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Mohajeri Khorasani A, Mohammadi S, Raghibi A, Haj Mohammad Hassani B, Bazghandi B, Mousavi P. miR-17-92a-1 cluster host gene: a key regulator in colorectal cancer development and progression. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:85. [PMID: 38662056 PMCID: PMC11045601 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), recognized among the five most prevalent malignancies and most deadly cancers, manifests multifactorial influences stemming from environmental exposures, dietary patterns, age, and genetic predisposition. Although substantial progress has been made in comprehending the etiology of CRC, the precise genetic components driving its pathogenesis remain incompletely elucidated. Within the expansive repertoire of non-coding RNAs, particular focus has centered on the miR-17-92a-1 cluster host gene (MIR17HG) and its associated miRNAs, which actively participate in diverse cellular processes and frequently exhibit heightened expression in various solid tumors, notably CRC. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to undertake an extensive inquiry into the regulatory mechanisms, structural features, functional attributes, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications associated with this cluster in CRC. Furthermore, the intricate interplay between this cluster and the development and progression of CRC will be explored. Our findings underscore the upregulation of the miR-17-92a-1 cluster host gene (MIR17HG) and its associated miRNAs in CRC compared to normal tissues, thus implying their profound involvement in the progression of CRC. Collectively, these molecules are implicated in critical oncogenic processes, encompassing metastatic activity, regulation of apoptotic pathways, cellular proliferation, and drug resistance. Consequently, these findings shed illuminating insights into the potential of MIR17HG and its associated miRNAs as promising targets for therapeutic interventions in the management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mohajeri Khorasani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Samane Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Alireza Raghibi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Haj Mohammad Hassani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Behina Bazghandi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Mousavi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Liu X, Yi J, Li T, Wen J, Huang K, Liu J, Wang G, Kim P, Song Q, Zhou X. DRMref: comprehensive reference map of drug resistance mechanisms in human cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D1253-D1264. [PMID: 37986230 PMCID: PMC10767840 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance poses a significant challenge in cancer treatment. Despite the initial effectiveness of therapies such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, many patients eventually develop resistance. To gain deep insights into the underlying mechanisms, single-cell profiling has been performed to interrogate drug resistance at cell level. Herein, we have built the DRMref database (https://ccsm.uth.edu/DRMref/) to provide comprehensive characterization of drug resistance using single-cell data from drug treatment settings. The current version of DRMref includes 42 single-cell datasets from 30 studies, covering 382 samples, 13 major cancer types, 26 cancer subtypes, 35 treatment regimens and 42 drugs. All datasets in DRMref are browsable and searchable, with detailed annotations provided. Meanwhile, DRMref includes analyses of cellular composition, intratumoral heterogeneity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell-cell interaction and differentially expressed genes in resistant cells. Notably, DRMref investigates the drug resistance mechanisms (e.g. Aberration of Drug's Therapeutic Target, Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification, etc.) in resistant cells. Additional enrichment analysis of hallmark/KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)/GO (Gene Ontology) pathways, as well as the identification of microRNA, motif and transcription factors involved in resistant cells, is provided in DRMref for user's exploration. Overall, DRMref serves as a unique single-cell-based resource for studying drug resistance, drug combination therapy and discovering novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Liu
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiahao Yi
- Bioinformatics and Biomedical Big Data Mining Laboratory, Department of Medical Informatics, School of Big Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tina Li
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kexin Huang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Grant Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pora Kim
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qianqian Song
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Center for Computational Systems Medicine, McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Deng X, Wang Y, Guo H, Wang Q, Rao S, Wu H. Pan-Cancer Analysis and Experimental Validation of SOX4 as a Potential Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Immunotherapy Biomarker. