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Raps S, Bahr L, Karkossa I, Rossol M, von Bergen M, Schubert K. Triclosan and its alternatives, especially chlorhexidine, modulate macrophage immune response with distinct modes of action. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169650. [PMID: 38159774 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Since European regulators restricted the use of bacteriocidic triclosan (TCS), alternatives for TCS are emerging. Recently, TCS has been shown to reprogram immune metabolism, trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome, and subsequently the release of IL-1β in human macrophages, but data on substitutes is scarce. Hence, we aimed to examine the effects of TCS compared to its alternatives at the molecular level in human macrophages. LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages were exposed to TCS or its substitutes, including benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, chloroxylenol, chlorhexidine (CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride, with the inhibitory concentration (IC10-value) of cell viability to decipher their mode of action. TCS induced the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF and high level of IL-1β, suggesting the activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome, which was confirmed by non-apparent IL-1β under the NLRP3-inhibitor MCC950 treatment d. While IL-6 release was reduced in all treatments, the alternative CHX completely abolished the release of all investigated cytokines. To unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms, we used untargeted LC-MS/MS-based proteomics. TCS and CHX showed the strongest cellular response at the protein and signalling pathway level, whereby pathways related to metabolism, translation, cellular stress and migration were mainly affected but to different proposed modes of action. TCS inhibited mitochondrial electron transfer and affected phagocytosis. In contrast, in CHX-treated cells, the translation was arrested due to stress conditions, resulting in the formation of stress granules. Mitochondrial (e.g. ATP5F1D, ATP5PB, UQCRQ) and ribosomal (e.g. RPL10, RPL35, RPS23) proteins were revealed as putative key drivers. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the formation of podosomes by CHX, potentially involved in ECM degradation. Our results exhibit modulation of the immune response in macrophages by TCS and its substitutes and illuminated underlying molecular effects. These results illustrate critical processes involved in the modulation of macrophages' immune response by TCS and its alternatives, providing information essential for hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Raps
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Bahr
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Rossol
- Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Ruan YR, Li WZ, Ye YY, Luo J, Xu SY, Xiao J, Lin XW, Liu S, Wang XQ, Wang W. Supramolecularly assisted chlorhexidine-bacterial membrane interaction with enhanced antibacterial activity and reduced side effects. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:146-154. [PMID: 36931213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection has emerged as a grievous threat to public health, and lots of antibacterial agents were developed to solve this issue. However, enhancing the antibacterial activity of antibacterial agents while reducing their side effects remains a challenge. Herein, a supramolecular antibacterial agent based on the host-guest interaction between cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and chlorhexidine (CHX) was designed. CHX can be encapsulated in the cavity of CB[7] to form a 1:3 host-guest complex (CHX-3CB[7]). It was amazingly found that this supramolecular complex could display higher antibacterial activity than CHX alone. Electrospray mass spectrometry and UV-vis spectra revealed that the introduction of CB[7] promoted the protonation of N-atoms on CHX, resulting in stronger ion interaction with phospholipids and thus enhancing the destruction of the bacterial membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface ζ-potentials and outer/inner membrane integrity assays also reveal that the introduction of CB[7] aggravates the rupture of membrane. What is more, the cytotoxicity and irritation of CHX were decreased by forming the host-guest complex with CB[7]. This work provides a paradigm for enhancing antibacterial activity and reducing side effects of drugs through supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Ruan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Wen-Zhen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Yu-Yuan Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Shi-Yuan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Ju Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Simin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
