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Sun X, Yan P, Zou C, Wong YK, Shu Y, Lee YM, Zhang C, Yang ND, Wang J, Zhang J. Targeting autophagy enhances the anticancer effect of artemisinin and its derivatives. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2172-2193. [PMID: 30972803 DOI: 10.1002/med.21580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives, with their outstanding clinical efficacy and safety, represent the most effective and impactful antimalarial drugs. Apart from its antimalarial effect, artemisinin has also been shown to exhibit selective anticancer properties against multiple cancer types both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, our previous studies highlighted the therapeutic effects of artemisinin on autophagy regulation. Autophagy is a well-conserved degradative process that recycles cytoplasmic contents and organelles in lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. The deregulation of autophagy is often observed in cancer cells, where it contributes to tumor adaptation to nutrient-deficient tumor microenvironments. This review discusses recent advances in the anticancer properties of artemisinin and its derivatives via their regulation of autophagy, mitophagy, and ferritinophagy. In particular, we will discuss the mechanisms of artemisinin activation in cancer and novel findings regarding the role of artemisinin in regulating autophagy, which involves changes in multiple signaling pathways. More importantly, with increasing failure rates and the high cost of the development of novel anticancer drugs, the strategy of repurposing traditional therapeutic Chinese medicinal agents such as artemisinin to treat cancer provides a more attractive alternative. We believe that the topics covered here will be important in demonstrating the potential of artemisinin and its derivatives as safe and potent anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyi Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Zou
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University, Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yin-Kwan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuhan Shu
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chongjing Zhang
- Institute of Material Medical, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nai-Di Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jigang Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University, Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention & Therapy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Rohanizadeh R, Deng Y, Verron E. Therapeutic actions of curcumin in bone disorders. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:793. [PMID: 26962450 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is the active component of turmeric extract derived from the Curcuma longa plant. In the last decade, curcumin has raised a considerable interest in medicine owing to its negligible toxicity and multiple therapeutic actions including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. Among the various molecular targets of curcumin, some are involved in bone remodeling, which strongly suggests that curcumin can affect the skeletal system. The review sheds light on the current and potential applications of curcumin to treat bone disorders characterized by an excessive resorption activity. Within the scope of this review, the novel formulations of curcumin to overcome its physico-chemical and pharmacokinetic constraints are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Rohanizadeh
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yi Deng
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elise Verron
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
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Yang JY, Park MY, Park SY, Yoo HI, Kim MS, Kim JH, Kim WJ, Jung JY. Nitric Oxide-Induced Autophagy in MC3T3-E1 Cells is Associated with Cytoprotection via AMPK Activation. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:507-14. [PMID: 26557017 PMCID: PMC4637353 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.6.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is important in the regulation of bone remodeling, whereas high concentration of NO promotes cell death of osteoblast. However, it is not clear yet whether NO-induced autophagy is implicated in cell death or survival of osteoblast. The present study is aimed to examine the role of NO-induced autophagy in the MC3T3-E1 cells and their underlying molecular mechanism. The effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, on the cytotoxicity of the MC3T3-E1 cells was determined by MTT assay and expression of apoptosis or autophagy associated molecules was evaluated by western blot analysis. The morphological observation of autophagy and apoptosis by acridine orange stain and TUNEL assay were performed, respectively. Treatment of SNP decreased the cell viability of the MC3T3-E1 cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. SNP increased expression levels of p62, ATG7, Beclin-1 and LC3-II, as typical autophagic markers and augmented acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles, detected by acridine orange staining. However, pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3MA), the specific inhibitor for autophagy, decreased cell viability, whereas increased the cleavage of PARP and caspase-3 in the SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a major autophagy regulatory kinase, was activated in SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, pretreatment with compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK, decreased cell viability, whereas increased the number of apoptotic cells, cleaved PARP and caspase-3 levels compared to those of SNP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, it is speculated that NO-induced autophagy functions as a survival mechanism via AMPK activation against apoptosis in the MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Yang