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5235. [PMID: 37958409 PMCID: PMC10649301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SOX4 plays an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The role of SOX4 in pan-cancer and its underlying molecular mechanism in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) are not fully understood. In this study, a comprehensive analysis and experimental validation were performed to explore the function of SOX4 across tumor types. METHODS Raw data in regard to SOX4 expression in malignant tumors were downloaded from the TCGA and GTEx databases. The expression levels, prognostic values, genetic mutation, and DNA promoter methylation of SOX4 across tumor types were explored via systematic bioinformatics analysis. The ceRNA regulatory network, immune characteristics, and prognostic models were analyzed in LIHC. Finally, we conducted in vitro experiments including Western blotting, cell proliferative assay, trypan blue staining, and fluorescence microscopy to further explore the function of SOX4 in LIHC. RESULTS SOX4 expression was significantly upregulated in 24 tumor types. SOX4 expression level was strongly associated with unfavorable prognoses, genetic mutations, and DNA methylation levels across different tumor types. Especially in LIHC, LINC00152/hsa-miR-139-3p/SOX4 was identified as a crucial ceRNA network. Moreover, this study also provides insight into the roles of SOX4 expression in immune cell infiltration, macrophage polarization, immune subtype, molecular subtype, and immunomodulators, as well as the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME)-related prognosis, in LIHC. The study established six favorable prognostic models to predict LIHC prognosis based on the SOX4-associated genes. Finally, lenvatinib treatment can increase the expression of SOX4 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and lead to drug resistance. Silencing SOX4 can effectively eliminate the drug resistance caused by lenvatinib treatment and inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that SOX4 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Deng
- Departments of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050057, China; (X.D.); (H.G.); (Q.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Yashu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China;
| | - Hao Guo
- Departments of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050057, China; (X.D.); (H.G.); (Q.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Qian Wang
- Departments of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050057, China; (X.D.); (H.G.); (Q.W.); (S.R.)
| | - Shuting Rao
- Departments of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050057, China; (X.D.); (H.G.); (Q.W.); (S.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Haijiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China;
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Zeng L, Zhu Y, Moreno CS, Wan Y. New insights into KLFs and SOXs in cancer pathogenesis, stemness, and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:29-44. [PMID: 36806560 PMCID: PMC10023514 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of cancer therapies, the success of most treatments has been impeded by drug resistance. The crucial role of tumor cell plasticity has emerged recently in cancer progression, cancer stemness and eventually drug resistance. Cell plasticity drives tumor cells to reversibly convert their cell identity, analogous to differentiation and dedifferentiation, to adapt to drug treatment. This phenotypical switch is driven by alteration of the transcriptome. Several pluripotent factors from the KLF and SOX families are closely associated with cancer pathogenesis and have been revealed to regulate tumor cell plasticity. In this review, we particularly summarize recent studies about KLF4, KLF5 and SOX factors in cancer development and evolution, focusing on their roles in cancer initiation, invasion, tumor hierarchy and heterogeneity, and lineage plasticity. In addition, we discuss the various regulation of these transcription factors and related cutting-edge drug development approaches that could be used to drug "undruggable" transcription factors, such as PROTAC and PPI targeting, for targeted cancer therapy. Advanced knowledge could pave the way for the development of novel drugs that target transcriptional regulation and could improve the outcome of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Hematology and oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Yueming Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Hematology and oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Hematology and oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA.
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Hashemi M, Rashidi M, Hushmandi K, Ten Hagen TLM, Salimimoghadam S, Taheriazam A, Entezari M, Falahati M. HMGA2 regulation by miRNAs in cancer: affecting cancer hallmarks and therapy response. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106732. [PMID: 36931542 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group A 2 (HMGA2) is a protein that modulates the structure of chromatin in the nucleus. Importantly, aberrant expression of HMGA2 occurs during carcinogenesis, and this protein is an upstream mediator of cancer hallmarks including evasion of apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. HMGA2 targets critical signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and mTOR in cancer cells. Therefore, suppression of HMGA2 function notably decreases cancer progression and improves outcome in patients. As HMGA2 is mainly oncogenic, targeting expression by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is crucial to take into consideration since it affects HMGA2 function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to ncRNAs and are master regulators of vital cell processes, which affect all aspects of cancer hallmarks. Long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), other members of ncRNAs, are upstream mediators of miRNAs. The current review intends to discuss the importance of the miRNA/HMGA2 axis in modulation of various types of cancer, and mentions lncRNAs and circRNAs, which regulate this axis as upstream mediators. Finally, we discuss the effect of miRNAs and HMGA2 interactions on the response of cancer cells to therapy. Regarding the critical role of HMGA2 in regulation of critical signaling pathways in cancer cells, and considering the confirmed interaction between HMGA2 and one of the master regulators of cancer, miRNAs, targeting miRNA/HMGA2 axis in cancer therapy is promising and this could be the subject of future clinical trial experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran.