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Garner SJ, Dalby MJ, Nobbs AH, Barbour ME. A novel chlorhexidine-hexametaphosphate coating for titanium with antibiofilm efficacy and stem cell cytocompatibility. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:139. [PMID: 34800182 PMCID: PMC8605967 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dental implants are an increasingly popular way to replace missing teeth. Whilst implant survival rates are high, a small number fail soon after placement, with various factors, including bacterial contamination, capable of disrupting osseointegration. This work describes the development of chlorhexidine-hexametaphosphate coatings for titanium that hydrolyse to release the antiseptic agent chlorhexidine. The aim was to develop a coating for titanium that released sufficient chlorhexidine to prevent biofilm formation, whilst simultaneously maintaining cytocompatibility with cells involved in osseointegration. The coatings were characterised with respect to physical properties, after which antibiofilm efficacy was investigated using a multispecies biofilm model, and cytocompatibility determined using human mesenchymal stem cells. The coatings exhibited similar physicochemical properties to some implant surfaces in clinical use, and significantly reduced formation of multispecies biofilm biomass up to 72 h. One coating had superior cytocompatibility, with mesenchymal stem cells able to perform normal functions and commence osteoblastic differentiation, although at a slower rate than those grown on uncoated titanium. With further refinement, these coatings may have application in the prevention of bacterial contamination of dental implants at the time of surgery. This could aid a reduction in rates of early implant failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Garner
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Mathew J Dalby
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
| | - Michele E Barbour
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
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Chlorhexidine gluconate does not result in epidermal microbiota dysbiosis in healthy adults. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:769-774. [PMID: 33259824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and other skin antiseptics are ubiquitous in healthcare settings and are routinely used to bathe patients' skin. The commensal epidermal microbiota is believed to provide colonization resistance and other benefits to the host; yet little is known regarding the long-term stability of the epidermal microbiota, and the impact of CHG bathing. We aimed to assess the influence of CHG exposure to the epidermal microbiota and evaluate the long-term stability of the epidermal microbiota. METHODS The epidermal microbiota of 5 individuals was sampled using thorough swabbing of the calf, and characterized via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, prior to CHG bathing, and then at 30 minutes, 3 hours, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days postbathing. Roughly 4 months later, samples were collected from the same 5 individuals, using an identical timeline but with no CHG exposure. RESULTS The epidermal microbiota showed no greater change 30 minutes postexposure to CHG, than was observed in the same individuals during the recovery period, likely representing the normal sample-to-sample variability. Despite that variability, the epidermal microbiota evinced a remarkable degree of intrasubject stability, even over extended periods of time. CONCLUSION We conclude that single applications of CHG cause minimal, if any, disruption of the epidermal microbiota, and that long-term effects of single applications of CHG on the epidermal microbiota are unlikely.
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Sette-de-Souza PH, de Santana CP, Amaral-Machado L, Duarte MCT, de Medeiros FD, Veras G, de Medeiros ACD. Antimicrobial Activity of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler Extract-Loaded Chitosan Microparticles in Oral Infectious Disease. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:246. [PMID: 32856115 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis infections represent a health concern, mainly in oral diseases, in which treatments with chlorhexidine solution (0.2%) are often used; however, it presents high toxicity degree and several side effects. Based on this, the use of natural products as an alternative to treatment has been explored. Nonetheless, plant extracts have poor organoleptic characteristics that impair theirs in natura use. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the analytical profile, biological activity, and cytotoxicity in vitro of S. brasiliensis-loaded chitosan microparticles (CMSb) produced using different aspersion flow rates. The analytical fingerprint was obtained by FTIR and NIR spectra. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to verify the similarity between the samples. The crystallinity degree was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phytochemical screening (PS) was performed to quantify phytocompounds. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Antibiofilm activity and bactericidal kinetics against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212 and MB 146-clinical isolated) were also assessed. The hemolytic potential was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity. Data provided by FTIR, NIR, and PCA analyses revealed chemical similarity between all CMSb. Furthermore, the results from XRD analysis showed that the obtained CMSb present amorphous characteristic. Tannins and polyphenols were accurately quantified by the PS, but methodology limitations did not allow the flavonoid quantification. The low hemolytic potential assay indicates that all samples are safe. Antimicrobial assays revealed that CMSb were able to inhibit not only the E. faecalis ATCC growth but also the biofilm formation. Only one CMSb sample was able to inhibit the clinical strain. These results highlighted the CMSb antimicrobial potential and revealed this system as a promising product to treat infections caused by E. faecalis.
