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Ramamurthy K, Priya PS, Murugan R, Arockiaraj J. Hues of risk: investigating genotoxicity and environmental impacts of azo textile dyes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33190-33211. [PMID: 38676865 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The textile industry, with its extensive use of dyes and chemicals, stands out as a significant source of water pollution. Exposure to certain textile dyes, such as azo dyes and their breakdown products like aromatic amines, has been associated with health concerns like skin sensitization, allergic reactions, and even cancer in humans. Annually, the worldwide production of synthetic dyes approximates 7 × 107 tons, of which the textile industry accounts for over 10,000 tons. Inefficient dyeing procedures result in the discharge of 15-50% of azo dyes, which do not adequately bind to fibers, into wastewater. This review delves into the genotoxic impact of azo dyes, prevalent in the textile industry, on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Examining different families of textile dye which contain azo group in their structure such as Sudan I and Sudan III Sudan IV, Basic Red 51, Basic Violet 14, Disperse Yellow 7, Congo Red, Acid Red 26, and Acid Blue 113 reveals their carcinogenic potential, which may affect both industrial workers and aquatic life. Genotoxic and carcinogenic characteristics, chromosomal abnormalities, induced physiological and neurobehavioral changes, and disruptions to spermatogenesis are evident, underscoring the harmful effects of these dyes. The review calls for comprehensive investigations into the toxic profile of azo dyes, providing essential insights to safeguard the aquatic ecosystem and human well-being. The importance of effective effluent treatment systems is underscored to mitigate adverse impacts on agricultural lands, water resources, and the environment, particularly in regions heavily reliant on wastewater irrigation for food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Ramamurthy
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Peter Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghul Murugan
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Tarnow P, Zordick C, Bottke A, Fischer B, Kühne F, Tralau T, Luch A. Characterization of Quinoline Yellow Dyes As Transient Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:742-750. [PMID: 31957441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) are two ligand activated transcription factors that are targeted by a wide range of anthropogenic compounds. Crosstalk between both receptors is well established but little understood. We previously developed a dual color luciferase assay (i.e., XEER) which allows time dissolved monitoring of the activation of both receptors in situ. The system was now used in conjunction with HPLC-qTOF to identify several quinophthalone dyes as transient receptor agonists of the AHR. Altogether the approach identified three widely used dyes, that is the plastic colorant latyl yellow 3G (LY), the structurally related textile dye disperse yellow 64 (DY), and the cosmetic dye quinoline yellow (QY). The latter was the most potent agonist followed by LY and DY as confirmed by the XEER assay and CYP1A1 gene induction in MCF7 cells. In addition QY, LY, and DY also inhibited ER signaling in an AHR-dependent manner. This establishes some evidence for quinoline yellow dyes as potential disruptors of AHR/ER signaling, raising potential toxicological concern. Although none of the dyes featured any signs of genotoxicity in vitro, our data point to the need for a systematic approach when screening for substances of potential toxicological and endocrine relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tarnow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Catrin Zordick
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex Bottke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Berit Fischer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Kühne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Darwish WS, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Mizukawa H, Ishizuka M. Constitutive Effects of Lead on Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Gene Battery and Protection by β-carotene and Ascorbic Acid in Human HepG2 Cells. J Food Sci 2015; 81:T275-81. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wageh S. Darwish
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dept. of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido Univ; Kita 18, Nishi 9 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dept. of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido Univ; Kita 18, Nishi 9 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Shouta M. M. Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dept. of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido Univ; Kita 18, Nishi 9 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dept. of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido Univ; Kita 18, Nishi 9 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Food Control Dept, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig Univ; Zagazig 44510 Egypt
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Ibrahim ZS. Chenodeoxycholic acid increases the induction of CYP1A1 in HepG2 and H4IIE cells. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1976-1982. [PMID: 26640583 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are considered to promote carcinogenesis. Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) plays a critical role in the biotransformation of drugs and procarcinogens. This study aimed to investigate the ability of bile acids to modulate CYP1A1 expression. Treatment of HepG2 cells with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and Sudan III (S.III) upregulated CYP1A1 transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells and CYP1A1 mRNA expression in H4IIE cells. Pretreatment of the HepG2 and H4IIE cells with CDCA upregulated the S.III-induced CYP1A transcriptional activity and mRNA expression. The CDCA-induced enhancement of CYP1A1 was not abolished by the p38 inhibitor SB203580. However, exposure of the cells to the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 inhibitor PD98059 suppressed the CDCA-induced enhancement of CYP1A1. These results show the ability of CDCA to upregulate CYP1A1 transcription and expression, which may explain the hepatocarcinogenesis-inducing effect of cholestasis. The CDCA-induced upregulation of CYP1A1 most probably proceeded through MEK1/2 activation, indicating that this may be a therapeutic target to prevent the cancer-promoting effects of excessive amounts of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zein Shaban Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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Hu Z, Brooks SA, Dormoy V, Hsu CW, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Massfelder T, Rathmell WK, Xia M, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Prudhomme KR, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Lowe L, Jensen L, Bisson WH, Kleinstreuer N. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: focus on the cancer hallmark of tumor angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S184-202. [PMID: 26106137 PMCID: PMC4492067 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the important 'hallmarks' of cancer is angiogenesis, which is the process of formation of new blood vessels that are necessary for tumor expansion, invasion and metastasis. Under normal physiological conditions, angiogenesis is well balanced and controlled by endogenous proangiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors. However, factors produced by cancer cells, cancer stem cells and other cell types in the tumor stroma can disrupt the balance so that the tumor microenvironment favors tumor angiogenesis. These factors include vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial tissue factor and other membrane bound receptors that mediate multiple intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Though environmental exposures to certain chemicals have been found to initiate and promote tumor development, the role of these exposures (particularly to low doses of multiple substances), is largely unknown in relation to tumor angiogenesis. This review summarizes the evidence of the role of environmental chemical bioactivity and exposure in tumor angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. We identify a number of ubiquitous (prototypical) chemicals with disruptive potential that may warrant further investigation given their selectivity for high-throughput screening assay targets associated with proangiogenic pathways. We also consider the cross-hallmark relationships of a number of important angiogenic pathway targets with other cancer hallmarks and we make recommendations for future research. Understanding of the role of low-dose exposure of chemicals with disruptive potential could help us refine our approach to cancer risk assessment, and may ultimately aid in preventing cancer by reducing or eliminating exposures to synergistic mixtures of chemicals with carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 614 685 4606; Fax: +1-614-247-7205;
| | - Samira A. Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kalan R. Prudhomme
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roslida A. Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate
, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - A. Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advance Research), King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K. Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden and
| | - William H. Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., in support of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, NIEHS, MD K2-16, RTP, NC 27709, USA
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Fagan RL, Cryderman DE, Kopelovich L, Wallrath LL, Brenner C. Laccaic acid A is a direct, DNA-competitive inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase 1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23858-67. [PMID: 23839987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.480517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation of cytosines in CpG dinucleotides is the predominant epigenetic mark on vertebrate DNA. DNA methylation is associated with transcriptional repression. The pattern of DNA methylation changes during development and with disease. Human DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1), a 1616-amino acid multidomain enzyme, is essential for maintenance of DNA methylation in proliferating cells and is considered an important cancer drug target. Using a fluorogenic, endonuclease-coupled DNA methylation assay with an activated form of Dnmt1 engineered to lack the replication foci targeting sequence domain, we discovered that laccaic acid A (LCA), a highly substituted anthraquinone natural product, is a direct inhibitor with a 310 nm Ki. LCA is competitive with the DNA substrate in in vitro methylation assays and alters the expression of methylated genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cells synergistically with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. LCA represents a novel class of Dnmt-targeted molecular probes, with biochemical properties that allow it to distinguish between non DNA-bound and DNA-bound Dnmt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Fagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Christophersen OA. Should autism be considered a canary bird telling that Homo sapiens may be on its way to extinction? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:19008. [PMID: 23990819 PMCID: PMC3747741 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.19008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been a dramatic enhancement of the reported incidence of autism in different parts of the world over the last 30 years. This can apparently not be explained only as a result of improved diagnosis and reporting, but may also reflect a real change. The causes of this change are unknown, but if we shall follow T.C. Chamberlin's principle of multiple working hypotheses, we need to take into consideration the possibility that it partly may reflect an enhancement of the average frequency of responsible alleles in large populations. If this hypothesis is correct, it means that the average germline mutation rate must now be much higher in the populations concerned, compared with the natural mutation rate in hominid ancestors before the agricultural and industrial revolutions. This is compatible with the high prevalence of impaired human semen quality in several countries and also with what is known about high levels of total exposure to several different unnatural chemical mutagens, plus some natural ones at unnaturally high levels. Moreover, dietary deficiency conditions that may lead to enhancement of mutation rates are also very widespread, affecting billions of people. However, the natural mutation rate in hominids has been found to be so high that there is apparently no tolerance for further enhancement of the germline mutation rate before the Eigen error threshold will be exceeded and our species will go extinct because of mutational meltdown. This threat, if real, should be considered far more serious than any disease causing the death only of individual patients. It should therefore be considered the first and highest priority of the best biomedical scientists in the world, of research-funding agencies and of all medical doctors to try to stop the express train carrying all humankind as passengers on board before it arrives at the end station of our civilization.
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