markers among all groups. However, systemic oxidative stress levels were inversely correlated with the tibial BMD. Our findings suggest that lycopene intake significantly inhibits bone loss by suppressing bone resorption in ovariectomized rats. Further studies are necessary to clarify the effect of lycopene on oxidative stress in local tissues such as bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iimura
- Department of Health and Sport Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
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16
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Naylor KE, Eastell R. Biochemical markers in bone disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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17
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del Pozo E, Janner M, Mackenzie AR, Arampatzis S, Dixon AK, Perrelet R, Ruch W, Lippuner K, Zapf J, Lamberts SW, Mullis PE. Radiometrical, hormonal and biological correlates of skeletal growth in the female rat from birth to senescence. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014; 24:83-88. [PMID: 24735836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the skeletal growth profile of female rats from birth to senescence (100weeks) on the basis of sequential radiometrical, hormonal and biochemical parameters. DESIGN Weaning rats entered the study which was divided into two sections: a) sequential measurements of vertebral and tibial growths and bone mineral density (BMD), estimation of mineral content of the entire skeleton (BMC) and chemical analysis of vertebral Ca; and b) determination of basal and pulsatile growth hormone (rGH), insulin-like growth hormone (IGF-I), estradiol (E2), parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC) and urinary d-pyridinoline (dp) throughout the experimental period. RESULTS Vertebral and tibial growths ceased at week 25 whereas BMD and BMC as well as total vertebral Ca exhibited a peak bone mass at week 40. rGH pulsatile profiles were significantly higher in younger animals coinciding with the period of active growth and IGF-I peaked at 7weeks, slowly declining thereafter and stabilizing after week 60. OC and dp closely paralleled IGF-I coinciding with the period of enhanced skeletal growth, remaining thereafter in the low range indicative of reduced bone turnover. E2 increased during reproductive life but the lower values subsequently recorded were still in the physiological range, strongly suggesting a protective role of this steroid on bone remodeling. PTH followed a similar profile to E2, but the significance of this after completion of growth remains unclear. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms governing skeletal growth in the female rat appear similar to those in humans. Bone progression and attainment of peak bone mass are under simultaneous control of rGH, IGF-I and calciotropic hormones and are modulated by E2. This steroid seems to protect the skeleton from resorption before senescence whereas the role of PTH in this context remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio del Pozo
- Department of Osteoporosis, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Janner
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Arnold K Dixon
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romain Perrelet
- Department of Osteoporosis, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Walter Ruch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Lippuner
- Department of Osteoporosis, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Zapf
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Primus E Mullis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Anastasia L, Rota P, Anastasia M, Allevi P. Chemical structure, biosynthesis and synthesis of free and glycosylated pyridinolines formed by cross-link of bone and synovium collagen. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:5747-71. [PMID: 23873348 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40945g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the chemical structure, biosynthesis and synthesis of free and glycosylated pyridinolines (Pyds), fluorescent collagen cross-links, with a pyridinium salt structure. Pyds derive from the degradation of bone collagen and have attracted attention for their use as biochemical markers of bone resorption and to assess fracture risk prediction in persons suffering from osteoporosis, bone cancer and other bone or collagen diseases. We consider and critically discuss all reported syntheses of free and glycosylated Pyds evidencing an unrevised chemistry, original and of general utility, analysis of which allows us to also support a previously suggested non-enzymatic formation of Pyds in collagen better rationalizing and justifying the chemical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Anastasia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (Milan), Italy.
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Tamaki J, Iki M, Kadowaki E, Sato Y, Chiba Y, Akiba T, Matsumoto T, Nishino H, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H. Biochemical markers for bone turnover predict risk of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women over 10 years: the Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Cohort Study. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:887-97. [PMID: 22885773 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated how bone turnover might predict vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women over 10 years. After adjusting for age and femoral neck bone mineral density, high bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and total and free deoxypyridinoline at baseline predicted increased vertebral fracture risk in women with ≥ 5 years since menopause. INTRODUCTION The aim was to evaluate the ability of bone turnover markers (BTMs) in predicting vertebral fractures. METHODS Participants in the 1996 baseline survey of the JPOS Cohort Study included 522 postmenopausal women, with no diseases or medications affecting bone metabolism. Vertebral fractures were ascertained in three follow-up surveys (1999, 2002, and 2006). Initial fracture events were diagnosed morphometrically. The Poisson regression model was applied to estimate the rate ratio (RR) of the following log-transformed BTM values at baseline: osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) in serum and C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, total deoxypyridinoline (tDPD), and free deoxypyridinoline (fDPD) in urine. RESULTS Eighty-three fracture events were diagnosed over a median follow-up period of 10.0 years. RR per standard deviation (SD) (95 % confidence interval) for BAP was 4.38 (1.45, 13.21) among 65 subjects with years since menopause (YSM) < 5 years. RRs per SD (95 % confidence interval) for BAP, tDPD, and fDPD were 1.39 (1.12, 1.74), 1.32 (1.05, 1.67), and 1.40 (1.12, 1.76), respectively, after adjusting for age and femoral neck bone mineral density (FN BMD) among 457 subjects with YSM ≥ 5 years. Of the 451 women followed at least once until 2002, RRs per SD for BAP, tDPD, and fDPD adjusted for age and FN BMD over 6 years were not significantly different from those over 10 years. CONCLUSION BAP was associated with vertebral fracture risk among early postmenopausal women. BTMs can predict vertebral fractures independently of BMD among late postmenopausal women over a 10-year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tamaki