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Siddique R, Nivedhitha MS, Jacob B. Quantitative analysis for detection of toxic elements in various irrigants, their combination (precipitate), and para-chloroaniline: An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study. J Conserv Dent 2019; 22:344-350. [PMID: 31802817 PMCID: PMC6873596 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_95_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlorhexidine (CHX) interacts with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and herbal irrigants such as neem and tulsi to form precipitate which contains para-chloroaniline (PCA). No studies till date have reported about metal elements present in this combination as well as in irrigants. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the precipitate formed on combination of different irrigants, weigh the amount of precipitate formed, and to analyze 35 different metal elements in each irrigant, precipitate formed as well as in PCA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven irrigants, namely 2% CHX gluconate, 3% NaOCl, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 5% neem, 5% tulsi, 5% Aloe vera, and 5% garlic were taken in different test tubes. Group (1-6): 1 ml of CHX is mixed with 1 ml of 3% NaOCl/17% EDTA/5% neem/5% tulsi/5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group (7-11): 1 ml of 3% NaOCl is mixed with 1 ml of 17% EDTA/5% neem/5% tulsi/5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group (12-15): 1 ml of 17% EDTA is mixed with 1 ml of 5% neem/5% tulsi/5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group (16-18): 1 ml of 5% neem is mixed with 1 ml of 5% tulsi/5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group (19 and 20): 1 ml of 5% tulsi is mixed with 5% A. vera/5% garlic. Group 21 includes 1 ml of 5% A. vera and 5% garlic. Each group is observed for any precipitate formation, and precipitate formed was weighed. Samples such as 2% CHX gluconate, 3% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, 5% neem, 5% tulsi, 5% A. vera, PCA, and precipitate formed in each group were analyzed for 35 different metal elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS One-way ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey's test for the precipitate formed. RESULTS Precipitate formation was seen in CHX + NaOCl (reddish-brown), CHX + EDTA (white), CHX + neem (light green), CHX + A. vera (green), CHX + tulsi (dark green), CHX + garlic (beige). ICP-MS analysis showed the presence of International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1 carcinogens in NaOCl, CHX, EDTA, and PCA. CONCLUSION Carcinogenic metals are undetected in herbal irrigants which is found to be risk free alternatives in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riluwan Siddique
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Malli Sureshbabu Nivedhitha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Benoy Jacob
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Osmanov A, Wise A, Denning DW. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of miramistin against drug-resistant fungi. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1047-1052. [PMID: 31169488 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Miramistin is a topical antiseptic with broad antimicrobial activity that was developed in the Soviet Union during the Cold War. AIM To investigate the antifungal activity of miramistin against clinically relevant drug-resistant fungi. METHODOLOGY The in vitro activity of miramistin was determined following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Mammalian cell toxicity was tested using a McCoy cell line and topical and systemic tolerability, and in vivo efficacy was tested using Galleria mellonella models. RESULTS The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range against fungi was 1.56-25 mg l-1 (GM 3.13 mg l-1 ). In the G. mellonella model, miramistin provided potent survival benefits for Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Miramistin was tolerated by McCoy cell lines at concentrations up to 1000 mg l-1 and was systemically safe in G. mellonella at 2000 mg kg-1. Topical administration at 32 000 mg l-1 was well tolerated with no adverse effects. CONCLUSION These findings support further investigation of miramistin and suggest its possible use for treatment of superficial fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Osmanov
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Wise
- Evotec UK Ltd, Block 23 Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - David W Denning
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
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Stefanello ST, Hartmann DD, Amaral GP, Courtes AA, Leite MTB, da Silva TC, Gonçalves DF, Souza MB, da Rosa PC, Dornelles L, Soares FAA. Antioxidant protection by β-selenoamines against thioacetamide-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvio Terra Stefanello
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Diane Duarte Hartmann
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pires Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Aline Alves Courtes
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Martim T. B. Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Thayanara Cruz da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Débora Farina Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Micaela B. Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Pâmela Carvalho da Rosa
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Luciano Dornelles
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímicae Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Brazil
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