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Wallace SJ, de Solla SR, Head JA, Hodson PV, Parrott JL, Thomas PJ, Berthiaume A, Langlois VS. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: Exposure and effects on wildlife. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114863. [PMID: 32599329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Wildlife (including fish) are chronically exposed to PACs through air, water, sediment, soil, and/or dietary routes. Exposures are highest near industrial or urban sites, such as aluminum smelters and oil sands mines, or near natural sources such as forest fires. This review assesses the exposure and toxicity of PACs to wildlife, with a focus on the Canadian environment. Most published field studies measured PAC concentrations in tissues of invertebrates, fish, and birds, with fewer studies of amphibians and mammals. In general, PAC concentrations measured in Canadian wildlife tissues were under the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) guideline for human consumption. Health effects of PAC exposure include embryotoxicity, deformities, cardiotoxicity, DNA damage, changes to DNA methylation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and impaired reproduction. Much of the toxicity of PACs can be attributed to their bioavailability, and the extent to which certain PACs are transformed into more toxic metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes. As most mechanistic studies are limited to individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly BaP, research on other PACs and PAC-containing complex mixtures is required to understand the environmental significance of PAC exposure and toxicity. Additional work on responses to PACs in amphibians, reptiles, and semi-aquatic mammals, and development of molecular markers for early detection of biological responses to PACs would provide a stronger biological and ecological justification for regulating PAC emissions to protect Canadian wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wallace
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - S R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J A Head
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - P V Hodson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P J Thomas
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Berthiaume
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - V S Langlois
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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Mosca F, Trachtman AR, Hattab J, Marruchella G, Tiscar PG. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the oxidative burst of neutrophils in pigs and ruminants. Vet World 2020; 13:1934-1939. [PMID: 33132608 PMCID: PMC7566262 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1934-1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Neutrophils represent between 20% and 75% of white blood cells in animals and play a key role in an effective immune response. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is commonly referred to as an oxidative burst and is crucial under healthy and disease conditions. Interestingly, ROS are emerging as regulators of several neutrophil functions, including their oxidative burst. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the oxidative burst of neutrophils, collected from domestic animal species (namely, pig, cattle, and sheep), and exposed to different stimuli. Materials and Methods A total of 65 slaughtered animals were included in the present study: Twenty-two pigs, 21 cattle, and 22 sheep. Blood samples were collected at bleeding and neutrophils were then purified using ad hoc developed and species-specific protocols. Neutrophils were treated with hydrogen peroxide at micromolar-to-millimolar concentrations, alone, or combined with other stimuli (i.e., opsonized yeasts, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). The generation of ROS was evaluated using a luminol-derived chemiluminescence (CL) assay. For each animal species, data were aggregated and reported as mean area under curve±standard deviation. Finally, data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results Exposure of bovine and ovine neutrophils to hydrogen peroxide alone resulted in a dose-dependent enhancement of the CL response, which was significantly stronger at its highest concentration and proved particularly prominent in sheep. Opsonized yeasts and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate both proved capable of stimulating the generation of ROS in all animal species under study. Hydrogen peroxide negatively modulated the oxidative burst of neutrophils after exposure to those stimuli, observed response patterns varying between pigs and ruminants. Porcine neutrophils, pre-exposed to micromolar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, showed a decreased CL response only to opsonized yeasts. Conversely, pre-exposure to hydrogen