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, 377-2 Oono-higasi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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Ruiter R, Oei L, Visser LE, Peltenburg HG, Hofman A, Zillikens MC, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Stricker BH. The effect of thiazide and loop diuretics on urinary levels of free deoxypyridinoline: an osteoclastic bone-resorption marker. J Clin Pharm Ther 2013; 38:225-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ruiter
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
- Department of Internal Medicine; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis; Gouda
| | - L. Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
| | - L. E. Visser
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
| | | | - A. Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
| | | | - A. G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
| | - F. Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
| | - B. H. Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
- Department of Internal Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam
- Drug Safety Unit; Inspectorate of Health Care; The Hague
- Department of Medical Informatics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam the Netherlands
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Fisher A, Srikusalanukul W, Davis M, Smith P. Cardiovascular diseases in older patients with osteoporotic hip fracture: prevalence, disturbances in mineral and bone metabolism, and bidirectional links. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:239-56. [PMID: 23460043 PMCID: PMC3585505 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s38856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable controversy exists regarding the contribution of mineral/bone metabolism abnormalities to the association between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and osteoporotic fractures. AIMS AND METHODS To determine the relationships between mineral/bone metabolism biomarkers and CVD in 746 older patients with hip fracture, clinical data were recorded and serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, troponin I, parameters of bone turnover, and renal, liver, and thyroid functions were measured. RESULTS CVDs were diagnosed in 472 (63.3%) patients. Vitamin D deficiency was similarly prevalent in patients with (78.0%) and without (82.1%) CVD. The CVD group had significantly higher mean PTH concentrations (7.6 vs 6.0 pmol/L, P < 0.001), a higher prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SPTH) (PTH > 6.8 pmol/L, 43.0% vs 23.3%, P < 0.001), and excess bone resorption (urinary deoxypyridinoline corrected by creatinine [DPD/Cr] > 7.5 nmol/μmol, 87.9% vs 74.8%, P < 0.001). In multivariate regression analysis, SHPT (odds ratio [OR] 2.6, P = 0.007) and high DPD/Cr (OR 2.8, P = 0.016) were independent indictors of CVD. Compared to those with both PTH and DPD/Cr in the normal range, multivariate-adjusted ORs for the presence of CVD were 17.3 (P = 0.004) in subjects with SHPT and 9.7 (P < 0.001) in patients with high DPD/Cr. CVD was an independent predicator of SHPT (OR 2.8, P = 0.007) and excess DPD/Cr (OR 2.5, P = 0.031). CVD was predictive of postoperative myocardial injury, while SHPT was also an independent predictor of prolonged hospital stay and in-hospital death. CONCLUSION SHPT and excess bone resorption are independent pathophysiological mediators underlying the bidirectional associations between CVD and hip fracture, and therefore are important diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fisher
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Shimizu C, Fujita T, Fuke Y, Yabuki M, Kajiwara M, Hemmi S, Satomura A, Soma M. Effects of cyclosporine on bone mineral density in patients with glucocorticoid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in remission. Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 45:803-8. [PMID: 22956461 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-012-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclosporine (CsA) is often prescribed to patients with glucocorticoid (GC)-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Although it is well known that long-term administration of GC causes osteoporosis, the effects of CsA on bone metabolism are not fully established. Therefore, we examined the effects of CsA on bone metabolism in patients with GC-dependent nephrotic syndrome in remission. METHODS We followed 23 patients treated with prednisolone alone (GC alone group) and 17 patients treated with CsA in combination with prednisolone (GC + CsA group). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and biochemical markers of bone metabolism were simultaneously measured in serum and urine samples. RESULTS BMD decreased significantly in the GC group from 752 to 623 mg/cm(2) but non-significantly in the GC + CsA group from 751 to 684 mg/cm(2). Although the cumulative dose of GC increased in both groups, there were no significant differences in biochemical markers at either the start or the end of the study. Vertebrate bone fracture and other side effects associated with CsA treatment did not occur in our study. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CsA does not accelerate GC-induced osteoporosis in patients with nephrotic syndrome. We conclude that CsA is appropriate for the treatment of GC-dependent nephrotic syndrome, because it does not adversely affect bone metabolism and has favorable glomerular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Shimizu
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashiku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
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Abstract
Biochemical markers of bone turnover (bone turnover markers, BTMs) can be used to study changes in bone remodelling in osteoporosis. Investigators and clinicians should be aware of the appropriate sample collection and storage conditions for optimum measurements of these markers. Improvements in the variability of BTM measurements have resulted from the development of assays for automated analysers, and from international consensus regarding their use. Appropriate reference intervals should be used for the optimum interpretation of results. BTMs can provide information that is useful for the management of patients with osteoporosis, for both the initial clinical assessment and for guiding and monitoring of treatment. BTMs are clinically useful to determine possible causes of secondary osteoporosis by identifying patients with high bone turnover and rapid bone loss. In the follow-up of treatment response, BTM levels respond rapidly to both anabolic and antiresorptive treatments. BTM changes can also be used for understanding the mechanism of action of drugs in development and identifying the correct dose; they are also potentially useful as surrogate biomarkers for fracture.
