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Caglayan C, Temel Y, Türkeş C, Ayna A, Ece A, Beydemir Ş. The effects of morin and methotrexate on pentose phosphate pathway enzymes and GR/GST/TrxR enzyme activities: An in vivo and in silico study. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300497. [PMID: 37972283 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the mechanisms by which the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are inhibited by methotrexate (MTX) were investigated, as well as whether the antioxidant morin can mitigate or prevent these adverse effects in vivo and in silico. For 10 days, rats received oral doses of morin (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight). On the fifth day, a single intraperitoneal injection of MTX (20 mg/kg body weight) was administered to generate toxicity. Decreased activities of G6PD, 6PGD, GR, GST, and TrxR were associated with MTX-related toxicity while morin treatment increased the activity of the enzymes. The docking analysis indicated that H-bonds, pi-pi stacking, and pi-cation interactions were the dominant interactions in these enzyme-binding pockets. Furthermore, the docked poses of morin and MTX against GST were subjected to molecular dynamic simulations for 200 ns, to assess the stability of both complexes and also to predict key amino acid residues in the binding pockets throughout the simulation. The results of this study suggest that morin may be a viable means of alleviating the enzyme activities of important regulatory enzymes against MTX-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Caglayan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Temel
- Department of Solhan School of Health Services, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Türkeş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Adnan Ayna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Abdulilah Ece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Beydemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
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Yıldız ML, Demir Y, Küfrevioğlu ÖI. Screening of in vitro and in silico effect of Fluorophenylthiourea compounds on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzymes. J Mol Recognit 2022; 35:e2987. [PMID: 36326002 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition studies of enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) have recently emerged as a promising technique for pharmacological intervention in several illnesses. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) are the most important enzymes of the PPP. For this purpose, in the current study, we examined the effect of some fluorophenylthiourea on G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activity. These compounds exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against G6PD and 6PGD with KI values ranging from 21.60 ± 8.42 to 39.70 ± 11.26 μM, and 15.82 ± 1.54 to 29.97 ± 5.72 μM, respectively. 2,6-difluorophenylthiourea displayed the most potent inhibitory effect for G6PD, and 2-fluorophenylthiourea demonstrated the most substantial inhibitory effect for 6PGD. Furthermore, the molecular docking analyses of the fluorophenylthioureas, competitive inhibitors, were performed to understand the binding interactions at the enzymes' binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
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Distinct roles for the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α in human osteoclast formation and function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21072. [PMID: 33273561 PMCID: PMC7713367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained by a balance between osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-driven bone resorption. Hypoxia modulates this relationship partially via direct and indirect effects of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) transcription factor on osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Little data is available on the role(s) of the HIF-2α isoform of HIF in osteoclast biology. Here we describe induction of HIF-1α and HIF-2α during the differentiation of human CD14+ monocytes into osteoclasts. Knockdown of HIF-1α did not affect osteoclast differentiation but prevented the increase in bone resorption that occurs under hypoxic conditions. HIF-2α knockdown did not affect bone resorption but moderately inhibited osteoclast formation. Growth of osteoclasts in 3D gels reversed the effect of HIF-2α knockdown; HIF-2α siRNA increasing osteoclast formation in 3D. Glycolysis is the main HIF-regulated pathway that drives bone resorption. HIF knockdown only affected glucose uptake and bone resorption in hypoxic conditions. Inhibition of glycolysis with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) reduced osteoclast formation and activity under both basal and hypoxic conditions, emphasising the importance of glycolytic metabolism in osteoclast biology. In summary, HIF-1α and HIF-2α play different but overlapping roles in osteoclast biology, highlighting the importance of the HIF pathway as a potential therapeutic target in osteolytic disease.
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Ito S, Osanai T. Single Amino Acid Change in 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase from Synechocystis Conveys Higher Affinity for NADP+ and Altered Mode of Inhibition by NADPH. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2452-2461. [PMID: 30107441 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH; EC 1.1.1.44) is one of the enzymes that catalyzes reactions generating NADPH. The model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is widely studied for numerous applications; however, biochemical knowledge of the NADPH production pathway in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is limited. In this study, we conducted biochemical analysis of a 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Sy6PGDH). We found that Sy6PGDH has unconventional characteristics, i.e. the highest kcat value and non-competitive inhibition by NADPH. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of cyanobacterial 6PGDHs revealed that an amino acid residue at position 42 in Sy6PGDH is highly conserved for each order of cyanobacteria, but Sy6PGDH is phylogenetically unique. In Sy6PGDH, a single amino acid substitution at position 42 from serine to threonine enhanced the affinity for NADP+ and altered the mode of inhibition by NADPH. The amino acid substitution equivalent to Ser42 also altered the affinity for NADP+ and mode of inhibition by NADPH in Arthrospira platensis. These data suggested that an amino acid residue corresponding to position 42 in Sy6PGDH is one of the important residues that possibly determines the function of cyanobacterial 6PGDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoki Ito
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Osanai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Gonul Baltaci N, Guler C, Ceylan H, Kalin SN, Adem S, Kocpinar EF, Erdogan O, Budak H. In vitro and in vivo effects of iron on the expression and activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase in rat spleen. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 33:e22229. [PMID: 30506659 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable element for vital activities in almost all living organisms. It is also a cofactor for many proteins, enzymes, and other essential complex biochemical processes. Therefore, iron trafficking is firmly regulated by Hepcidin (Hamp), which is regarded as the marker for iron accumulation. The disruption of iron homeostasis leads to oxidative stress that causes various human diseases, but this mechanism is still unclear. The aim of this study is to provide a better in vivo and in vitro understanding of how long-term iron overload affects the gene expression and activities of some antioxidant enzymes, such as glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), and glutathione reductase (GR) in the spleen. The findings of this study show that iron overload reduces the gene expression of G6pd, 6pgd, and Gr, but its actual effect was on the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Gonul Baltaci
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Caglar Guler
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Hamid Ceylan
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Seyda Nur Kalin
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sevki Adem
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Enver Fehim Kocpinar
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School, Mus Alparslan University, Mus, Turkey
| | - Orhan Erdogan
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Temel Y, Ayna A, Hamdi Shafeeq I, Ciftci M. In vitro effects of some antibiotics on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat (Rattus norvegicus) erythrocyte. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 43:219-223. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1481083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Temel
- Department of Health Services, Vocational Schools, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Adnan Ayna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Hamdi Shafeeq
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ciftci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
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