peroxide reduced the CL response of ruminant neutrophils both to yeasts and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, the effect being most prominent at 1 mM concentration. Conclusion These results indicate that hydrogen peroxide is capable of modulating the oxidative bursts of neutrophils in a species-specific and dose-dependent manner, substantial differences existing between pigs and ruminants. Further investigation is required to fully comprehend such modulation, which is crucial for the proper management of the generation of ROS under healthy and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mosca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Abigail R Trachtman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Jasmine Hattab
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marruchella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Pietro G Tiscar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
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Ryu B, Choi SW, Lee SG, Jeong YH, Kim U, Kim J, Jung CR, Chung HM, Park JH, Kim CY. Development and evaluation of next-generation cardiotoxicity assay based on embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32336319 PMCID: PMC7473479 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.8.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with requirements of the ICH S7B safety pharma-cology guidelines, numerous next-generation cardiotoxicity studies using human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) are being conducted globally. Although several stem cell-derived CMs are being developed for commercialization, there is insufficient research to verify if these CMs can replace animal experiments. In this study, in vitro high-efficiency CMs derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-CMs) were compared with Sprague-Dawley rats as in vivo experimental animals, and primary cultured in vitro rat-CMs for cardiotoxicity tests. In vivo rats were administrated with two consecutive injections of 100 mg/kg isoproterenol, 15 mg/kg doxorubicin, or 100 mg/kg nifedipine, while in vitro rat-CMs and hESC-CMs were treated with 5 µM isoproterenol, 5 µM doxorubicin, and 50 µM nifedipine. We have verified the equivalence of hESC-CMs assessments over various molecular biological markers, morphological analysis. Also, we have identified the advantages of hESC-CMs, which can distinguish between species variability, over electrophysiological analysis of ion channels against cardiac damage. Our findings demonstrate the possibility and advantage of high-effi-ciency hESC-CMs as next-generation cardiotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyeong Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seong Woo Choi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Lee
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Jeong
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ukjin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Else PL. Membrane peroxidation in vertebrates: Potential role in metabolism and growth. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Else
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong; Lipid Research Centre (in IHMRI); Wollongong NSW Australia
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Pallarés FJ, Yaeger MJ, Janke BH, Fernández G, Halbur PG. Vitamin E and Selenium Concentrations in Livers of Pigs Diagnosed with Mulberry Heart Disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 14:412-4. [PMID: 12296394 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During a 2-year period from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2000, 77 diagnoses of mulberry heart disease (MHD) were documented at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Mean (±SD) liver vitamin E concentrations were lower ( P < 0.05) in pigs with MHD (3.12 ±1.12 ppm, wet weight) than in pigs that died of causes other than MHD (4.80 ± 3.2 ppm, wet weight). The majority of the pigs affected with MHD ranged in age from 3 to 7 weeks. Statistical influence of age was found on the concentration of vitamin E ( P < 0.01) but not on concentration of selenium in liver in pigs with MHD. Concentrations of vitamin E below 2 ppm were considered deficient. Hepatic vitamin E concentrations below 2 ppm were measured in 25% of the pigs with gross and microscopic lesions of MHD. In contrast, liver selenium concentrations were adequate in all pigs.