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Yoshihara A, Hayashi Y, Miyazaki H. Relationships among bone turnover, renal function and periodontal disease in elderly Japanese. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:491-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Massé PG, Pacifique MB, Tranchant CC, Arjmandi BH, Ericson KL, Donovan SM, Delvin E, Caissie M. Bone metabolic abnormalities associated with well-controlled type 1 diabetes (IDDM) in young adult women: a disease complication often ignored or neglected. J Am Coll Nutr 2011; 29:419-29. [PMID: 21041817 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This investigation on a homogenous cohort of young adult Caucasian type 1 diabetic (IDDM) patients (1) aimed at studying the occurrence of low bone mineral density (BMD) at an early stage prior to menopause (i.e., during the first decade after peak bone mass) and (2) elucidating the possible mechanisms underlying IDDM-induced bone complication. METHODS Twenty-seven female patients with insulin-treated and well-controlled diabetes, without renal complications, and 32 well-matched healthy controls, aged between 30 and 40 years and fulfilling rigorous inclusion criteria to minimize bone-confounding factors, were enrolled. Areal BMD was evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at axial (lumbar spine) and appendicular (femur) sites, using diagnostic WHO reference (T-scores). Osteoblast functions, bone metabolism, related key minerals, and 2 osteoclast-stimulating calciotropic hormones regulating their serum levels were assessed biochemically. RESULTS The number of cases with low BMD (T-score below -1.1 SD) was almost 2-fold greater (p < 0.01) in the IDDM group. BMD was significantly lower in this group for 3 lumbar sites (p < 0.01) and femur Ward's triangle (p < 0.05). Bone formation was reduced, as evidenced by the suppressions of osteocalcin (OC; p < 0.01) and IGF-I (p < 0.001). However, bone alkaline phosphatase (bALP) was induced (p < 0.01), in contrast to what is usually observed in cases of reduced bone formation. Correlated total ALP activity was also significantly increased. There was no change in the specific marker of bone resorption (urinary deoxypyridinoline). Serum calcium was significantly elevated, particularly after adjustment for albumin (p < 0.001), despite lower 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (p < 0.001) and no elevation of PTH. All significant bone-related biochemical changes were significantly correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin, a clinical indicator of long-term glycemic control, indicating a direct effect of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Bone loss in the IDDM group results from a decrease in bone formation rather than an increase of bone resorption. The induction of bALP is indicative of impaired osteoblast differentiation and maturation, which delayed (down-regulated) later stages of matrix mineralization, as evidenced by lower OC and BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla G Massé
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.
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Fujita Y, Iki M, Ikeda Y, Morita A, Matsukura T, Nishino H, Yamagami T, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H. Tracking of appendicular bone mineral density for 6 years including the pubertal growth spurt: Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis kids cohort study. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:208-16. [PMID: 20711620 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-010-0213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone development up to early adulthood plays an important role in determining the risk of osteoporosis later in life. However, bone development in children has not been fully documented by longitudinal studies in Japanese children. The purpose of this study is to determine the degree of tracking of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) from pre-puberty to 6-year follow-up, and to determine the target period to achieve maximal peak aBMD. This study was conducted as the pediatric part of a larger cohort study, the Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis (JPOS) study. Of 448 children aged 9-12 years who completed the baseline survey, 225 participated in the follow-up study 6 years later (follow-up rate: 50.2%). aBMD at the forearm was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. aBMD values in pre-pubertal children at baseline showed a significant tracking correlation with aBMD obtained at 6-year follow-up in both genders (boys r = 0.655, girls r = 0.759). Although boys and girls in the lowest quartile of aBMD pre-pubertally had greater annual increases in aBMD from pre-puberty to 6-year follow-up than those in other aBMD quartiles, they still showed the lowest mean aBMD at 6-year follow-up. Children with lower pre-pubertal aBMD showed greater increases in BMD up until 6-year follow-up, but the increase was not great enough to catch up with other children. About 50% of the variance in aBMD at 6-year follow-up was determined by the aBMD achieved during the pre-pubertal period. Activities that increase aBMD are important not only for children during puberty, but also for younger pre-pubertal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, 589-8511, Japan
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Evolving role of bone biomarkers in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2011; 12:685-96. [PMID: 20824045 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preferential metastasis of prostate cancer cells to bone disrupts the process of bone remodeling and results in lesions that cause significant pain and patient morbidity. Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an established biomarker in prostate cancer, it provides only limited information relating to bone metastases and the treatment of metastatic bone disease with bisphosphonates or novel noncytotoxic targeted or biological agents that may provide clinical benefits without affecting PSA levels. As bone metastases develop, factors derived from bone metabolism are released into blood and urine, including N- and C-terminal peptide fragments of type 1 collagen and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, which represent potentially useful biomarkers for monitoring metastatic bone disease. A number of clinical trials have investigated these bone biomarkers with respect to their diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive values. Results suggest that higher levels of bone biomarkers are associated with an increased risk of skeletal-related events and/or death. As a result of these findings, bone biomarkers are now being increasingly used as study end points, particularly in studies investigating novel agents with putative bone effects. Data from prospective clinical trials are needed to validate the use of bone biomarkers and to confirm that marker levels provide additional information beyond traditional methods of response evaluation for patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
