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Jung YH, Kim JH. Feature-Based Molecular Networking Combined with Multivariate Analysis for the Characterization of Glutathione Adducts as a Smoking Gun of Bioactivation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17450-17457. [PMID: 37976220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) is a powerful analytical tool for mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics data analysis. FBMN plays an important role in drug metabolism studies, enabling the visualization of complex metabolomics data to achieve metabolite characterization. In this study, we propose a strategy for the characterization of glutathione (GSH) adducts formed via in vitro metabolic activation using FBMN assisted by multivariate analysis (MVA). Acetaminophen was used as a model substrate for method development, and the practical potential of the method was investigated by its application to 2-aminophenol (2-AP) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Two 2-AP GSH adducts and one DNCB GSH adduct were successfully characterized by forming networks with GSH even though the mass spectral information obtained for the parent compound was deficient. False positives were effectively filtered out by the variable influence on projection cutoff criteria obtained from orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis. The GSH adducts formed by enzymatic or nonenzymatic reactions were intuitively distinguished by the pie chart of FBMN results. In summary, our approach effectively characterizes GSH adducts, which serve as compelling evidence of bioactivation. It can be widely utilized to enhance risk assessment in the context of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Heun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Shamovsky I, Ripa L, Narjes F, Bonn B, Schiesser S, Terstiege I, Tyrchan C. Mechanism-Based Insights into Removing the Mutagenicity of Aromatic Amines by Small Structural Alterations. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8545-8563. [PMID: 34110134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic and heteroaromatic amines (ArNH2) are activated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, primarily CYP1A2, into reactive N-arylhydroxylamines that can lead to covalent adducts with DNA nucleobases. Hereby, we give hands-on mechanism-based guidelines to design mutagenicity-free ArNH2. The mechanism of N-hydroxylation of ArNH2 by CYP1A2 is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Two putative pathways are considered, the radicaloid route that goes via the classical ferryl-oxo oxidant and an alternative anionic pathway through Fenton-like oxidation by ferriheme-bound H2O2. Results suggest that bioactivation of ArNH2 follows the anionic pathway. We demonstrate that H-bonding and/or geometric fit of ArNH2 to CYP1A2 as well as feasibility of both proton abstraction by the ferriheme-peroxo base and heterolytic cleavage of arylhydroxylamines render molecules mutagenic. Mutagenicity of ArNH2 can be removed by structural alterations that disrupt geometric and/or electrostatic fit to CYP1A2, decrease the acidity of the NH2 group, destabilize arylnitrenium ions, or disrupt their pre-covalent transition states with guanine.
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Thompson RA, Isin EM, Ogese MO, Mettetal JT, Williams DP. Reactive Metabolites: Current and Emerging Risk and Hazard Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:505-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Thompson
- DMPK, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
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Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Optimization of the bacterial cytochrome P450 BM3 system for the production of human drug metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15901-24. [PMID: 23443101 PMCID: PMC3546669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism in human liver is a process involving many different enzymes. Among them, a number of cytochromes P450 isoforms catalyze the oxidation of most of the drugs commercially available. Each P450 isoform acts on more than one drug, and one drug may be oxidized by more than one enzyme. As a result, multiple products may be obtained from the same drug, and as the metabolites can be biologically active and may cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs), the metabolic profile of a new drug has to be known before this can be commercialized. Therefore, the metabolites of a certain drug must be identified, synthesized and tested for toxicity. Their synthesis must be in sufficient quantities to be used for metabolic tests. This review focuses on the progresses done in the field of the optimization of a bacterial self-sufficient and efficient cytochrome P450, P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium, used for the production of metabolites of human enzymes. The progress made in the improvement of its catalytic performance towards drugs, the substitution of the costly NADPH cofactor and its immobilization and scale-up of the process for industrial application are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; E-Mail:
