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Niu YT, Xu HN, Zhang YY, Li XZ, Li YZ, Song XM, Zhang DD, Wang W. Curcumae Radix: A Review of Traditional Use, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Quality Control. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400098. [PMID: 38462532 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Curcumae Radix (CuR) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used in China for more than 1,000 years. It has the traditional efficacy of activating blood and relieving pain, promoting qi and relieving depression, clearing heart and cooling blood, and promoting gallbladder and removing jaundice. Based on this, many domestic and foreign scholars have conducted systematic studies on its chemical composition, pharmacological effects, toxicity and quality control. Currently, 250 compounds, mainly including terpenoids and curcuminoids, have been isolated and identified from CuR, which has pharmacological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, antidepressant, hepatoprotective, hemostatic, hematopoietic, and treatment of diabetes mellitus. In modern clinical practice, CuR is widely used in the treatment of tumors, breast hyperplasia, hepatitis, and stroke. However, the generation of toxicity and clinical application of CuR and Caryophylli Flos, the determination of the concoction process of artifacts, the determination of specific Quality Marker, and the establishment of the quality control system of CuR, are problems that need to be solved urgently at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Nan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ze Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of "Taibaiqiyao" Research and Applications, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of "Taibaiqiyao" Research and Applications, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of "Taibaiqiyao" Research and Applications, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of "Taibaiqiyao" Research and Applications, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, People's Republic of China
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Feng Y, An Q, Zhao Z, Wu M, Yang C, Liang W, Xu X, Jiang T, Zhang G. Beta-elemene: A phytochemical with promise as a drug candidate for tumor therapy and adjuvant tumor therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116266. [PMID: 38350368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Elemene (IUPAC name: (1 S,2 S,4 R)-1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(prop-1-en-2-yl) cyclohexane), is a natural compound found in turmeric root. Studies have demonstrated its diverse biological functions, including its anti-tumor properties, which have been extensively investigated. However, these have not yet been reviewed. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive summary of β-elemene research, with respect to disease treatment. METHODS β-Elemene-related articles were found in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases to systematically summarize its structure, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and pharmacological activity. We also searched the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology database for therapeutic targets of β-elemene. We further combined these targets with the relevant literature for KEGG and GO analyses. RESULTS Studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying β-elemene activity indicate that it regulates multiple pathways, including STAT3, MAPKs, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1/cyclin B, Notch, PI3K/AKT, reactive oxygen species, METTL3, PTEN, p53, FAK, MMP, TGF-β/Smad signaling. Through these molecular pathways, β-elemene has been implicated in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion and improving the immune microenvironment. Additionally, β-elemene increases chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity and reverses resistance by inhibiting DNA damage repair and regulating pathways including CTR1, pak1, ERK1/2, ABC transporter protein, Prx-1 and ERCC-1. Nonetheless, owing to its lipophilicity and low bioavailability, additional structural modifications could improve the efficacy of this drug. CONCLUSION β-Elemene exhibits low toxicity with good safety, inhibiting various tumor types via diverse mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. When combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, it enhances efficacy, reduces toxicity, and improves tumor killing. Thus, β-elemene has vast potential for research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Qingwen An
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Zhengqi Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Mengting Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Chuqi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - WeiYu Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xuefei Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Guangji Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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Li J, Sun Y, Li G, Cheng C, Sui X, Wu Q. The Extraction, Determination, and Bioactivity of Curcumenol: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2024; 29:656. [PMID: 38338400 PMCID: PMC10856406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Curcuma wenyujin is a member of the Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary, Zingiberaceae) family, which has a long history in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) due to its abundant biologically active constituents. Curcumenol, a component of Curcuma wenyujin, has several biological activities. At present, despite different pharmacological activities being reported, the clinical usage of curcumenol remains under investigation. To further determine the characteristics of curcumenol, the extraction, determination, and bioactivity of the compound are summarized in this review. Existing research has reported that curcumenol exerts different pharmacological effects in regard to a variety of diseases, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bactericidal, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activity, and also ameliorates osteoporosis. This review of curcumenol provides a theoretical basis for further research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Yitian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Guohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.L.)
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chunsong Cheng
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (J.L.)