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Quantification of immature and mature collagen crosslinks by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in connective tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1449-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hooshmand S, Juma S, Arjmandi BH. Combination of genistin and fructooligosaccharides prevents bone loss in ovarian hormone deficiency. J Med Food 2010; 13:320-5. [PMID: 20132047 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that soy isoflavones are capable of preventing loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in rats due to ovariectomy. The intestinal microflora is important in rendering soy isoflavones bioavailability by facilitating their conversion to equol. Hence, substances that can modulate the intestinal microflora could affect the bioavailability of isoflavones. The purpose of this study was to examine whether combination of genistin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), a prebiotic, can enhance the effects of soy isoflavones on bone in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Forty-eight 90-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham-operated (Sham; one group) or Ovx (three groups) and were placed on dietary treatment for 50 days. The Sham and one Ovx group received a control diet, and the remaining Ovx groups received genistin-rich isoflavones diet (Ovx+G) or genistin-rich isoflavones and FOS diet (Ovx+G+FOS). After 50 days, blood and bone specimens were collected for analysis. The genistin-rich isoflavones diet was able to significantly increase the whole-body, right femur, and fourth lumbar BMD by 1.6%, 1.48%, and 1.3%, respectively in comparison with the Ovx control. The combination of genistin-rich isoflavones diet and 5% FOS further increased whole-body, right femur, and fourth lumbar BMD more compared to the genistin-rich isoflavones diet. Our findings suggest that although a genistin-rich isoflavones diet can increase the BMD in rats with Ovx-induced bone loss, combination of genistin-rich isoflavones and FOS had greater effect in preventing bone loss in this rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hooshmand
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1493, USA
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30
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Kent GN. Standardization of marker assays - pyridinoline/deoxypyridinoline. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00365519709168310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Brown JE, Coleman RE. Biomarkers of bone turnover in oncology: applications in diagnosis and treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:125-38. [DOI: 10.1517/17530050903473147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Henriksen K, Bohren KM, Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA. Should biochemical markers of bone turnover be considered standard practice for safety pharmacology? Biomarkers 2009; 15:195-204. [DOI: 10.3109/13547500903434519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Nanchen D, Cornuz J, Ruffieux C, Riesen W, Burckhardt P, Krieg MA. Combining bone resorption markers and heel quantitative ultrasound to discriminate between fracture cases and controls. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20:1695-703. [PMID: 19184267 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-0843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY This nested case-control analysis of a Swiss ambulatory cohort of elderly women assessed the discriminatory power of urinary markers of bone resorption and heel quantitative ultrasound for non-vertebral fractures. The tests all discriminated between cases and controls, but combining the two strategies yielded no additional relevant information. INTRODUCTION Data are limited regarding the combination of bone resorption markers and heel quantitative bone ultrasound (QUS) in the detection of women at risk for fracture. METHODS In a nested case-control analysis, we studied 368 women (mean age 76.2 +/- 3.2 years), 195 with low-trauma non-vertebral fractures and 173 without, matched for age, BMI, medical center, and follow-up duration, from a prospective study designed to predict fractures. Urinary total pyridinolines (PYD) and deoxypyridinolines (DPD) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. All women underwent bone evaluations using Achilles+ and Sahara heel QUS. RESULTS Areas under the receiver operating-characteristic curve (AUC) for discriminative models of the fracture group, with 95% confidence intervals, were 0.62 (0.56-0.68) and 0.59 (0.53-0.65) for PYD and DPD, and 0.64 (0.58-0.69) and 0.65 (0.59-0.71) for Achilles+ and Sahara QUS, respectively. The combination of resorption markers and QUS added no significant discriminatory information to either measurement alone with an AUC of 0.66 (0.60-0.71) for Achilles+ with PYD and 0.68 (0.62-0.73) for Sahara with PYD. CONCLUSIONS Urinary bone resorption markers and QUS are equally discriminatory between non-vertebral fracture patients and controls. However, the combination of bone resorption markers and QUS is not better than either test used alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nanchen
