Efficacy of preoperative therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with hyperthyroidism and factors affecting the number of sessions

PURPOSE

Achieving preoperative euthyroidism in patients with hyperthyroidism for whom antithyroid drugs (ATDs) cannot be used for treatment is a serious clinical problem. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in hyperthyroid patients scheduled for surgery and predictive factors for a high number of TPE sessions.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the data of 21 patients with hyperthyroidism who were treated with TPE for preoperative euthyroidism in our institution. Pre- and post-TPE thyroid function tests were compared to assess efficacy. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to determine predictors of patients requiring a high number of TPE sessions.

RESULTS

All patients (20 patients with Graves' disease and 1 patient with toxic multinodular goiter; 12 women and 9 men; mean age 35.71 ± 12.38 years) had severe hyperthyroidism before TPE. The changes before and after TPE in fT3, fT4, and TSH levels were statistically significant (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively). The median number of TPE sessions was 8 (range: 1-24). Levels of fT3 before TPE were significantly higher in patients for whom higher numbers of TPE sessions were required (≥8) (OR: 1.427, 95% CI: 1.038-1.961, p = 0.028). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an optimum cut-off value of 12.8 pg/ml for fT3 before TPE (91% sensitivity, 80% specificity, area under the curve: 0.927).

CONCLUSION

TPE should be considered as an effective alternative treatment option that can be used to rapidly achieve euthyroidism before surgery when ATDs cannot be used. Pre-TPE fT3 levels of >12.8 pg/ml may be an independent factor predicting the need for higher numbers of TPE sessions (≥8).

Tormenta tiroidea y terapia de intercambio plasmático. Reporte de caso

Introducción. La tormenta tiroidea es una afectación orgánica severa que se produce por la liberación de triyodotironina (T3) y tiroxina (T4). Su incidencia es de 0.20 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes y puede conllevar a una mortalidad de hasta el 30%. Esta es una entidad refractaria para la cual existen pocas opciones terapéuticas, siendo la terapia de intercambio plasmático una estrategia potencialmente útil para su manejo. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 17 años quien ingresó al servicio de urgencias de una institución de tercer nivel de atención por un cuadro clínico de aproximadamente 25 días de evolución consistente en palpitaciones, disnea en reposo, ortopnea, dolor torácico y abdominal, astenia, adinamia, mareo, cefalea y deposiciones líquidas; como antecedentes presentaba hipertiroidismo en manejo ambulatorio. Dada la sintomatología y gracias a que se obtuvo un puntaje de 65 en la escala de Burch-Wartofsky, se diagnosticó tormenta tiroidea, se dio orden de hospitalización y se inició manejo farmacológico, con el cual no se logró una mejoría. Al tercer día de hospitalización la joven presentó deterioro clínico continuo y un episodio convulsivo, por lo que se consideró tormenta tiroidea refractaria que fue tratada satisfactoriamente con terapia de intercambio plasmático como terapia puente previo a tiroidectomía total de urgencia. Conclusión. La terapia de intercambio plasmático permite una rápida remoción de las hormonas tiroideas y, aunque su implementación no es ampliamente difundida por las guías de práctica clínica, existe evidencia que demuestra una disminución en el riesgo de complicaciones perioperatorias y una evolución exitosa tras su uso como terapia puente previo a tiroidectomía en pacientes con tormenta tiroidea refractaria.

THERAPEUTIC PLASMA EXCHANGE AS A BRIDGE TO TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE THYROTOXICOSIS

Objective

Graves disease is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis. Medical management is the first-line treatment but may be contraindicated or ineffective. In patients with severe, refractory thyrotoxicosis therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) may be indicated as a bridge to thyroidectomy.

Methods

We present 3 cases of thyrotoxicosis refractory to medical management that were successfully treated with TPE and subsequent total thyroidectomy, and provide an analysis of the response to therapy via a change in free thyroxine (fT4) levels throughout their treatment course.

Results

The average change in fT4 per liter of fluid exchanged was 0.37 ng/dL (SD = 0.08) and the average percentage change of fT4 after each treatment was 20.7% (SD = 8.28). The mean decrease in fT4 after 4 TPE treatments was 57.4%. All patients successfully underwent total thyroidectomy without complication and were discharged from the hospital.

Conclusion

TPE should be considered for thyrotoxic patients with severe hyperthyroidism or thyroid storm refractory to medical management or contraindications to antithyroid drugs who need a bridge to total thyroidectomy. In these cases, TPE was a safe and effective treatment that enabled definitive management with thyroidectomy and may be considered in other patients with severe refractory hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis.

