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Kumar S, Srivastava VK, Kaushik S, Saxena J, Jyoti A. Free Radicals, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Sepsis-induced Organ Dysfunction: A Mechanistic Insight. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:161-168. [PMID: 38243948 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128279655231228055842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex clinical condition and a leading cause of death worldwide. During Sepsis, there is a derailment in the host response to infection, which can progress to severe sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction or failure, which leads to death. Free radicals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated predominantly in mitochondria, are one of the key players in impairing normal organ function in sepsis. ROS contributing to oxidative stress has been reported to be the main culprit in the injury of the lung, heart, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, and other organs. Here in the present review, we describe the generation, and essential properties of various types of ROS, their effect on macromolecules, and their role in mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the mechanism involved in the ROS-mediated pathogenesis of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, University Institute of Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | | | - Sanket Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajasthan, Jaipur 303007, India
| | - Juhi Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
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2
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Lu J, Liu J, Li A. Roles of neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in organ function impairment in sepsis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:437-450. [PMID: 35686524 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2101075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a condition of severe organ failure caused by the maladaptive response of the host to an infection. It is a severe complication affecting critically ill patients, which can progress to severe sepsis, septic shock, and ultimately death. As a vital part of the human innate immune system, neutrophils are essential in resisting pathogen invasion, infection, and immune surveillance. Neutrophil-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in organ dysfunction related to sepsis. In recent years, ROS have received a lot of attention as a major cause of sepsis, which can progress to severe sepsis and septic shock. This paper reviews the existing knowledge on the production mechanism of neutrophil ROS in human organ function impairment because of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lu
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Ang Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
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3
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Zhang H, Zhang W, Yu G, Li F, Hui Y, Cha S, Chen M, Zhu W, Zhang J, Guo G, Gong X. Comprehensive Analysis of lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs in Mouse Hippocampus With Hepatic Encephalopathy. Front Genet 2022; 13:868716. [PMID: 35601501 PMCID: PMC9117740 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.868716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) often presents with varying degrees of cognitive impairment. However, the molecular mechanism of its cognitive impairment has not been fully elucidated. Whole transcriptome analysis of hippocampus between normal and HE mice was performed by using RNA sequencing. 229 lncRNAs, 49 miRNAs and 363 mRNAs were differentially expressed in HE mice. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were established, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. Dysregulated RNAs in interaction networks were mainly involved in synaptic plasticity and the regulation of learning and memory. In NH4Cl-treated hippocampal neurons, the dendritic spine density and maturity decreased significantly, the amplitude and frequency of mIPSC increased, while the amplitude and frequency of mEPSC decreased. These manifestations can be reversed by silencing SIX3OS1. Further research on these no-coding RNAs may lead to new therapies for the treatment and management of brain dysfunction caused by HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Nursing School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangyin Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Hui
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhan Cha
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiying Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jifeng Zhang, ; Guoqing Guo, ; Xiaobing Gong,
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jifeng Zhang, ; Guoqing Guo, ; Xiaobing Gong,
| | - Xiaobing Gong
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Laboratory for Cognitive and Developmental Disorders, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jifeng Zhang, ; Guoqing Guo, ; Xiaobing Gong,
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Dias ML, O'Connor KM, Dempsey EM, O'Halloran KD, McDonald FB. Targeting the Toll-like receptor pathway as a therapeutic strategy for neonatal infection. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R879-R902. [PMID: 34612068 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00307.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial transmembrane receptors that form part of the innate immune response. They play a role in the recognition of various microorganisms and their elimination from the host. TLRs have been proposed as vital immunomodulators in the regulation of multiple neonatal stressors that extend beyond infection such as oxidative stress and pain. The immune system is immature at birth and takes some time to become fully established. As such, babies are especially vulnerable to sepsis at this early stage of life. Findings suggest a gestational age-dependent increase in TLR expression. TLRs engage with accessory and adaptor proteins to facilitate recognition of pathogens and their activation of the receptor. TLRs are generally upregulated during infection and promote the transcription and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Several studies report that TLRs are epigenetically modulated by chromatin changes and promoter methylation upon bacterial infection that have long-term influences on immune responses. TLR activation is reported to modulate cardiorespiratory responses during infection and may play a key role in driving homeostatic instability observed during sepsis. Although complex, TLR signaling and downstream pathways are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neonatal diseases. By reviewing the expression and function of key Toll-like receptors, we aim to provide an important framework to understand the functional role of these receptors in response to stress and infection in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Dias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M Dempsey
- Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Zhou YP, Xia Q. Inhibition of miR-103a-3p suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and liver injury by regulating FBXW7 expression. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1798-1810. [PMID: 32369227 PMCID: PMC7496651 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress are involved in septic liver dysfunction. Herein, the role of miR‐103a‐3p/FBXW7 axis in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)‐induced septic liver injury was investigated in mice. Hematoxylin‐eosin staining was used to evaluate LPS‐induced liver injury. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression of microRNA (miR) and messenger RNA, and western blot analysis was conducted to examine the protein levels. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the binding between miR‐103a‐3p and FBXW7. Both annexin V‐fluoresceine isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining and caspase‐3 activity were employed to determine cell apoptosis. First, miR‐103a‐3p was upregulated in the septic serum of mice and patients with sepsis, and miR‐103a‐3p was elevated in the septic liver of LPS‐induced mice. Then, interfering miR‐103a‐3p significantly decreased apoptosis by suppressing Bax expression and upregulating Bcl‐2 levels in LPS‐induced AML12 and LO2 cells, and septic liver of mice. Furthermore, inhibition of miR‐103a‐3p repressed LPS‐induced inflammation by downregulating the expression of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, interfering miR‐103a‐3p obviously attenuated LPS‐induced overactivation of oxidation via promoting expression of antioxidative enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, FBXW7 was a target of miR‐103a‐3p, and overexpression of FBXW7 significantly ameliorated LPS‐induced septic liver injury in mice. Finally, knockdown of FBXW7 markedly reversed anti‐miR‐103a‐3p‐mediated suppression of septic liver injury in mice. In conclusion, interfering miR‐103a‐3p or overexpression of FBXW7 improved LPS‐induced septic liver injury by suppressing apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, NO. 1278, Bao-de Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, NO. 301, Yan-Chang-Zhong Road, Shanghai, China
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Jiang Z, Bo L, Meng Y, Wang C, Chen T, Wang C, Yu X, Deng X. Overexpression of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) attenuates sepsis-mediated liver injury by restoring autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:847. [PMID: 30154452 PMCID: PMC6113252 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in intensive care units worldwide. Autophagy has recently been shown to protect against sepsis-induced liver injury. Here, we investigated the roles of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) in the molecular mechanism of sepsis-induced liver injury. HIPK2 expression was reduced in sepsis-induced liver injury, and HIPK2 overexpression increased the survival rate and improved caecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced liver injury by reducing serum and liver aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in mice with sepsis. HIPK2 overexpression significantly decreased CLP-induced release of inflammatory cytokines into the serum and attenuated oxidative stress-associated indicators in mice with CLP-induced liver injury, whereas HIPK2 knockdown produced the opposite results, suggesting that HIPK2 is a negative regulator of sepsis. Furthermore, HIPK2 overexpression inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis of primary hepatocytes, increased the autophagic flux, and restored both autophagosome and autolysosome formation in the livers of CLP-induced mice by suppressing calpain signalling. Importantly, HIPK2 overexpression reduced the elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in LPS-treated primary hepatocytes by interacting with calpain 1 and calmodulin. Finally, several anti-inflammatory drugs, including resveratrol, aspirin, vitamin E and ursolic acid, significantly increased the levels of the HIPK2 mRNA and protein by modulating promoter activity and the 3′-UTR stability of the HIPK2 gene. In conclusion, HIPK2 overexpression may improve sepsis-induced liver injury by restoring autophagy and thus might be a promising target for the clinical treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Jiang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lulong Bo
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tianxing Chen
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changli Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiya Yu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Sophocarpine Attenuates LPS-Induced Liver Injury and Improves Survival of Mice through Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5871431. [PMID: 29861657 PMCID: PMC5976937 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5871431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic liver injury/failure that is mainly characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis led to a great part of terminal liver pathology with limited effective intervention. Here, we used a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation model to simulate the septic liver injury and investigated the effect of sophocarpine on LPS-stimulated mice with endotoxemia. We found that sophocarpine increases the survival rate of mice and attenuates the LPS-induced liver injury, which is indicated by pathology and serum liver enzymes. Further research found that sophocarpine ameliorated hepatic oxidative stress indicators (H2O2, O2∙−, and NO) and enhanced the expression of antioxidant molecules such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH). In addition, sophocarpine also attenuated regional and systematic inflammation and further reduced apoptosis of hepatocytes. Mechanistic evidence was also investigated in the present study as sophocarpine inhibited hepatic expression of the CYP2E/Nrf2 pathway during oxidative stress, inactivated p38/JNK cascade and NF-κB pathway, and, meanwhile, suppressed PI3K/AKT signaling that reduced apoptosis. Conclusively, the present study unveiled the protective role of sophocarpine in LPS-stimulated oxidative reaction, inflammation, and apoptosis by suppressing the CYP2E/Nrf2/ROS as well as PI3K/AKT pathways, suggesting its promising role in attenuating inflammation and liver injury of septic endotoxemia.
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