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sam Young Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hong Il Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Won Jae Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Jung
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Lee SR, Lee SJ, Kim SH, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Xu Z, Kim N, Han J. NecroX-5 suppresses sodium nitroprusside-induced cardiac cell death through inhibition of JNK and caspase-3 activation. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:702-7. [PMID: 24446382 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is an effective hypotensive drug and is often used in pediatric intensive care units and to treat acute heart failure, clinical application of SNP is limited by its cardiotoxicity. NecroX-5 (NX-5) was recently developed and has the capacity to inhibit necrotic cell death. No current literature addresses whether NX-5 suppresses SNP-induced cell death or its mechanism of action. We have investigated the protective role of NX-5 against SNP-induced cell death in cardiomyocyte-like H9c2 cells. SNP treatment induced severe cell death, possibly through phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) and activation of the apoptotic signaling pathway, including downregulation of Bcl-2 and cleavage of caspase-3. However, NX-5 suppresses SNP-induced cell death through inhibition of JNK activation and suppression of both downregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression and caspase-3 cleavage. These findings will provide insights and facilitate development of antidotes to SNP toxicity in cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165 Gaegeum-dong Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614 735, Republic of Korea
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Lee SR, Kwak JH, Noh SJ, Pronto JR, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Xu Z, Kim N, Han J. Kobophenol A Inhibits Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Cardiac H9c2 Cell Death through Suppressing Activation of JNK and Preserving Mitochondrial Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2014; 62:713-8. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c13-00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Inje University
| | | | - Su Jin Noh
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Inje University
| | - Julius Ryan Pronto
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Inje University
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Inje University
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Inje University
| | - Zhelong Xu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Medical University
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Inje University
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Inje University
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Moran JM, Roncero-Martin R, Rodriguez-Velasco FJ, Calderon-Garcia JF, Rey-Sanchez P, Vera V, Canal-Macias ML, Pedrera-Zamorano JD. Effects of curcumin on the proliferation and mineralization of human osteoblast-like cells: implications of nitric oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16104-18. [PMID: 23443113 PMCID: PMC3546681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is found in the rhizomes of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.) and has been used for centuries as a dietary spice and as a traditional Indian medicine used to treat different conditions. At the cellular level, curcumin modulates important molecular targets: transcription factors, enzymes, cell cycle proteins, cytokines, receptors and cell surface adhesion molecules. Because many of the curcumin targets mentioned above participate in the regulation of bone remodeling, curcumin may affect the skeletal system. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule generated from l-arginine during the catalization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and it plays crucial roles in catalization and in the nervous, cardiovascular and immune systems. Human osteoblasts have been shown to express NOS isoforms, and the exact mechanism(s) by which NO regulates bone formation remain unclear. Curcumin has been widely described to inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production, at least in part via direct interference in NF-κB activation. In the present study, after exposure of human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63), we have observed that curcumin abrogated inducible NOS expression and decreased NO levels, inhibiting also cell prolifieration. This effect was prevented by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside. Under osteogenic conditions, curcumin also decreased the level of mineralization. Our results indicate that NO plays a role in the osteoblastic profile of MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Moran
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, School of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Caceres 10003, Spain.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy relies on the interaction between light, oxygen and a photosensitizing agent. Its medical significance relates to the ability of certain agents, usually based on porphyrin or phthalocyanine structures, to localize somewhat selectively in neoplastic cells and their vasculature. Subsequent irradiation, preferably at a sufficiently high wavelength to have a significant pathway through tissues, results in a photophysical reaction whereby the excited state of the photosensitizing agent transfers energy to molecular oxygen and results in the formation of reactive oxygen species. Analogous reactive nitrogen species are also formed. These contain both nitrogen and oxygen atoms. The net result is both direct tumor cell death and a shutdown of the tumor vasculature. Other processes may also occur that promote the anti-tumor response but these are outside the scope of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, MI 48201 (USA) phone: +0013135771787