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Rau MA, Whitaker J, Freedman JH, Di Giulio RT. Differential susceptibility of fish and rat liver cells to oxidative stress and cytotoxicity upon exposure to prooxidants. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 137:335-42. [PMID: 15228951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Species differences in the ability to cope with pollutant-mediated oxidative stress can provide insight into the mechanisms behind both the mode of toxicity of a specific chemical as well as the different ways in which an organism may deal with such stressors. In this study, the effects of exposure to model prooxidants on parameters of oxidative stress were investigated in liver cells from both fish (PLHC-1) and rat (H4IIE). The goals of this study were to compare the oxidative stress response of these cell lines and to assess the relative utility of several different measures of oxidative stress as signals preceding cytotoxicity. Cellular response to two model prooxidants, copper and Fenton reagents (ferrous sulfate plus hydrogen peroxide), was assessed by measuring cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, total glutathione (GSHT), and percent glutathione disulfide (%GSSG). Additionally, transcriptional activation of an antioxidant response element (ARE) reporter gene was measured using the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay in response to these chemicals. In general, the fish cells were more sensitive than rat cells to prooxidants, and the assays for lipid peroxidation and ARE reporter gene activation were more sensitive for measuring oxidative stress than GSH or %GSSG. Fish cells were significantly (P < 0.0001) more sensitive to copper sulfate and Fenton reagent induced oxidative stress, as measured through lipid peroxidation and ARE reporter gene transcriptional activation. Copper sulfate and Fenton reagents caused a two-fold increase in %GSSG in both cell lines. Basal levels of GSHT were higher in the HII4E cells than the PLHC-1 cells, and Fenton reagents significantly reduced GSHT in fish cells but showed no effect on the rat cells. Significant differences were also observed in the cytotoxicity of the test chemicals to both cell lines, with the fish cells demonstrating a higher level of cell death. Lipid peroxidation and ARE transcriptional activation appeared to better reflect subsequent cytotoxicity than a change in GSHT or %GSSG. These results suggest that HII4E (rat) cells are more protected from oxidative stress than PLHC-1 (fish) cells. Additional studies are addressing oxidative stress-mediated signal transduction pathways that may play a role in the differential responses of these cells lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Rau
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Integrated Toxicology Program, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
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Brown SB, Fisk AT, Brown M, Villella M, Muir DCG, Evans RE, Lockhart WL, Metner DA, Cooley HM. Dietary accumulation and biochemical responses of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2002; 59:139-152. [PMID: 12127732 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(01)00246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (initial weights 2-5 g) were exposed to three dietary concentrations (0, 12.4 and 126 ng g(-1), wet weight) of a 14C-labelled 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) for 30 days followed by 160 days of clean food. We assessed bioaccumulation, histology (liver and thyroid) and biochemical responses (liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), liver vitamins (retinoids and tocopherol) and muscle thyroid hormone levels) along with growth and survival. The half-life of PCB 126 in the rainbow trout ranged from 82 to 180 days while biomagnification factors (BMF) ranged from 2.5 to 4.1 providing further evidence that PCB 126 is among the most bioaccumulative PCB congeners. Toluene extractable 14C declined with time in the trout suggesting the possibility of some biotransformation and/or covalent bonding with biological macromolecules. The threshold for liver EROD induction by PCB 126 was approximately 0.1 ng g(-1) (wet weight). EROD activities in the low- and high treatments were 9 and 44 times greater than control, respectively, and remained elevated throughout the experiment. EROD activity was correlated with whole body concentrations of PCB 126 although there was evidence of EROD activity suppression in the highly exposed fish. Liver didehydroretinoids and tocopherol concentrations were depressed by the high PCB 126 dose after 30 days exposure. Initially, muscle concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) declined as the fish grew during the experiment, and exposure to PCB 126 accelerated the growth related decline. More information is needed to assess the functional significance of the reduced muscular stores of thyroid hormones. Despite the changes in liver EROD, liver vitamins and muscle thyroid hormones, liver and thyroid histology in trout examined after 30 days exposure and growth parameters were unaffected by PCB 126. This indicates that the functional competences of the physiological factors associated with growth were maintained under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Brown
- Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, 867 Lakeshore Blvd., PO Box 5050, Ont., L7R 4A6, Burlington, Canada.