Therapeutic plasmapheresis in thyrotoxic patients

PURPOSE

For the treatment of thyrotoxicosis, alternative treatment modalities may be necessary if anti-thyroid drugs cannot be used due to side effects, inefficiencies, or there is a need to start a rapid action such as thyroid storm. By using therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), it is possible to effectively and rapidly remove the increased thyroid hormones. We evaluated our results and experience on a rapid, effective, and reliable alternative treatment modality in thyrotoxic patients.

METHODS

TPE was performed in 46 thyrotoxic patients at the Adult Therapeutic Apheresis Center.

RESULTS

Forty six patients with a median age of 30 years (interquartile range [IQR] 30-50) were assessed. In 40 (87%) of the cases, the diagnosis was Graves' disease. The other causes of thyrotoxicosis were amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (n = 4) and toxic nodular goiter (n = 2). The median and IQR of fT3 values in patients before TPE were 9.9 (6.5-16.8) pg/mL (N: 2.3-4.2) and the median and IQR of fT4 values were 2.9 (2.3-4.1) ng/dL (N: 0.74-1.52). When the procedure was terminated, the median and IQR of fT3 values in patients were 4.0 (3.1-5.2) pg/mL and the median and IQR fT4 values were 1.6 (1.4-2.0) ng/dL. The decrease in both free thyroid hormones was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.000).

CONCLUSION

Our study is the largest series of TPE in the literature used for thyrotoxicosis. In the light of the literature and our results, we conclude that TPE is an effective alternative treatment option to prepare for ablative treatment for cases that have side effects or ineffectiveness of anti-thyroid drugs.

[Challenges in the management of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis]

Amiodarone, a benzofuranic iodine-rich pan antiarrhythmic drug, is frequently associated with thyroid dysfunction. This side effect is heterogeneous and unpredicted, motivating regular evaluation of thyroid function tests. In contrary to hypothyroidism, amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is a challenging situation owing to the risk of deterioration of the general and cardiac status of such debilitating patients. Classically, AIT is either an iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in patients with an abnormal thyroid (type I), or due to a subacute thyroiditis on a "healthy" thyroid (type II). Even if many studies tried to better identify the types of AIT, the diagnostic dilemma of type of AIT could be present, and many patients are treated by an association of antithyroid drugs (useful for type I AIT) with corticoids (useful for type II AIT). Being the main etiological factor in AIT, amiodarone is supposed to be stopped, but it could remain the only anti-arrhythmic option that is needed to be either continued or reintroduced to improve the cardiovascular survival. Recently, many studies demonstrated that amiodarone could be continued or reintroduced in patients with history of type II AIT. Nevertheless, in the other patients, amiodarone maintenance complicates the therapeutic response to the antithyroid drugs and increases the risk of AIT recurrence. Thus, amiodarone therapy is preferred to be interrupted. In such patients, thyroid ablation is recommended once AIT is under control.

Issues in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: Update and review of the literature

Amiodarone, a benzofuranic iodine-rich pan-anti-arrhythmic drug, induces amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) in 7-15% of patients. AIT is a major issue due to its typical severity and resistance to anti-thyroid measures, and to its negative impact on cardiac status. Classically, AIT is either an iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in patients with abnormal thyroid (type 1), or due to acute thyroiditis in a "healthy" thyroid (type 2). Determination of the type of AIT is a diagnostic dilemma, as characteristics of both types may be present in some patients. As it is the main etiological factor in AIT, it is recommended that amiodarone treatment should be stopped; however, it may be the only anti-arrhythmic option, needing to be either continued or re-introduced to improve cardiovascular survival. Recently, a few studies demonstrated that amiodarone could be continued or re-introduced in patients with history of type-2 AIT. However, in the other patients, it is recommended that amiodarone treatment be interrupted, to improve response to thioamides and to alleviate the risk of AIT recurrence. In such patients, thyroidectomy is recommended once AIT is under control, allowing safe re-introduction of amiodarone.

Management of Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis at a Cardiac Transplantation Centre

Background: Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with cardiac failure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the management of AIT at a tertiary hospital specialising in cardiac failure and transplantation. Methods: Retrospective audit of 66 patients treated for AIT by Endocrinology (2007-2016), classified as type 1 (T1) or type 2 (T2) based on radiological criteria. Main outcome measurements were response rate to initial treatment, time to euthyroidism, and frequency/safety of thyroidectomy. Results: Mean age was 60 ± 2 years; 80% were male. Sixty-four patients commenced medical treatment: thionamides (THIO) in 23, glucocorticoids (GC) in 17 and combination (COMB) in 24. Median thyroxine (fT4) was 35.1 (31.2-46.7) in THIO, 43.1 (30.4 -60.7) in GC, and 60.0 (39.0 ->99.9) pmol/L in COMB (p = 0.01). Initial therapy induced euthyroidism in 52%: 70% THIO, 53% GC, and 33% COMB (p = 0.045) by 100 (49-167), 47 (35-61), and 53 (45-99) days, respectively (p = 0.02). A further 11% became euthyroid after transitioning from monotherapy to COMB. Thyroidectomy was undertaken in 33%. Patients who underwent thyroidectomy were younger (54 ± 3 vs. 63 ± 2 years; p = 0.03), with higher prevalence of severely impaired left ventricular function prior to diagnosis of AIT (38 vs. 18%; p = 0.08). Despite median American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification 4, no thyroidectomy patient experienced cardiorespiratory complications/death. Conclusions: Patients with AIT had limited response to medical treatment. The poorest response was observed in COMB group, likely related to greater hyperthyroidism severity. Thyroidectomy is safe in patients with severe cardiac failure if performed in a centre with cardiac anaesthetic expertise. There should be low threshold for proceeding to thyroidectomy in patients with severe AIT and/or cardiac failure.

Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: state of the art

В обзоре представлены данные литературы последних лет о патогенезе, диагностике, лечении амиодарон-индуцированного тиреотоксикоза (АИТ), который является частым осложнением терапии амиодароном (Ам). Описаны изменения секреции и метаболизма тиреоидныхгомонов под влиянием кратковременной и длительной терапии Ам. Развитие АИТ всегда приводит к ухудшению течения аритмии, усугублению недостаточности кровообращения, утяжелению состояния пациента. Выделяют АИТ 1 типа и АИТ 2 типа, а также смешанную форму. Описаны диагностические критерии АИТ 1 и 2 типа. Наиболее информативным тестом для дифференциальной диагностики АИТ 1, 2 типов и смешанных форм является сонография щитовидной железы с допплеровским исследованием кровотока и сканирование с 99mTc-sestaMIBI. Тактика лечения определяется типом АИТ, состоянием сердечно-сосудистой системы, риском повторных аритмий. Консервативное лечение зависит от типа АИТ и осуществляется тиреостатиками или глюкокортикоидами. Обсуждается возможность продолжения антиаритмической терапии Ам у пациентов, перенесших АИТ. При АИТ 1 типа и смешанной форме требуется отмена препарата, если это невозможно – радикальное лечение тиреотоксикоза (радиойодтерапия, тиреоидэктомия). АИТ 2 типа является самолимитирующимся процессом, при жизненно угрожающих аритмиях прием Ам может быть продолжен. Показана эффективность радиойодтерапии для радикального лечения тиреотоксикоза при АИТ 1 и 2 типа, несмотря на низкий захват радиойода. Однако этот вопрос требует дальнейшего изучения и обсуждения. Для быстрого восстановления эутиреоза у тяжелых больных применяют плазмаферез и тиреоидэктомию.

Interferon alpha-induced non-immune thyrotoxicosis treated by plasmapheresis

Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is an effective drug used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. So far its numerous side effects have been reported in the literature. It may be difficult to always put IFN-induced thyroid diseases into a single classic thyroid disease table. There are numerous atypical thyroid diseases due to IFN usage for hepatitis C virus. Herein, we present a case with a rare clinical table such as thyrotoxicosis observed following IFN-α therapy in a patient with euthyroid nodular thyroid without autoimmune thyroiditis findings and the use of therapeutic apheresis method for the treatment of disease.

Perfect storm: Therapeutic plasma exchange for a patient with thyroid storm

Thyroid storm is a potentially lethal complication of hyperthyroidism with increased thyroid hormones and exaggerated symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. First-line therapy includes methimazole (MMI) or propylthiouracil (PTU) to block production of thyroid hormones as a bridge toward definitive surgical treatment. Untreated thyroid storm has a mortality rate of up to 30%; this is particularly alarming when patients cannot tolerate or fail pharmacotherapy, especially if they cannot undergo thyroidectomy. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is an ASFA category III indication for thyroid storm, meaning the optimum role of this therapy is not established, and there are a limited number of cases in the literature. Yet TPE can remove T3 and T4 bound to albumin, autoantibodies, catecholamines and cytokines and is likely beneficial for these patients. We report a patient with thyroid storm who could not tolerate PTU, subsequently failed therapy with MMI, and was not appropriate for thyroidectomy. TPE was therefore performed daily for 4 days (1.0 plasma volume with 5% albumin replacement and 2 U of plasma). Over the treatment course, the patient's thyroid hormones normalized and symptoms of thyroid storm largely resolved; his T3 decreased from 2.27 to 0.81 ng/mL (normal 0.8-2.0), T4 decreased from 4.8 to 1.7 ng/mL (0.8-1.8), heart rate normalized, altered mental status improved, and he converted to normal sinus rhythm. He was ultimately discharged in euthyroid state. He experienced no side effects from his TPE procedures. TPE is a safe and effective treatment for thyroid storm when conventional treatments are not successful or appropriate.