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Hindi NN, Elsakrmy N, Ramotar D. The base excision repair process: comparison between higher and lower eukaryotes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7943-7965. [PMID: 34734296 PMCID: PMC11071731 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The base excision repair (BER) pathway is essential for maintaining the stability of DNA in all organisms and defects in this process are associated with life-threatening diseases. It is involved in removing specific types of DNA lesions that are induced by both exogenous and endogenous genotoxic substances. BER is a multi-step mechanism that is often initiated by the removal of a damaged base leading to a genotoxic intermediate that is further processed before the reinsertion of the correct nucleotide and the restoration of the genome to a stable structure. Studies in human and yeast cells, as well as fruit fly and nematode worms, have played important roles in identifying the components of this conserved DNA repair pathway that maintains the integrity of the eukaryotic genome. This review will focus on the components of base excision repair, namely, the DNA glycosylases, the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases, the DNA polymerase, and the ligases, as well as other protein cofactors. Functional insights into these conserved proteins will be provided from humans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans, and the implications of genetic polymorphisms and knockouts of the corresponding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Nafiz Hindi
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noha Elsakrmy
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Enhanced cytarabine-induced killing in OGG1-deficient acute myeloid leukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016833118. [PMID: 33836581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016833118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human clinical trials suggest that inhibition of enzymes in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway, such as PARP1 and APE1, can be useful in anticancer strategies when combined with certain DNA-damaging agents or tumor-specific genetic deficiencies. There is also evidence suggesting that inhibition of the BER enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1), which initiates repair of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (Fapy-dG), could be useful in treating certain cancers. Specifically, in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), both the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion and the CBFB-MYH11 subtypes have lower levels of OGG1 expression, which correlate with increased therapeutic-induced cell cytotoxicity and good prognosis for improved, relapse-free survival compared with other AML patients. Here we present data demonstrating that AML cell lines deficient in OGG1 have enhanced sensitivity to cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside [Ara-C]) relative to OGG1-proficient cells. This enhanced cytotoxicity correlated with endogenous oxidatively-induced DNA damage and Ara-C-induced DNA strand breaks, with a large proportion of these breaks occurring at common fragile sites. This lethality was highly specific for Ara-C treatment of AML cells deficient in OGG1, with no other replication stress-inducing agents showing a correlation between cell killing and low OGG1 levels. The mechanism for this preferential toxicity was addressed using in vitro replication assays in which DNA polymerase δ was shown to insert Ara-C opposite 8-oxo-dG, resulting in termination of DNA synthesis. Overall, these data suggest that incorporation of Ara-C opposite unrepaired 8-oxo-dG may be the fundamental mechanism conferring selective toxicity and therapeutic effectiveness in OGG1-deficient AML cells.
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3
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Boldinova EO, Khairullin RF, Makarova AV, Zharkov DO. Isoforms of Base Excision Repair Enzymes Produced by Alternative Splicing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133279. [PMID: 31277343 PMCID: PMC6651865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcripts of many enzymes involved in base excision repair (BER) undergo extensive alternative splicing, but functions of the corresponding alternative splice variants remain largely unexplored. In this review, we cover the studies describing the common alternatively spliced isoforms and disease-associated variants of DNA glycosylases, AP-endonuclease 1, and DNA polymerase beta. We also discuss the roles of alternative splicing in the regulation of their expression, catalytic activities, and intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafil F Khairullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 9 Parizhskoy Kommuny Str., 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alena V Makarova
- RAS Institute of Molecular Genetics, 2 Kurchatova Sq., 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry O Zharkov
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova St., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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4
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Vlahopoulos S, Adamaki M, Khoury N, Zoumpourlis V, Boldogh I. Roles of DNA repair enzyme OGG1 in innate immunity and its significance for lung cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 194:59-72. [PMID: 30240635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are pivotal mediators of the immune response, and their coordinated expression protects host tissue from excessive damage and oxidant stress. Nevertheless, the development of lung pathology, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and ozone-induced lung injury, is associated with oxidant stress; as evidence, there is a significant increase in levels of the modified guanine base 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) in the genome. 8-OxoG is primarily recognized by 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1), which catalyzes the first step in the DNA base excision repair pathway. However, oxidant stress in the cell transiently halts enzymatic activity of substrate-bound OGG1. The stalled OGG1 facilitates DNA binding of transactivators, including NF-κB, to their cognate sites to enable expression of cytokines and chemokines, with ensuing recruitments of inflammatory cells. Hence, defective OGG1 will modulate the coordination between innate and adaptive immunity through excessive oxidant stress and cytokine dysregulation. Both oxidant stress and cytokine dysregulation constitute key elements of oncogenesis by KRAS, which is mechanistically coupled to OGG1. Thus, analysis of the mechanism by which OGG1 modulates gene expression helps discern between beneficial and detrimental effects of oxidant stress, exposes a missing functional link as a marker, and yields a novel target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Vlahopoulos
- Ηoremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolas Khoury