- Zhuhai M.U.S.T. Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai 519031, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Chang CT, Chen YH, Shyur LF. Phytocompounds from essential oil of Mentha aquatica L. cv. Lime prevent vemurafenib-promoted skin carcinogenesis via inhibiting HRAS Q61L keratinocytes and reprogramming macrophage activities. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155161. [PMID: 37939409 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twenty to thirty percent of patients taking BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib (PLX4032) for melanoma develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate the chemopreventive effect of essential oil from Mentha aquatica L. cv. Lime (EO) and its major constituents, limonene and carvone (L + C) that made up 45.68% of the EO, against PLX4032-induced cutaneous side effects. METHODS PLX4032 accelerated skin papilloma formation and keratinocyte HRAS mutation in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model was used to evaluate the in vivo bioefficacy of EO and L + C. The effects and molecular mechanisms of EO and L + C on deregulating mouse PDVHRASQ61L keratinocyte activities were demonstrated using a spectrum of bioactivity assays, western blotting, immunochemistry, and keratinocyte-macrophage co-culture assay. RESULTS Treatment with EO suppressed colony formation ability, cell migration, invasion, and induced G2/M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in PDVHRASQ61L keratinocytes, and L + C treatment inhibited colony formation, cell migration and invasion of PDV cells. In mouse skin irritated with DMBA/TPA (DT group) or DMBA/TPA with PLX4032 (DTP group), topical application of EO and L + C significantly delayed papilloma appearance and reduced papilloma incidence compared to DT or DTP controls. Histopathology results showed that EO and L + C treatment attenuated K14+ keratinocyte proliferation and paradoxical MAPK activation, and shifted the macrophage population from M2 (CD163+) to M1 (iNOS+) in the mouse skin microenvironment. The conditioned medium of EO or L + C pre-treated PDV keratinocytes promoted M0 macrophages to differentiate from THP-1 cells into M1-like macrophages. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that EO and L + C in combination prevent PLX4032-induced cutaneous side-effects and skin carcinogenesis in mice through reprogramming the macrophage cell population and inhibiting keratinocyte activity. Both mint EO and the natural products L + C can be considered to be effective chemopreventive agents that might be useful in reducing cutaneous lesions in human patients administrated with BRAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ting Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Taichung District Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Changhua 515, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; PhD Program in Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 401, Taiwan.
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Liu W, Shao F, You X, Cao Y, Xi J, Wu J, Wan J, Zhang X, Fei J, Luan Y. Non-carcinogenic/non-nephrotoxic aristolochic acid IVa exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in mice. J Nat Med 2023; 77:251-261. [PMID: 36525161 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA)-containing herbs have been prescribed for thousands of years as anti-inflammatory drugs, despite the active pharmaceutical ingredients remaining unclear. However, exposure to AAI and AAII has been proven to be a significant risk factor for severe nephropathy and carcinogenicity. AAIVa, an analogue abundant in AA-containing herbs, showed neither carcinogenicity nor nephrotoxicity in our study and other reports, implying that the pharmacological effects of AAIVa on inflammation are worth studying. Herein, we employed RAW 264.7 cells, the ear edema mouse model, and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systematic inflammation model in TNF-IRES-Luc mice (tracking TNFα luciferase activities in real-time) to evaluate the anti-inframammary effect of AAIVa. Our results showed that AAIVa could decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-6) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, indicating its anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Furthermore, the application of AAIVa (400 and 600 μg/ear) could significantly inhibit phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced ear edema, suggesting its topical anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Moreover, LPS-stimulated TNF-IRES-Luc mice were used to investigate the onset and duration of AAIVa on systematic inflammation. A single dosage of AAIVa (100 mg/kg, i.g.) could suppress LPS-triggered inflammation, by decreasing luciferase activities of TNFα at 3 h in TNF-IRES-Luc mice. In addition, the online pharmacological databases predicted that AAIVa might target the regulation of T cell activation-related protein (ADA, ADORA2A, ERBB2) to exhibit anti-inflammatory effect. In conclusion, we demonstrated that AAIVa had anti-inflammatory effect for the first time; our findings are constructive for further studies on pharmacological mechanism of AAIVa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Liu
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fangyang Shao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SRCMO/SMOC, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xinyue You
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jingjing Wan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SRCMO/SMOC, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Wang C, Hao R, Peng B, Chang J, Chen S, Chen Y, Yin X, Que Y, Fan C, Xu Y. Dissolvable hyaluronic acid microneedles loaded with β-Elemene for the treatment of psoriasis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1067051. [PMID: 36467042 PMCID: PMC9715959 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1067051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology of psoriasis involves the over-proliferation of keratinocytes, exaggerated inflammation of keratinocytes, and infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages (Mø), etc. The therapeutic outcomes of current treatment targeting one single pathological process are less than satisfactory. Based on their diverse biological activities, natural products offer a potential solution to this problem. In this study, we investigated the effects of β-Elemene (ELE) on both psoriatic keratinocytes and M1-type Mø (M1-Mø) in vitro. Hyaluronic acid (HA) microneedles loaded with ELE (HA-ELE-MN) were also fabricated and tested for the treatment of psoriasis in vivo using an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic mice model. Our data suggest that ELE induces apoptosis and inhibits inflammation of psoriatic keratinocytes. In addition, ELE attenuates the expression of inflammatory cytokines secreted from M1-Mø, thus indirectly inhibiting the inflammation of keratinocytes. Furthermore, HA-ELE-MN has been found to significantly alleviate symptoms in an IMQ-induced psoriatic mice model by inducing keratinocytes apoptosis, suppressing keratinocytes proliferation, and inhibiting M1-Mø infiltration. Taken together, this study demonstrates that ELE can be used for the treatment of psoriasis by targeting both keratinocytes and M1-Mø, which provides a potential novel reagent for psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Hao
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baowei Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shisheng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaohang Yin
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yumei Que
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chen Fan
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Dali University, Dali, China
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Ismail N, Shoueir KR, Toson EA. Hepatoprotective activity and free radical scavenging against induction of CCl4 in an experimental model using dendronaphthya crude extract loaded chitosan nanocarrier. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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