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- Precision Medicine in Oncology (PrMiO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Precision Medicine in Oncology (PrMiO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Fernández NB, Sosa SM, Roberts JT, Recouvreux MS, Rocha-Viegas L, Christenson JL, Spoelstra NS, Couto FL, Raimondi AR, Richer JK, Rubinstein N. RUNX1 Is Regulated by Androgen Receptor to Promote Cancer Stem Markers and Chemotherapy Resistance in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030444. [PMID: 36766786 PMCID: PMC9913961 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype for which no effective targeted therapies are available. Growing evidence suggests that chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells with stem-like properties (CSC) may repopulate the tumor. The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in up to 50% of TNBCs, and AR inhibition decreases CSC and tumor initiation. Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) correlates with poor prognosis in TNBC and is regulated by the AR in prostate cancer. Our group has shown that RUNX1 promotes TNBC cell migration and regulates tumor gene expression. We hypothesized that RUNX1 is regulated by the AR and that both may work together in TNBC CSC to promote disease recurrence following chemotherapy. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) experiments in MDA-MB-453 revealed AR binding to RUNX1 regulatory regions. RUNX1 expression is upregulated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in MDA-MB-453 and in an AR+-TNBC HCI-009 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors (p < 0.05). RUNX1 is increased in a CSC-like experimental model in MDA-MB-453 and SUM-159PT cells (p < 0.05). Inhibition of RUNX1 transcriptional activity reduced the expression of CSC markers. Interestingly, RUNX1 inhibition reduced cell viability and enhanced paclitaxel and enzalutamide sensitivity. Targeting RUNX1 may be an attractive strategy to potentiate the anti-tumor effects of AR inhibition, specifically in the slow-growing CSC-like populations that resist chemotherapy which lead to metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia B. Fernández
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Sofía M. Sosa
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Justin T. Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - María S. Recouvreux
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luciana Rocha-Viegas
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Jessica L. Christenson
- Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nicole S. Spoelstra
- Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Facundo L. Couto
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Ana R. Raimondi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Jennifer K. Richer
- Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Natalia Rubinstein
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Correspondence:
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Liu H, Chen B, Liu LL, Cong L, Cheng Y. The role of MARCH9 in colorectal cancer progression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:906897. [PMID: 36185211 PMCID: PMC9523723 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.906897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer with a high global incidence and mortality. Mutated genes or dysregulated pathways responsible for CRC progression have been identified and employed as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. In this study, a ubiquitination regulator, MARCH9, was shown to accelerate CRC progression both in vitro and in vivo. CRC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) showed significantly upregulated MARCH9 expression by individual cancer stage, histological subtype, and nodal metastasis status. Knockdown of MARCH9 inhibited, while MARCH9 overexpression promoted, CRC cell proliferation and migration. Knockdown of MARCH9 also induced CRC cell apoptosis and caused cell cycle arrest. Further investigation showed that MARCH9 promoted CRC progression by downregulating the expression of a deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene and activating p65, a member of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) protein family. Finally, in vivo xenograft studies confirmed that MARCH9 knockdown suppressed tumor growth in nude mice. Thus, this study demonstrated that MARCH9 may be a novel and effective therapeutic target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, People’s Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Lian-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Cong, ; Yong Cheng,
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Cong, ; Yong Cheng,
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