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Glass GE. Photobiomodulation: A review of the molecular evidence for low level light therapy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:1050-1060. [PMID: 33436333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Light energy is harnessed for therapeutic use in a number of ways, most recently by way of photobiomodulation (PBM). This phenomenon is a cascade of physiological events induced by the nonthermal exposure of tissue to light at the near infrared end of the visible spectrum. Therapeutic PBM has become a highly commercialized interest, marketed for everything from facial rejuvenation to fat loss, and diode-based devices are popular in both the clinic setting and for use at home. The lack of regulatory standards makes it difficult to draw clear conclusions about efficacy and safety but it is crucial that we understand the theoretical basis for PBM, so that we can engage in an honest dialogue with our patients and design better clinical studies to put claims of efficacy to the test. This article presents a summary of the science of PBM and examines the differences between laser light, on which much of the preclinical evidence is based and light from diodes, which are typically used in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme E Glass
- Department of Surgery, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Chair, laser safety committee, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York and Qatar.
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Saliba A, Du Y, Liu H, Patel S, Roberts R, Berkowitz BA, Kern TS. Photobiomodulation Mitigates Diabetes-Induced Retinopathy by Direct and Indirect Mechanisms: Evidence from Intervention Studies in Pigmented Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139003. [PMID: 26426815 PMCID: PMC4591336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Daily application of far-red light from the onset of diabetes mitigated diabetes-induced abnormalities in retinas of albino rats. Here, we test the hypothesis that photobiomodulation (PBM) is effective in diabetic, pigmented mice, even when delayed until weeks after onset of diabetes. Direct and indirect effects of PBM on the retina also were studied. Methods Diabetes was induced in C57Bl/6J mice using streptozotocin. Some diabetics were exposed to PBM therapy (4 min/day; 670 nm) daily. In one study, mice were diabetic for 4 weeks before initiation of PBM for an additional 10 weeks. Retinal oxidative stress, inflammation, and retinal function were measured. In some mice, heads were covered with a lead shield during PBM to prevent direct illumination of the eye, or animals were treated with an inhibitor of heme oxygenase-1. In a second study, PBM was initiated immediately after onset of diabetes, and administered daily for 2 months. These mice were examined using manganese-enhanced MRI to assess effects of PBM on transretinal calcium channel function in vivo. Results PBM intervention improved diabetes-induced changes in superoxide generation, leukostasis, expression of ICAM-1, and visual performance. PBM acted in part remotely from the retina because the beneficial effects were achieved even with the head shielded from the light therapy, and because leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity of retinal endothelial cells was less in diabetics treated with PBM. SnPP+PBM significantly reduced iNOS expression compared to PBM alone, but significantly exacerbated leukostasis. In study 2, PBM largely mitigated diabetes-induced retinal calcium channel dysfunction in all retinal layers. Conclusions PBM induces retinal protection against abnormalities induced by diabetes in pigmented animals, and even as an intervention. Beneficial effects on the retina likely are mediated by both direct and indirect mechanisms. PBM is a novel non-pharmacologic treatment strategy to inhibit early changes of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Saliba
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Haitao Liu
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shyam Patel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Berkowitz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tang J, Du Y, Lee CA, Talahalli R, Eells JT, Kern TS. Low-intensity far-red light inhibits early lesions that contribute to diabetic retinopathy: in vivo and in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:3681-90. [PMID: 23557732 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-11018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment with light in the far-red to near-infrared region of the spectrum (photobiomodulation [PBM]) has beneficial effects in tissue injury. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of 670-nm PBM in rodent and cultured cell models of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Studies were conducted in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and in cultured retinal cells. Diabetes-induced retinal abnormalities were assessed functionally, biochemically, and histologically in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We observed beneficial effects of PBM on the neural and vascular elements of retina. Daily 670-nm PBM treatment (6 J/cm(2)) resulted in significant inhibition in the diabetes-induced death of retinal ganglion cells, as well as a 50% improvement of the ERG amplitude (photopic b wave responses) (both P < 0.01). To explore the mechanism for these beneficial effects, we examined physiologic and molecular changes related to cell survival, oxidative stress, and inflammation. PBM did not alter cytochrome oxidase activity in the retina or in cultured retinal cells. PBM inhibited diabetes-induced superoxide production and preserved MnSOD expression in vivo. Diabetes significantly increased both leukostasis and expression of ICAM-1, and PBM essentially prevented both of these abnormalities. In cultured retinal cells, 30-mM glucose exposure increased superoxide production, inflammatory biomarker expression, and cell death. PBM inhibited all of these abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS PBM ameliorated lesions of diabetic retinopathy in vivo and reduced oxidative stress and cell death in vitro. PBM has been documented to have minimal risk. PBM is noninvasive, inexpensive, and easy to administer. We conclude that PBM is a simple adjunct therapy to attenuate the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Tang