| | - John Reiners
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48201 (USA) phone: +0013135775594
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Zang L, He H, Ye Y, Liu W, Fan S, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Nitric oxide augments oridonin-induced efferocytosis by human histocytic lymphoma U937 cells via autophagy and the NF-κB-COX-2-IL-1β pathway. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:1207-19. [PMID: 22670565 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.700515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that oridonin-induced autophagy enhanced efferocytosis (phagocytosis of apoptotic cells) by macrophage-like U937 cells through activation of the inflammatory pathways. In this study, exposure of U937 cells to 2.5 μM oridonin caused up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and continuous endogenous generation of nitric oxide (NO), which was reversed by pre-treatment with the inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase 1400 W (dihydrochloride) or L-NAME (hydrochloride). NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and efferocytosis irritant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could also exert NO generation and iNOS expression. Moreover, oridonin-induced stimulation of efferocytosis was significantly suppressed by 1400 W or L-NAME. In addition, 1400 W or L-NAME impaired oridonin-induced autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3MA) or Beclin-1 siRNA attenuated the uptake of apoptotic cells with a slight increase in the production of NO. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been reported to be involved in oridonin-induced efferocytosis in U937 cells and interact with NO to contribute to inflammatory responses. 1400 W or L-NAME blocked the secretion of IL-1β and the activation of NF-κB and COX-2. Provision of SNP or LPS in place of oridonin resulted in the similar enhancement of efferocytosis, autophagy, the release of IL-1β and the expression of signal protein. NO augmented the oridonin-induced efferocytosis by mediating autophagy and activating the NF-κB-COX-2-IL-1β pathway. Inhibition of NF-κB or COX-2 in turn decreased the production of NO and the expression of iNOS. There exists a positive feedback loop between NO generation and NF-κB-COX-2-IL-1β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghe Zang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang , People's Republic of China
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Ueno T, Yamada M, Igarashi Y, Ogawa T. N-acetyl cysteine protects osteoblastic function from oxidative stress. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 99:523-31. [PMID: 21913320 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested the protective potential of an antioxidant amino acid derivative, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), in controlling oxidative stress against osteoblasts. Osteoblastic cells extracted from rat bone marrow were cultured. Oxidative stress was induced by adding 100 μM H₂O₂ into the culture media. Then, some H₂O₂-treated cultures were cotreated with 2.5 or 5 mM NAC. Addition of H₂O₂ decreased the number of cells to 50% of untreated cultures at days 2. Addition of 5 mM NAC into H₂O₂ cultures resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the number of cells, with the cell number being 50% greater than that in the 100 μM H₂O₂ culture. The gene expression levels of type I collagen, osteopontin, and osteocalcin were downregulated threefold by H₂O₂ on day 7. The H₂O₂-suppressed gene expression was fully recovered by NAC cotreatment. The mineralizing capability, assessed by Von Kossa staining on day 15, were approximately 1.8 times greater in the NAC + H₂O₂ cotreated group than in the culture with H₂O₂ alone. These NAC-mediated restorations were associated with an NAC dose-dependent increase of intracellular glutathione and a NAC dose-dependent decrease of intracellular reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ substantially impairs the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts. More importantly, the addition of NAC into the culture was found to restore these damages to a near normal level due to the improved redox balance, warranting further in vivo studies to test its therapeutic potential as a local antioxidative stress drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ueno
- Laboratory for Bone and Implant Sciences-LBIS, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Byun YJ, Lee SB, Lee HO, Son MJ, Kim HS, Kwon OJ, Jeong SW. Vacuolar H+-ATPase c protects glial cell death induced by sodium nitroprusside under glutathione-depleted condition. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1985-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Lee HO, Byun YJ, Cho KO, Kim SY, Lee SB, Kim HS, Kwon OJ, Jeong SW. GS28 Protects Neuronal Cell Death Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide under Glutathione-Depleted Condition. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 15:149-56. [PMID: 21860593 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2011.15.3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Golgi SNAP receptor complex 1 (GS28) has been implicated in vesicular transport between intra-Golgi networks and between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. Additional role(s) of GS28 within cells have not been well characterized. We observed decreased expression of GS28 in rat ischemic hippocampus. In this study, we examined the role of GS28 and its molecular mechanisms in neuronal (SK-N-SH) cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). GS28 siRNA-transfected cells treated with H(2)O(2) showed a significant increase in cytotoxicity under glutathione (GSH)-depleted conditions after pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine, which corresponded to an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells. Pretreatment of GS28 siRNA-transfected cells with p38 