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, 44 Rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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McGowan R, Tucker P, Joseph D, Wallace AM, Hughes I, Burrows NP, Ahmed SF. Short‐term growth and bone turnover in children undergoing occlusive steroid (‘Wet‐Wrap’) dressings for treatment of atopic eczema. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009; 14:149-52. [PMID: 14522624 DOI: 10.1080/09546630310004207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To assess the effects of steroid wet-wrap therapy on short-term growth and bone turnover, eight prepubertal (M:F,5:3) children with a median age of 5.1years (range 3.3-8.8) were studied over a 2-week period prior to therapy and at 2-week intervals during therapy. Short-term growth was assessed by measuring lower leg length velocity (LLLV) by knemometry and bone and collagen turnover was assessed by urinary deoxypyridinoline crosslink excretion corrected for creatinine excretion (DPD). Median duration of study during occlusive dressings was 12 weeks (range 2-18). Topical beclomethasone dipropionate diluted 1:10 or 1:4 in white soft paraffin was applied under tubular (Tubifast) bandages in 7/8 children. Median LLLV before and during therapy were 0.43 mm/week (10(th),90(th) centile; 0.0,0.7) and 0.42 mm/week (10(th),90(th) centile; -0.35,1.01), respectively (not significant). Median DPD before and during therapy were 25.9 nmol/l/creatinine (10(th),90(th) centile; 20.8, 33.0) and 26.3 nmol/l/creatinine (10(th),90(th) centile; 21.7, 34.1) respectively (not significant). Non-invasive assessment of the effects of steroid wet-wrap therapy can be performed in children with eczema. These preliminary results show no substantial growth promoting or adverse effects of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McGowan
- Department of Child Health, Royal Hospital For Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Robins
- Biochemical Sciences Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB2 9SB, UK, +44-1224 716639, Fax +44-1224 716687
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D Delmas
- Unité INSERM 403 and Service de Rhumatologie et de Pathologie Osseuse, Hôpital E. Herriot, Pavilion F, 69437, Lyon Cedex 03, France, +33-72 11 74 84, +33-72 11 74 83
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BEHRENS P, BRUNS J, ULLRICH K, AÇIL Y, GILLE J. Pyridinoline cross‐links as markers for primary and secondary bone tumors. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510310000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Inoue Y, Matsui A, Asai Y, Aoki F, Yoshimoto K, Matsui T, Yano H. Response of biochemical markers of bone metabolism to exercise intensity in thoroughbred horses. J Equine Sci 2009; 19:83-9. [PMID: 24833958 PMCID: PMC4013950 DOI: 10.1294/jes.19.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the response of biochemical markers of bone metabolism to exercise intensity in horses. Four horses were walked on a mechanical walker for one week (pre-exercise). Then they performed low-speed exercise on a high-speed treadmill in the first week and medium-speed exercise in the second week and high-speed exercise in the third week of training. We measured two indices of bone resorption, serum hydroxyproline concentration and the urinary deoxypyridinoline/creatinine ratio, and serum osteocalcin (OC) concentration as an index of bone formation. Both indices of bone resorption gradually decreased during the experiment. Serum OC concentration did not change in the first week but was significantly lower in the second and the third weeks compared to in the pre-exercise period and in the first week. These results suggest that the low-speed exercise decreased bone resorption but did not affect bone formation, which possibly results in increasing bone mineral content and strengthening of bones. The high-speed exercise decreased bone formation and bone resorption, i.e., bone turnover was suppressed. The low-speed exercise may be preferable for increasing bone mineral content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Inoue
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Aza-Nishicha, Urakawa-cho, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Akira Matsui
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Aza-Nishicha, Urakawa-cho, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Yo Asai
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13 Aza-Nishicha, Urakawa-cho, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido 057-0171, Japan
| | - Fumiki Aoki
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshimoto
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideo Yano
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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40
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Capoglu I, Ozkan A, Ozkan B, Umudum Z. Bone Turnover Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Their Correlation with Glycosylated Haemoglobin Levels. J Int Med Res 2008; 36:1392-8. [DOI: 10.1177/147323000803600629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective, longitudinal study was to investigate, over a period of 12 months, the effects of metabolic control on bone turnover markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study included 17 male and 18 female patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 37 − 66 years. Mean follow-up period was 12 ± 1.2 months. Mean glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels were 10.6% ± 1.6% at the start of the study and decreased to 7.7% ± 1.0% by the end of the study. Levels of the bone resorption markers, urinary deoxypyridinoline and N-telopeptide, were 28.6 ± 11.6 nmol/mmol creatinine and 93.6 ± 13.7 nmol bone collagen equivalents [BCE]/mmol creatinine, respectively, at the start of the study, and decreased significantly to 17.9 ± 7.1 nmol/mmol creatinine and 67.8 ± 12.8 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine, respectively, by the end of the study. Bone formation parameters also significantly decreased in parallel with HbA1c levels over the study period. It is concluded that effective management of metabolic disorder in patients with type 2 diabetes plays an important contribution to bone turnover improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Capoglu
- Department of Adult Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A Ozkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Numune Hospital of the Ministry of Healthy, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - B Ozkan