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Near-infrared light protect the photoreceptor from light-induced damage in rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 664:365-74. [PMID: 20238037 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A project originally developed for NASA plant growth experiments in space demonstrating the Light-Emitting Diode (LED) could promote the wound healing. Further study showed that the LED's could protect cells by stimulating the basic energy processes in the mitochondria of each cell. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 670 nm LED to protect the photoreceptor from the light-induced damage in a rodent model. METHODS SD rats were randomly assigned to one of eight groups: untreated control group, the LED-treated control group, three light-induced damage groups, and three LED-protected groups. The rats were exposed to constant light for 3 h of different illuminations of 900, 1,800 and 2,700 lux, respectively. The LED treatment (50 mW) were done for 30 min, 3 h before the light damage and 0, 24 and 48 h after the light damage. Using the electroretinogram as a sensitive indicator of retinal function, and the histopathologic change was showed as a proof of the protective effect of LED treatment. RESULTS The 900 lux illumination for 3 h did not cause damage to the retina of rats, however, the 1,800 lux illumination for 3 h caused significant damage to ONL of an approximate half retina, which caused the swing of ERG b wave to be 431 muV. With the LED protection: the damage of ONL was near 1/6 of retina, which was significantly reduced than the ones without LED protection (P < 0.01); and the swing of ERG b wave was recorded to be 1,011 muV, which was increased significantly than the ones without LED protection (P < 0.01). The illumination of 2,700 lux for 3 h caused severe damage to the rats' retinas and the LED could not protect them significantly in both of morphology and function (P > 0.05, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS 670 nm LED treatment has an evident protective effect on retinal cells against light-induced damage, which may be an innovative and non-invasive therapeutic approach to prevent or to delay age-related macular degeneration.
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Lim J, Ali ZM, Sanders RA, Snyder AC, Eells JT, Henshel DS, Watkins JB. Effects of low-level light therapy on hepatic antioxidant defense in acute and chronic diabetic rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:1-8. [PMID: 19202557 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes causes oxidative stress in the liver and other tissues prone to complications. Photobiomodulation by near infrared light (670 nm) has been shown to accelerate diabetic wound healing, improve recovery from oxidative injury in the kidney, and attenuate degeneration in retina and optic nerve. The present study tested the hypothesis that 670 nm photobiomodulation, a low-level light therapy, would attenuate oxidative stress and enhance the antioxidant protection system in the liver of a model of type I diabetes. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, ip) then exposed to 670 nm light (9 J/cm(2)) once per day for 18 days (acute) or 14 weeks (chronic). Livers were harvested, flash frozen, and then assayed for markers of oxidative stress. Light treatment was ineffective as an antioxidant therapy in chronic diabetes, but light treatment for 18 days in acutely diabetic rats resulted in the normalization of hepatic glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities and a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S transferase activities. The results of this study suggest that 670 nm photobiomodulation may reduce, at least in part, acute hepatic oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant defense system in the diabetic rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Lim
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Wang YM, Wang HJ, Peng SQ. In ovo exposure of a Fusarium mycotoxin butenolide induces hepatic and renal oxidative damage in chick embryos, and antioxidants provide protections. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1354-9. [PMID: 19573587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Butenolide is a mycotoxin produced by several toxigenic Fusarium species. It frequently invades many important grains, and evokes a broad spectrum of toxic effects. For these reasons, butenolide poses a health risk to both humans and animals. However, many toxicology issues of butenolide including targets and mechanisms of toxicity remain to be elucidated so far. The present study therefore attempts to reveal the toxic profile of butenolide from a viewpoint of oxidative damage, using chick embryos as an in vitro model. A single in ovo injection of butenolide resulted in significant oxidative injuries in embryonic livers and kidneys, as manifested by a dose-dependent depletion of sulfhydryl groups, reduction of glutathione peroxidase activity, and increase of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances production, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. In contrast, co-injections of butenolide with antioxidants sodium selenite, vitamin C and a representative antioxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase markedly abated these oxidative toxicities. In conclusion, the present study suggests that oxidative damage may serve as a mediator in the toxicity of butenolide, and amelioration of antioxidant defense capacity by exogenous supplementation may play a role in the prevention and treatment of butenolide intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Mei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China.