chemical inhibitor significantly inhibited cytotoxicity; we also observed that p38 was activated in the cells by immunoblot analysis. We confirmed the role of p38 MAPK in cotransfected cells with GS28 siRNA and p38 siRNA in the cell viability assay, flow cytometry, and immunoblot. Involvement of apoptotic or autophagic processes in the cells was not shown in the cell viability, flow cytometry, and immunoblot analyses. However, pretreatment of the cells with necrostatin-1 completely inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity, ROS generation, and p38 activation, indicating that the cell death is necroptotic. Collectively these data imply that H(2)O(2) induces necroptotic cell death in the GS28 siRNA-transfected cells and that the necroptotic signals are mediated by sequential activations in RIP1/p38/ROS. Taken together, these results indicate that GS28 has a protective role in H(2)O(2)-induced necroptosis via inhibition of p38 MAPK in GSH-depleted neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Ok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Cheng G, Zhai Y, Chen K, Zhou J, Han G, Zhu R, Ming L, Song P, Wang J. Sinusoidal electromagnetic field stimulates rat osteoblast differentiation and maturation via activation of NO-cGMP-PKG pathway. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:316-25. [PMID: 21664476 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important intracellular and intercellular messenger, critically affecting bone metabolism. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether the effect of sinusoidal electromagnetic field (SEMF) on the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts is mediated by the NO-cGMP-PKG signal pathway. We examined the impact of SEMF on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, and found that L-NAME, nitric oxide synthase's inhibitor, prevents SEMF-mediated increase in NOS activity and NO levels. We showed that an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase (ODQ) blocks the increase in cGMP levels triggered by exposure to SEMF. The inhibitor PDE5, which hydrolyzes 3',5'-cyclic-GMP to 5'-GMP, prevents the SEMF's stimulation of PKG activity. We also blocked the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway to determine whether the maturation and mineralization of osteoblasts, stimulated by SEMF, would be inhibited. This was evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osterix gene expression and mineralized bone modulus. After treatment with SEMF, the NOS activity increases in comparison with the control group (P<0.01), reaching the highest level after 0.5h. Osterix gene expression, ALP activity and mineralized bone nodules in the SEMF experimental group also increase significantly. However, these effects are partially blocked in the L-NAME treated cultures. Surprisingly, all the osteogenic markers in the SEMF+L-NAME group were slightly higher than in the control culture, but lower than in the cells exposed to SEMF only. We conclude that the NO-cGMP-PKG signal pathway is activated by SEMF treatment, the stimulatory effect of SEMF on the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts is attenuated when the pathway is blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Cheng
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command, Gansu, China
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13
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Glutathione in cancer cell death. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1285-310. [PMID: 24212662 PMCID: PMC3756414 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) in cancer cells is particularly relevant in the regulation of carcinogenic mechanisms; sensitivity against cytotoxic drugs, ionizing radiations, and some cytokines; DNA synthesis; and cell proliferation and death. The intracellular thiol redox state (controlled by GSH) is one of the endogenous effectors involved in regulating the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex and, in consequence, thiol oxidation can be a causal factor in the mitochondrion-based mechanism that leads to cell death. Nevertheless GSH depletion is a common feature not only of apoptosis but also of other types of cell death. Indeed rates of GSH synthesis and fluxes regulate its levels in cellular compartments, and potentially influence switches among different mechanisms of death. How changes in gene expression, post-translational modifications of proteins, and signaling cascades are implicated will be discussed. Furthermore, this review will finally analyze whether GSH depletion may facilitate cancer cell death under in vivo conditions, and how this can be applied to cancer therapy.
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14
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Inflammation as death or life signal in diabetic fracture healing. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:3-10. [PMID: 20845059 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased apoptosis of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and prolonged survival of osteoclasts lead to early destruction of callus tissue and impair bone remodeling in fracture healing of diabetic patients. Diabetes is accompanied by an increased inflammatory state, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a heterogenous group of toxic metabolites that can induce inflammation. Prolonged hyperglycemia and insulin resistance correlate with increased apoptosis rate and, accordingly, the proapoptotic role of several inflammatory mediators, ROS and AGEs has been also documented. In this review we summarize the most recent reports supporting the idea that inflammatory signaling increases chondrocyte and osteoblast death and prolongs osteoclast survival, resulting in impaired bone regeneration in diabetes. Antagonising inflammatory signal pathways and solution of inflammation may deserve greater attention in the management of diabetic fracture healing.
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