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Z Umudum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Vasikaran SD. Utility of biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density in management of osteoporosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 45:221-58. [PMID: 18415816 DOI: 10.1080/10408360801949442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical markers of bone turnover (bone-turnover markers) are released during bone formation or resorption and can be measured in blood and/or urine. The concentration of bone-turnover markers in serum or urine reflect bone remodeling activity and can potentially be used as surrogate markers of the rate of bone formation or bone resorption. While the diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on bone mineral density (BMD), the absolute fracture risk for a particular BMD measurement varies several fold depending on age and is also influenced by other clinical risk factors. The measurement of bone-turnover markers may be of additional value to BMD and clinical risk factors in fracture risk assessment by improving the sensitivity and specificity of prediction of future fractures. In clinical practice, bone-turnover markers may help make cost-effective treatment decisions in patients with borderline absolute risk. BMD changes following treatment cannot be detected with confidence for 12-24 months due to measurement imprecision. Bone-turnover markers, which show an early response following treatment, may be useful for monitoring therapy, identifying non-compliance and non-responders, and predicting early response to therapy. This review concludes by identifying the need for internationally agreed-upon standards for bone resorption and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Vasikaran
- Department of Core Clinical Pathology and Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Sørensen MG, Henriksen K, Schaller S, Karsdal MA. Biochemical markers in preclinical models of osteoporosis. Biomarkers 2007; 12:266-86. [PMID: 17453741 DOI: 10.1080/13547500601070842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although several treatments for osteoporosis exist, further understanding of the mode of action of current treatments, as well as development of novel treatments, are of interest. Thus, preclinical models of osteoporosis are very useful, as they provide the possibility for gaining knowledge about the cellular mechanisms underlying the disease and for studying pharmaceutical prevention or intervention of the disease in simple and strictly controlled systems. In this review, we present a comprehensive collection of studies using biochemical markers of bone turnover for investigation of preclinical models of osteoporosis. These range from pure and simple in vitro systems, such as osteoclast cultures, to ex vivo models, such as cultures of embryonic murine tibiae and, finally, to in vivo models, such as ovariectomy and orchidectomy of rats. We discuss the relevance of the markers in the individual models, and compare their responses to those observed using 'golden standard' methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Sørensen
- Pharmos Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade, Herlev, Denmark
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Iki M, Morita A, Ikeda Y, Sato Y, Akiba T, Matsumoto T, Nishino H, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H. Biochemical markers of bone turnover may predict progression to osteoporosis in osteopenic women: the JPOS Cohort Study. J Bone Miner Metab 2007; 25:122-9. [PMID: 17323182 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-006-0736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the value of bone turnover markers, including osteocalcin (OC) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in the serum, and type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide and free and total deoxypyridinoline (tDPD) in the urine of fasting patients, in an attempt to predict which osteopenic women [i.e., those with > or = 70% and <80% of the young adult mean (YAM) bone mineral density (BMD)] would progress to the osteoporosis level of BMD (<70% of YAM). Of the 1153 women without defects in bone metabolism who completed the 3-year follow-up, 147, 161, and 144 women were judged by dual X-ray absorptiometry to be osteopenic from baseline measurements of BMD in the spine (LS), hip (TH), and distal radius (DR), respectively. Progression to the osteoporotic level of BMD was noted for 23.8%, 16.1%, and 12.5% of the subjects with osteopenia of the LS, TH, and DR, respectively, while most of them were in the lower half of the osteopenic level of BMD at baseline. Among the subjects in this lower-level osteopenia category, a significantly higher OC level was observed for the subjects with osteoporosis progression at the LS than those without. The subjects with progression at DR showed a significantly higher tDPD level. The association between OC level and disease progression remained unchanged after adjustments for age, body size, and BMD at baseline. The subjects in the upper one-third category of OC levels showed a 6.4 fold greater risk of progression at LS (95% confidence interval, 1.8-23.1) compared with those in the lower one-third category after the adjustments for age, body size, and BMD at baseline. Receiver operating characteristics analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.716 for the OC level in the prediction of osteoporosis progression at LS. The levels of OC and tDPD may be useful in predicting which osteopenic women will progress to osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Iki
- Department of Public Health, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
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Asaba Y, Hiramatsu K, Matsui Y, Harada A, Nimura Y, Katagiri N, Kobayashi T, Takewaka T, Ito M, Niida S, Ikeda K. Urinary gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) as a potential marker of bone resorption. Bone 2006; 39:1276-82. [PMID: 16942925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) as a novel bone-resorbing factor. The present study was undertaken to determine whether GGT is a marker of bone resorption in two genetic models of hyper- and hypo-function of osteoclasts, as well as in postmenopausal women with accelerated bone resorption, using type I collagen N-telopeptide (NTX) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) as established biochemical markers. Urinary excretion of GGT, corrected for creatinine, was found to be increased in osteoprotegerin (OPG)-deficient osteoporotic mice as well as in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (67-83 years of age); in both cases