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Hymer WC, Welsch J, Buchmann E, Risius M, Whelan HT. Modulation of rat pituitary growth hormone by 670 nm light. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:274-279. [PMID: 19091612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In rat pituitary somatotrophs, cytochrome oxidase is co-packaged with growth hormone (GH) in some storage granules. Because this enzyme is thought to be the molecular photoacceptor of red-near infrared light, and because exposure of diverse tissue systems to 670 nm visible light affects their biological responses (e.g., wound healing), we tested the idea that exposure of rat pituitary cells, rat hemi-pituitary glands and rat pituitary homogenates to 670 nm light in vitro might alter GH storage and/or release. In this report we offer evidence to show that light treatment (670 nm, 80s, intensity 50 mW/cm(2), energy density 4 J/cm(2)) up-regulates GH release, in part by breakdown of intracellular, oligomeric GH as determined by gel filtration chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Hymer
- Centralized Biological Laboratory, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802-4803, USA.
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Lim J, Sanders RA, Yeager RL, Millsap DS, Watkins JB, Eells JT, Henshel DS. Attenuation of TCDD-induced oxidative stress by 670 nm photobiomodulation in developmental chicken kidney. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2008; 22:230-9. [PMID: 18752309 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent developmental teratogen inducing oxidative stress and sublethal changes in multiple organs, provokes developmental renal injuries. In this study, we investigated TCDD-induced biochemical changes and the therapeutic efficacy of photobiomodulation (670 nm; 4 J/cm(2)) on oxidative stress in chicken kidneys during development. Eggs were injected once prior to incubation with TCDD (2 pg/g or 200 pg/g) or sunflower oil vehicle control. Half of the eggs in each dose group were then treated with red light once per day through embryonic day 20 (E20). Upon hatching at E21, the kidneys were collected and assayed for glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dimutase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities, as well as reduced glutathione and ATP levels, and lipid peroxidation. TCDD exposure alone suppressed the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation, and depleted available ATP. The biochemical indicators of oxidative and energy stress in the kidney were reversed by daily phototherapy, restoring ATP and glutathione contents and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities to control levels. Photobiomodulation also normalized the level of lipid peroxidation increased by TCDD exposure. The results of this study suggest that 670 nm photobiomodulation may be useful as a noninvasive treatment for renal injury resulting from chemically induced cellular oxidative and energy stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Lim
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense impairment in the hearts of chick embryos induced by in ovo exposure to Fusarium mycotoxin butenolide. Toxicon 2008; 52:781-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yeager RL, Parkhurst DF, Henshel DS. Graphical Methods for Exploratory Analysis of Complex Data Sets. Bioscience 2007. [DOI: 10.1641/b570807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Melatonin as a principal component of red light therapy. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:372-6. [PMID: 17321060 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is well recognized for its role as a potent antioxidant and is directly implicated in the free radical theory of aging [1] [Reiter RJ, Pablos MI, Agapito TT, Guerrero JM. Melatonin in the context of the free radical theory of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996;786:362-78]. Moreover, melatonin has been shown to retard age-related increases in lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage [2] [Okatani Y, Wakatsuki A, Reiter RJ. Melatonin protects hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in senescence-accelerated mice. J Pineal Res 2002;32:143-8] and to act directly upon the immune system [3] [Poon AM, Liu ZM, Pang CS, Brown GM, Pang SF. Evidence for a direct action of melatonin on the immune system. Biol Signals 1994;3:107-17]. This report focuses on characterizing documented functions of melatonin in the context of red light therapy and proposes that melatonin is a potential mediator of red light's therapeutic effects, a hypothesis that is as yet untested. Red light therapy (670 nm, 4J/cm(2)) has been shown to restore glutathione redox balance upon toxicological insult and enhance both cytochrome c oxidase and energy production, all of which may be affected by melatonin. The red light treatment has also been successfully implemented in the clinical setting for its effectiveness in reducing both the number of incidences and severity of oral mucositis resulting in part from the chemotherapy and/or radiation administered prior to bone marrow transplants. Moreover, red light therapy improves wound healing and is being further tested for its ability to ameliorate toxicant-induced retinal and visual cortical neuron damage. Researchers in the growing field of light therapy may be in a position to draw from and collaborate with melatonin researchers to better characterize this alternative treatment.
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