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Zhu W, Yuan Y, Zhou P, Zeng L, Wang H, Tang L, Guo B, Chen B. The expanding role of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for probing reactive intermediates in solution. Molecules 2012; 17:11507-37. [PMID: 23018925 PMCID: PMC6268401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past decade, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has rapidly occupied a prominent position for liquid-phase mechanistic studies due to its intrinsic advantages allowing for efficient "fishing" (rapid, sensitive, specific and simultaneous detection/identification) of multiple intermediates and products directly from a "real-world" solution. In this review we attempt to offer a comprehensive overview of the ESI-MS-based methodologies and strategies developed up to date to study reactive species in reaction solutions. A full description of general issues involved with probing reacting species from complex (bio)chemical reaction systems is briefly covered, including the potential sources of reactive intermediate (metabolite) generation, analytical aspects and challenges, basic rudiments of ESI-MS and the state-of-the-art technology. The main purpose of the present review is to highlight the utility of ESI-MS and its expanding role in probing reactive intermediates from various reactions in solution, with special focus on current progress in ESI-MS-based approaches for improving throughput, testing reality and real-time detection by using newly developed MS instruments and emerging ionization sources (such as ambient ESI techniques). In addition, the limitations of modern ESI-MS in detecting intermediates in organic reactions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Le Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Ling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha 410081, China; (W.Z.); (P.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.W.); (L.T.); (B.C.)
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Humphreys WG. Overview of strategies for addressing BRIs in drug discovery: Impact on optimization and design. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 192:56-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jian W, Yao M, Zhang D, Zhu M. Rapid Detection and Characterization of in Vitro and Urinary N-Acetyl-l-cysteine Conjugates Using Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry and Polarity Switching. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1246-55. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900035j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Jian
- Bioanalysis and Discovery Analytical Research and Biotransforamtion, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Ming Yao
- Bioanalysis and Discovery Analytical Research and Biotransforamtion, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Duxi Zhang
- Bioanalysis and Discovery Analytical Research and Biotransforamtion, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Bioanalysis and Discovery Analytical Research and Biotransforamtion, Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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Recent advances in applications of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to the analysis of reactive drug metabolites. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 179:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Medower C, Wen L, Johnson WW. Cytochrome P450 oxidation of the thiophene-containing anticancer drug 3-[(quinolin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-amide to an electrophilic intermediate. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1570-7. [PMID: 18672911 DOI: 10.1021/tx700430n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that are enzymatically transformed to reactive intermediates are common in nature. Some drugs and many phytochemicals that contain a thiophene ring are oxidized by cytochrome P450 to biological reactive intermediates (BRI) that can covalently bind to thiol nucleophiles. The investigational anticancer agent 3-[(quinolin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-amide (OSI-930) contains a thiophene moiety that can be oxidized by P450s to an apparent sulfoxide, which can react via Michael-addition to the 5-position of the thiophene ring, as demonstrated by mass spectral characterization of several thioether conjugates of the presumed thiophene S-oxide. Furthermore, a stable deuterium isotope retention experiment in which solvent deuterium was incorporated into the thiophene verifies the sulfoxide pathway. Various thiol nucleophiles are shown by tandem mass spectra to bind with this BRI, which is activated by P450 3A4 and to a slight degree, P450 2D6. Yet various safe drugs, phytochemicals, and endogenous molecules, all noted for their activation to BRI, are not toxic at a normal dose. Thus, multiple features determine any consequence of a BRI, with these complexities determining why one BRI is benign while another is not. The retention of covalent protein adducts of radio-labeled intermediate rat tissue has a half-life of about 1-1.5 days; hence, modified protein is cleared and replaced relatively quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Medower
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, OSI Pharmaceuticals, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
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Abstract
The role of specific agricultural pesticides in relation to adult and childhood cancers has not been firmly established due to the lack of precise exposure data in previous studies. Improvements in exposure assessment, disease classification, and application of molecular techniques in recent epidemiological evaluations is rapidly improving our ability to evaluate the human carcinogenicity of agricultural pesticides. The role of pesticide exposures in the etiology of human cancer is outlined by anatomical site and recent development in exposure assessment and molecular epidemiology are summarized and evaluated.
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