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and the Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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Lia D, Reyes A, de Melo Campos JTA, Piolot T, Baijer J, Radicella JP, Campalans A. Mitochondrial maintenance under oxidative stress depends on mitochondrially localised α-OGG1. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213538. [PMID: 29848661 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) in mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial dysfunction have been observed in cells deficient for the DNA glycosylase OGG1 when exposed to oxidative stress. In human cells, up to eight mRNAs for OGG1 can be generated by alternative splicing and it is still unclear which of them codes for the protein that ensures the repair of 8-oxoG in mitochondria. Here, we show that the α-OGG1 isoform, considered up to now to be exclusively nuclear, has a functional mitochondrial-targeting sequence and is imported into mitochondria. We analyse the sub-mitochondrial localisation of α-OGG1 with unprecedented resolution and show that this DNA glycosylase is associated with DNA in mitochondrial nucleoids. We show that the presence of α-OGG1 inside mitochondria and its enzymatic activity are required to preserve the mitochondrial network in cells exposed to oxidative stress. Altogether, these results unveil a new role of α-OGG1 in the mitochondria and indicate that the same isoform ensures the repair of 8-oxoG in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The activity of α-OGG1 in mitochondria is sufficient for the recovery of organelle function after oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Lia
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, CEA, UMR967 INSERM, 96265 Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Université Paris Diderot/Université Paris-Sud, 96265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Aurelio Reyes
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Julliane Tamara Araújo de Melo Campos
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, CEA, UMR967 INSERM, 96265 Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Tristan Piolot
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Jan Baijer
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, CEA, UMR967 INSERM, 96265 Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Université Paris Diderot/Université Paris-Sud, 96265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - J Pablo Radicella
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, CEA, UMR967 INSERM, 96265 Fontenay aux Roses, France.,Université Paris Diderot/Université Paris-Sud, 96265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Anna Campalans
- Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), Institute of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, CEA, UMR967 INSERM, 96265 Fontenay aux Roses, France .,Université Paris Diderot/Université Paris-Sud, 96265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Vela-Guajardo JE, Pérez-Treviño P, Rivera-Álvarez I, González-Mondellini FA, Altamirano J, García N. The 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine glycosylase increases its migration to mitochondria in compensated cardiac hypertrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:660-672. [PMID: 28882450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a compensatory mechanism maladapted because it presents an increase in the oxidative stress which could be associated with the development of the heart failure. A mechanism proposed is by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) oxidation, which evolved to a vicious cycle because of the synthesis of proteins encoded in the genome is committed. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the mtDNA damage and enzyme repairing the 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine glycosylase mitochondrial isoform 1-2a (OGG1-2a) in the early stage of compensated cardiac hypertrophy induced by abdominal aortic constriction (AAC). Results showed that after 6 weeks of AAC, hearts presented a compensated hypertrophy (22%), with an increase in the cell volume (35%), mitochondrial mass (12%), and mitochondrial membrane potential (94%). However, the increase of oxidative stress did not affect mtDNA most probably because OGG1-2a was found to increase 3.2 times in the mitochondrial fraction. Besides, mitochondrial function was not altered by the cardiac hypertrophy condition but in vitro mitochondria from AAC heart showed an increased sensibility to stress induced by the high Ca2+ concentration. The increase in the oxidative stress in compensated cardiac hypertrophy induced the OGG1-2a migration to mitochondria to repair mtDNA oxidation, as a mechanism that allows maintaining the cardiac function in the compensatory stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Vela-Guajardo
- Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Perla Pérez-Treviño
- Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Irais Rivera-Álvarez
- Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Fabio A González-Mondellini
- Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Julio Altamirano
- Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Noemí García
- Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México.
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Furihata C. An active alternative splicing isoform of human mitochondrial 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1). Genes Environ 2015; 37:21. [PMID: 27350816 PMCID: PMC4917946 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-015-0021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight alternatively spliced isoforms of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) (OGG1-1a, −1b, −1c, −2a, −2b, −2c, −2d and −2e) are registered at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). OGG1-1a is present in the nucleus, whereas the other seven isoforms are present in the mitochondria. Recombinant OGG1-1a has been purified and enzyme kinetics determined. OGG1(s) in mitochondria have not been fully characterized biochemically until recently. The major mitochondrial OGG1 isoform, OGG1-2a (also named β-OGG1), has also been expressed and purified; however, its activity is unresolved. Recently, we purified recombinant mitochondrial OGG1-1b and found that it was an active OGG1 enzyme. We reported its enzyme kinetics and compared the results with those of OGG1-1a. The reaction rate constant of OGG1-1b 8-oxoG glycosylase activity (kg) was 8-oxoG:C > > 8-oxoG:T > > 8-oxoG:G > 8-oxoG:A and was similar to that of OGG1-1a under single-turnover conditions ([E] > [S]). Both OGG1-1b and OGG1-1a showed high specificity towards 8-oxoG:C. The reaction rate constant of OGG1-1b N-glycosylase/DNA lyase activity (kgl) was 8-oxoG:C > 8-oxoG:T ≃ 8-oxoG:G > > 8-oxoG:A and that of OGG1-1a was 8-oxoG:C > 8-oxoG:T, 8-oxoG:G and 8-oxoG:A. The kgl of OGG1-1b and OGG1-1a is one order of magnitude lower than the corresponding kg value. OGG1-1b showed an especially low kgl towards 8-oxoG:A. Comparable expression of OGG1-1a and OGG1-1b was detected by RT-PCR in normal human lung tissue and lung cell lines. These results suggest that OGG1-1b is associated with 8-oxoG cleavage in human lung mitochondria and that the mechanism of this repair is similar to that of nuclear OGG1-1a. Currently, the other five mitochondrial OGG1 isoforms have not been isolated. I summarize information on OGG1 isoform mRNAs, coding DNA sequences and amino acid sequences that are archived by the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Furihata
- School of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan ; Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagayaku, Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
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