the urinary level decreased after treatment of patients or mice with alendronate, a selective inhibitor of bone resorption, concomitantly with a reduction in DPD and NTX. Conversely, in osteopetrotic op/op mice, urinary GGT increased in parallel with DPD after induction of osteoclasts with M-CSF injection. Constant infusion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) also increased urinary GGT along with DPD. In a survey of 551 postmenopausal women (50-89 years of age) at their regular health checkup, urinary GGT excretion exhibited a high correlation with DPD (rho = 0.49, p < 0.0001). The calculated sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing elevated bone resorption, as determined by a DPD value higher than 7.6 nM/mM Cr, were 61% and 92%, respectively, when a cut-off value of 40 IU/g Cr was assigned for urinary GGT. Since GGT activity can be measured inexpensively in large numbers in a very short time, the measurement of urinary level may provide a convenient and useful method for mass screening to identify those with increased bone turnover and hence at increased risk for bone fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Asaba
- Department of Bone and Joint Disease, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), 36-3 Gengo, Obu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan
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Yasui T, Uemura H, Tomita J, Umino Y, Yamada M, Kuwahara A, Matsuzaki T, Maegawa M, Miura M, Irahara M. Different effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens and transdermal estrogen on undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentration in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2006; 13:651-9. [PMID: 16837887 DOI: 10.1097/01.gme.0000227334.50867.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is a sensitive marker of vitamin K status, and triglyceride (TG) has been shown to be the main transporter of vitamin K. In the present study, we examined the difference between ucOC concentrations in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy (HT) with oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) and transdermal estradiol (TE2). We also examined the associations of ucOC concentration with estradiol concentration and TG. DESIGN Ninety-two postmenopausal women were recruited for this study. Serum concentrations of ucOC, intact osteocalcin, estradiol, and TG were measured before and after 12 months of HT. Forty-six women received oral administration of 0.625 mg of CEE and 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate daily, and 46 women received transdermal administration of 50 mug of 17beta-estradiol twice weekly and 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate daily. RESULTS The ucOC concentration in women during HT with oral CEE was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than that in women during HT with TE2. Serum estradiol concentrations during HT with CEE showed a significant inverse correlation with ucOC concentrations and the ratio of ucOC/OC during HT (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). In addition, the serum ucOC concentration in women with an increased percentage of change in TG was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than that in women with a decreased percentage of change in TG during HT with oral CEE. CONCLUSION The effect of HT with TE2 on ucOC concentration in women is weaker than the effect of HT with oral CEE. Suppression of ucOC concentration in postmenopausal women during HT with oral CEE might be associated with the effect of vitamin K through increased TG induced by oral CEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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Yasui T, Miyatani Y, Tomita J, Yamada M, Uemura H, Miura M, Irahara M. Effect of vitamin K2 treatment on carboxylation of osteocalcin in early postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006; 22:455-9. [PMID: 17012108 DOI: 10.1080/09513590600900402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the serum level of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (uc OC), which is a sensitive marker of vitamin K status, and levels of bone turnover markers in early postmenopausal women receiving vitamin K2 treatment with or without vitamin D3. METHODS Thirty-four postmenopausal women with a mean age of 53 years whose bone mineral density (BMD) was less than 0.809 g/cm2 (osteopenia and osteoporosis) were treated with vitamin K2 or with a combination of vitamin K2 and vitamin D3. Seventeen women received daily oral administration of 45 mg vitamin K2 and 17 women received daily oral administration of 45 mg vitamin K2 plus 0.75 microg 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. Serum levels of uc OC, intact osteocalcin (OC) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) levels and BMD at the lumbar spine were measured before and at 1 and 2 years after the start of treatment. RESULTS Serum uc OC levels in women treated with vitamin K2 alone and with both vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Serum levels of intact OC and BAP in women treated with vitamin K2 did not show significant changes, while those in women who received the combined treatment decreased significantly (p < 0.05). On the other hand, urinary DPD level in women treated with vitamin K2 did not change, while that in women who received the combined treatment tended to decrease (p < 0.1). CONCLUSION Serum uc OC levels in early postmenopausal women who received vitamin K2 decreased due to carboxylation of uc OC. Combined treatment with vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 may be effective for sustaining BMD in early postmenopausal women whose bone turnovers are highly activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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Winslow MM, Pan M, Starbuck M, Gallo EM, Deng L, Karsenty G, Crabtree GR. Calcineurin/NFAT signaling in osteoblasts regulates bone mass. Dev Cell 2006; 10:771-82. [PMID: 16740479 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Development and repair of the vertebrate skeleton requires the precise coordination of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. In diseases such as osteoporosis, bone resorption dominates over bone formation, suggesting a failure to harmonize osteoclast and osteoblast function. Here, we show that mice expressing a constitutively nuclear NFATc1 variant (NFATc1(nuc)) in osteoblasts develop high bone mass. NFATc1(nuc) mice have massive osteoblast overgrowth, enhanced osteoblast proliferation, and coordinated changes in the expression of Wnt signaling components. In contrast, viable NFATc1-deficient mice have defects in skull bone formation in addition to impaired osteoclast development. NFATc1(nuc) mice have increased osteoclastogenesis despite normal levels of RANKL and OPG, indicating that an additional NFAT-regulated mechanism influences osteoclastogenesis in vivo. Calcineurin/NFATc signaling in osteoblasts controls the expression of chemoattractants that attract monocytic osteoclast precursors, thereby coupling bone formation and bone resorption. Our results indicate that NFATc1 regulates bone mass by functioning in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte M Winslow