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Ferreira L, Pérez-González N, Llanillo M, Calvo JJ, Sánchez-Bernal C. Acute pancreatitis decreases pancreas phospholipid levels and increases susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas. Lipids 2002; 37:167-71. [PMID: 11908908 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze whether acute pancreatitis leads to changes in the lipid composition and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation of pancreatic membranes. Total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, FA, and lipid peroxidation were determined in the pancreatic tissue of rats treated with cerulein and of control rats. In pancreatitic rats, significant decreases in membrane total phospholipid contents (P < 0.05) and in choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipid levels (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), with concomitant significantly higher values of their lysoderivative forms, were found. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio increased by 26%. The unsaturation index of the FA profile decreased significantly (P < 0.01) as a consequence of a decrease in the arachidonic acid content. Incubation of membranes with xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine-Fe2+/ADP resulted in an increase in the production of TBARS in pancreatitic rats compared to controls. In summary, acute pancreatitis causes changes in the lipid composition of rat pancreatic crude membranes and a greater susceptibility of these membranes to lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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Melin AM, Perromat A, Deleris G. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: a pharmacotoxicologic tool for in vivo monitoring radical aggression. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the physico-chemical methods that can be used to investigate induced peroxidation in living cells, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy appears to be a valuable technique as it is non-destructive and sensitive for monitoring changes in the vibrational spectra of samples. We examined microsomal fractions from rat liver and brain by FT-IR to study the effect of radical aggression induced in vivo by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The length of the acyl chains was increased as a consequence of peroxidation induced by the xenobiotic. Moreover, an enhanced level of cholesterol esters and an increase in phospholipids were observed in the liver and the brain, respectively. The conformational structure of the membrane proteins was changed in both the liver and the brain. In the polysaccharide region, we observed an important loss in glucidic structures, such as a decrease in liver glycogen and in some brain glycolipids. These alterations are probably due to the interactions between cells and CCl4and the metabolic changes caused by CCl4. Thus, FT-IR spectroscopy appears to be an useful tool and an accurate means for rapidly investigating the in vivo biochemical alterations induced by CCl4in microsomes, and for correlating them with biochemical and physiological data.Key words: brain, carbon tetrachloride, FT-IR, liver, microsomes.
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates that there are many examples in the literature of contradictory data concerning reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), responsible for producing cellular oxidative stress (OS), and their enhancement or diminution of viral replication. Nevertheless, ROIs repeatedly have been shown to be virucidal against enveloped-viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) increases the production of ROIs throughout the body, leaving no safe harbor for the virus to hide outside the genome. This technique already has been tried on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, with exciting results. Historically, the biggest setback to demonstrating HBO's antiviral effects has been the investigator's folly of studying non-enveloped viruses or failing to initiate ROI production. ROIs specifically attack areas of unsaturation occurring in the polyunsaturated fatty acids of cell membranes and viral envelopes. Moreover, it consistently has been shown that a peroxidized viral envelope breaches, and a breached viral envelope causes viral disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Baugh
- BaroAntiviral, San Diego, California 92103, USA
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11
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Melin AM, Perromat A, Déléris G. Pharmacologic application of fourier transform IR spectroscopy: in vivo toxicity of carbon tetrachloride on rat liver. Biopolymers 2000; 57:160-8. [PMID: 10805913 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(2000)57:3<160::aid-bip4>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal fractions from rat liver were examined by means of Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy to study the in vivo toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride administered by intraperitoneal injection. Lipid content was significantly enhanced in the liver of treated rats compared with untreated ones. The level of saturated fatty acids largely increased while that of unsaturated acids slightly decreased as a consequence of lipid peroxidation induced by the xenobiotic compound. The conformational structure of membrane proteins was changed, which was shown by the large decrease in the alpha-helical configuration. In the polysaccharide region we observed an important loss in glucidic structures that could be related to the metabolic changes caused by carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Thus, FTIR spectroscopy appears to be a useful tool to rapidly investigate the chemical alterations induced by this drug in liver microsomes and to correlate them with biochemical and physiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Melin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2-146, Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Vossen