Biotransformation of 4-fluoro-N-(1-{2-[(propan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethyl}-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-benzenesulfonamide, a novel potent 5-HT7 receptor antagonist with antidepressant-like and anxiolytic properties: In vitro and in silico approach

In vitro safety evaluation of (6-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-2-yl)methyl (E)-3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (K-116) - the novel potential UV filter designed by means of a double chromophore strategy

The use of topical photoprotection is necessary to reduce adverse effects caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Despite the high standards set for UV filters, many of them may contribute to the occurrence of adverse effects. The newly synthesised compound K-116, the (E)-cinnamoyl xanthone derivative, could be an alternative. We conducted extended in vitro safety evaluation of compound K-116. The research included assessment of irritation potential on skin tissue, evaluation of penetration through the epidermis, and assessment of phototoxicity, and mutagenicity. Additionally, the eco-safety of compound K-116 was evaluated, including an examination of its degradation pathway in the Cunninghamella echinulata model, as well as in silico simulation of the toxicity of both the parent compound and its degradation products. The research showed that compound K-116 tested in future application conditions is deprived of skin irritant potential additionally it does not penetrate through the epidermis. Results showed that K-116 concentrate is not phototoxic and not mutagenic. The eco-safety studies showed that it undergoes biodegradation in 27% in Cunninghamella echinulata model. The parent compound and formed metabolite are less toxic than reference UV filters (octinoxate and octocrylene).

Fluorotelomer alcohols are efficiently biotransformed by Cunninghamella elegans

Cunninghamella elegans is a well-studied fungus that biotransforms a range of xenobiotics owing to impressive cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity. In this paper, we report the biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) by the fungus, yielding a range of fluorinated products that were detectable by fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹⁹F NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Upon incubation with the pre-grown cultures, the substrate (100 mg/L) was completely consumed within 48 h, which is faster biotransformation than other fungi that have hitherto been studied. The main metabolite formed was the 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (5:3 FTCA), which accumulated in the culture supernatant. When the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole was included in the culture flasks, there was no biotransformation of 6:2 FTOH, indicating that these enzymes are key to the catalysis. Furthermore, when exogenous 5:3 FTCA was added to the fungus, the standard biotransformation of the drug flurbiprofen was inhibited, strongly suggesting that the main fluorotelomer alcohol biotransformation product inhibits CYP activity and accounts for its accumulation.

Evaluation of Two Novel Hydantoin Derivatives Using Reconstructed Human Skin Model EpiskinTM: Perspectives for Application as Potential Sunscreen Agents

This study aimed to assess two novel 5-arylideneimidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) derivatives (JH3 and JH10) demonstrating photoprotective activity using the reconstructed human skin model Episkin^TM. The skin permeability, irritation, and phototoxicity of the compounds was evaluated in vitro. Moreover, the in vitro genotoxicity and human metabolism of both compounds was studied. For skin permeation and irritation experiments, the test compounds were incorporated into a formulation. It was shown that JH3 and JH10 display no skin irritation and no phototoxicity. Both compounds did not markedly enhance the frequency of micronuclei in CHO-K1 cells in the micronucleus assay. Preliminary in vitro studies with liver microsomes demonstrated that hydrolysis appears to constitute their important metabolic pathway. Episkin^TM permeability experiments showed that JH3 permeability was lower than or close to currently used UV filters, whereas JH10 had the potential to permeate the skin. Therefore, a restriction of this compound permeability should be obtained by choosing the right vehicle or by optimizing it, which should be addressed in future studies.

Microbial biotransformation of some novel hydantoin derivatives: Perspectives for bioremediation of potential sunscreen agents

Having identified novel hydantoin derivatives (compounds 1-5) demonstrating promising photoprotective capacity against UV radiation, and understainding the problem of the biotic and abiotic degradation of UV filters, the aim of the study was to evaluate their metabolic fate with the environmental fungus Cunninghamella echinulata. In parallel, compound 1 in vitro microsomal metabolic pattern was evaluated. Finally, in silico toxicity of test compounds and their biotransformation products was estimated, and parent compounds photostability was assessed. The study demonstrated the capacity for C. echinulata to metabolize 1-5, which were biotransformed to a greater extent than the standard UV filter. O-dealkylation of the side chains attached to the phenyl or hydantoin rings, and hydroxylation of the phenyl ring occurred during microbial transformation. O-dealkylation product was a unique metabolite observed in microsomal biotransformation of 1, being its intrinsic clearance in the medium category range. In silico study demonstrated that compounds 1-5 have low toxicity risk. Among the resulting metabolites, four can increase the risk of reproductive effects as shown by OSIRIS prediction. Noteworthy, all indicated metabolites belong to minor metabolites, except for compound 3 major metabolite. Moreover, the results of the photostability study showed that 1-5 were considered to be photostable. To sum up, the obtained in vitro biotransformation, photostability, and in silico toxicity results encourage further studies on hydantoin derivatives as potential UV photoprotective agents. The presented biotransformation profile of compounds 1-5 by C. echinulata suggests that these compounds may follow a similar biodegradation fate when released into the environment.