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Salingcarnboriboon R, Tsuji K, Komori T, Nakashima K, Ezura Y, Noda M. Runx2 is a target of mechanical unloading to alter osteoblastic activity and bone formation in vivo. Endocrinology 2006; 147:2296-305. [PMID: 16455780 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying unloading-induced reduction of bone formation have not yet been fully understood. In vitro, Runx2 has been suggested to be involved in mechanical signaling in osteoblasts. However, the roles of Runx2 in vivo during the bone response to mechanical stimuli have not yet been known. The purpose of this paper was to examine the roles of Runx2 in unloading-induced bone loss in vivo. Tail suspension was conducted for 2 wk using 9- to 11-wk-old Runx2 heterozygous knockout mice (Runx2(+/-)) and wild-type (Wt) littermates. Bones were subjected to two-dimensional micro-x-ray computed tomography, bone histomorphometry and RT-PCR analyses. Loss of half Runx2 gene dosage-exacerbated unloading-induced bone loss in trabecular and cortical envelopes. Unloading-induced reduction in mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate in cortical bone as well as trabecular bone was exacerbated in Runx2(+/-) mice, compared with Wt mice. Bone resorption parameters were not significantly affected by unloading or Runx2(+/-) genotype. Basal Runx2 and osterix mRNA levels in bone were reduced by 50% in Wt, whereas unloading in Runx2(+/-) mice did not further alter Runx2 and osterix mRNA levels. In contrast, osteocalcin mRNA levels were reduced by unloading, regardless of Runx2 gene dosage. These data demonstrated that full Runx2 gene dosage is required for maintaining normal function of osteoblasts in mechanical unloading or nonphysiological condition. Finally, we propose Runx2 as a critical target gene in unloading to alter osteoblastic activity and bone formation in vivo.
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Yasui T, Uemura H, Umino Y, Yamada M, Kuwahara A, Matsuzaki T, Maegawa M, Furumoto H, Miura M, Irahara M. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentration in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy daily and on alternate days. Menopause 2006; 13:314-22. [PMID: 16645545 DOI: 10.1097/01.gme.0000177908.40257.cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is a sensitive marker of vitamin K status. The authors examined the difference in serum ucOC concentrations in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy (HT) daily and on alternate days, and assessed the association between ucOC and triglyceride concentrations, which are related to the transport of vitamin K. DESIGN Seventy-three postmenopausal women were recruited for this study. Thirty-seven women received 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) and 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) daily, and 36 women received 0.625 mg of CEE and 2.5 mg of MPA on alternate days. The concentrations of serum ucOC, bone turnover markers, lipid profiles, and hormones were measured before and after 12 months of HT. RESULTS The ucOC concentration in women taking HT daily was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than that in women taking HT on alternate days. Serum ucOC concentrations during HT showed a significant (P < 0.01) inverse correlation with estradiol concentrations during HT. Serum estradiol concentrations during HT showed a significant (P < 0.01) positive correlation with triglyceride concentrations during HT. Furthermore, ucOC concentrations during HT showed a significant (P < 0.05) inverse correlation with triglyceride concentrations in women receiving HT. CONCLUSIONS The effect of HT on alternate days on ucOC concentration was weaker than the effect of HT daily. In addition, ucOC concentration after 12 months of HT daily might be decreased due to the conversion of ucOC to carboxylated OC by the effect of vitamin K through increased triglyceride levels induced by oral CEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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Yang L, Grey V. Pediatric reference intervals for bone markers. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:561-8. [PMID: 16423337 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone markers are specific bone-derived molecules that reflect bone remodeling activity and can be classified into two categories: bone formation and bone resorption markers. Children have significantly elevated bone marker levels due to high skeletal growth velocity and rapid bone turnover during childhood growth. Many physiological and pathological processes may influence bone metabolism and bone marker concentrations during childhood growth. Measurements of bone markers may be useful in investigating skeletal diseases in children and monitoring the response to treatment. This review documents recent advances in analytical methods, preanalytical considerations related to each marker and particularly highlights the most valuable bone formation markers, bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, and bone resorption markers, pyridinium cross-links and cross-linked telopeptides. Age- and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals and their limitations in clinical application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liju Yang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, McMaster University Medical Centre, McMaster University, Room 2N17, 1200 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
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