RC, van Dam-Mieras MC, Hornstra G, Zwaal RF. Differential effects of endothelial cell fatty acid modification on the sensitivity of their membrane phospholipids to peroxidation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995; 52:341-7. [PMID: 7630923 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the relationship between the fatty acid (FA) composition of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and their susceptibility to oxidative stress, we modified their FA composition by long-term culturing in media supplemented with a saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated FA. Sensitivity of the cellular phospholipids to peroxidation was monitored by measuring conjugated diene formation and decrease of polyunsaturated FAs induced by CuSO4 and H2O2 in liposomes prepared from the respective phospholipid extracts. The extent of phospholipid peroxidation was found to increase with increasing content of polyunsaturated FAs. In addition, the sensitivity of individual polyunsaturated FAs to peroxidation was directly proportional to the number of double bonds present. However, no unequivocal relationship was observed between conjugated diene formation and the phospholipid unsaturation index (an indicator for the combined effect of number of double bonds and polyunsaturated FA contents of the membrane phospholipids). The results suggest that long-term FA modification of endothelial cells differentially alters the sensitivity of their membrane phospholipids to peroxidation: long-term modification with oleic acid may protect against lipid peroxidation, whereas linoleic acid may increase sensitivity to peroxidation. In contrast to what might be expected, long-term modification of endothelial cells with eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid does not increase the sensitivity of phospholipids to peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Vossen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Limburg, The Netherlands
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Skúladóttir GV, Shi-Hua D, Brodie AE, Reed DJ, Wander RC. Effects of dietary oils and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide on in vivo lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in rat heart and liver. Lipids 1994; 29:351-7. [PMID: 8015366 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets for four weeks which differed in their content of n-6 (corn oil; CO) and n-3 fatty acids (fish oil; FO), but were similar in their content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. At the end of the four-week feeding period, each dietary group was subdivided into two groups. One group received a single placebo injection of alpha-tocopherol-stripped corn oil (TSCO); the other group received a single injection of the free radical generator; methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), in TSCO. Twenty-four hours after injection, the effect of dietary oil and MEKP treatment on endogenous lipid peroxide (LPO) production (measured as methylene blue formed by the "Determiner LPO" assay), glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E content, and fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in heart and liver from unfasted animals were measured. FO-fed rats had significantly heavier hearts and livers, increased levels of n-3 fatty acids in membrane phospholipids, and higher liver LPO levels than CO-fed rats. MEKP treatment resulted in significantly lower body weights and liver GSH levels. The data indicate that dietary n-3 fatty acids increase lipid peroxidation in liver somewhat more than in heart. The study also demonstrates that the effect of induced oxidative stress due to a single dose of MEKP on lipid peroxide formation and antioxidant status in tissues from unfasted animals was independent of the dietary oils.
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Janssen M, Koster JF, Bos E, de Jong JW. Malondialdehyde and glutathione production in isolated perfused human and rat hearts. Circ Res 1993; 73:681-8. [PMID: 8370122 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.73.4.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies show the relation between oxygen-derived free radicals and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, little is known about oxidative stress in the human heart, which can be measured by oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Furthermore, data on MDA production by rat hearts are controversial, possibly because of the use of the aspecific thiobarbituric acid assay. Therefore, GSSG and MDA were measured, with colorimetric and high-performance liquid chromatographic assays, respectively, in buffer-perfused explanted human hearts and normal rat hearts made temporarily ischemic. Human hearts received cardioplegia; rat hearts were studied in a control and an ischemic group with or without cardioplegia. Baseline GSSG release was < 0.01 nmol.min-1.g wet wt-1 in both species. During reperfusion, GSSG release from human hearts and from ischemic and cardioplegic/ischemic rat hearts peaked at 0.24 +/- 0.12, 1.1 +/- 0.4, and 0.19 +/- 0.04 nmol.min-1.g-1, respectively. MDA was undetectable (< 0.02 nmol.min-1.g-1) in the effluent of both species and in human hearts (< 4 nmol/g protein). Rat heart reduced glutathione levels decreased 32% as a consequence of cardioplegia and ischemia. Cardioplegia induced a 41% (P = .08) decrease in rat heart MDA content, whereas cumene hydroperoxide increased it 3.6 times (P < .01). Thus, after ischemia human and rat hearts release GSSG, indicating that oxidative stress has occurred. Apparently, lipid peroxidation takes place in normal rat hearts, decreases after cardioplegia, but does not increase after ischemia/reperfusion. Human hearts lack MDA under normoxic and ischemic conditions. This novel finding seems to reflect a low MDA-forming potential in both situations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janssen
- Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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