1
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Dai XF, Yang YX, Yang BZ. Glycosylation editing: an innovative therapeutic opportunity in precision oncology. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05033-w. [PMID: 38861100 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05033-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the most arduous challenges in the human society, even though humans have found many ways to try to conquer it. With our incremental understandings on the impact of sugar on human health, the clinical relevance of glycosylation has attracted our attention. The fact that altered glycosylation profiles reflect and define different health statuses provide novel opportunities for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. By reviewing the mechanisms and critical enzymes involved in protein, lipid and glycosylation, as well as current use of glycosylation for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics, we identify the pivotal connection between glycosylation and cellular redox status and, correspondingly, propose the use of redox modulatory tools such as cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in cancer control via glycosylation editing. This paper interrogates the clinical relevance of glycosylation on cancer and has the promise to provide new ideas for laboratory practice of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) and precision oncology therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Dai
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Xuan Yang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Zhi Yang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
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2
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Li J, Li S, Yu S, Yang J, Ke J, Li H, Chen H, Lu M, Sy MS, Gao Z, Li C. Persistent ER stress causes GPI anchor deficit to convert a GPI-anchored prion protein into pro-PrP via the ATF6-miR449c-5p-PIGV axis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104982. [PMID: 37390992 PMCID: PMC10388210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response are cells' survival strategies to thwart disruption of proteostasis. Tumor cells are continuously being challenged by ER stress. The prion protein, PrP, normally a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein exists as a pro-PrP retaining its GPI-peptide signal sequence in human pancreatic ductal cell adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Higher abundance of pro-PrP indicates poorer prognosis in PDAC patients. The reason why PDAC cells express pro-PrP is unknown. Here, we report that persistent ER stress causes conversion of GPI-anchored PrP to pro-PrP via a conserved ATF6-miRNA449c-5p-PIGV axis. Mouse neurons and AsPC-1, a PDAC cell line, express GPI-anchored PrP. However, continuous culture of these cells with the ER stress inducers thapsigargin or brefeldin A results in the conversion of a GPI-anchored PrP to pro-PrP. Such a conversion is reversible; removal of the inducers allows the cells to re-express a GPI-anchored PrP. Mechanistically, persistent ER stress increases the abundance of an active ATF6, which increases the level of miRNA449c-5p (miR449c-5p). By binding the mRNA of PIGV at its 3'-UTRs, miR449c-5p suppresses the level of PIGV, a mannosyltransferase pivotal in the synthesis of the GPI anchor. Reduction of PIGV leads to disruption of the GPI anchor assembly, causing pro-PrP accumulation and enhancing cancer cell migration and invasion. The importance of ATF6-miR449c-5p-PIGV axis is recapitulated in PDAC biopsies as the higher levels of ATF6 and miR449c-5p and lower levels of PIGV are markers of poorer outcome for patients with PDAC. Drugs targeting this axis may prevent PDAC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingFeng Li
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - SaSa Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - ShuPei Yu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - JingRu Ke
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - MingJian Lu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - ZhenXing Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Li H, Zhang J, Ke JR, Yu Z, Shi R, Gao SS, Li JF, Gao ZX, Ke CS, Han HX, Xu J, Leng Q, Wu GR, Li Y, Tao L, Zhang X, Sy MS, Li C. Pro-prion, as a membrane adaptor protein for E3 ligase c-Cbl, facilitates the ubiquitination of IGF-1R, promoting melanoma metastasis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111834. [PMID: 36543142 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is usually a result of mutation and plays important roles in tumorigenesis. How RTK without mutation affects tumorigenesis remains incompletely understood. Here we show that in human melanomas pro-prion (pro-PrP) is an adaptor protein for an E3 ligase c-Cbl, enabling it to polyubiquitinate activated insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), leading to enhanced melanoma metastasis. All human melanoma cell lines studied here express pro-PrP, retaining its glycosylphosphatidylinositol-peptide signal sequence (GPI-PSS). The sequence, PVILLISFLI in the GPI-PSS of pro-PrP, binds c-Cbl, docking c-Cbl to the inner cell membrane, forming a pro-PrP/c-Cbl/IGF-1R trimeric complex. Subsequently, IGF-1R polyubiquitination and degradation are augmented, which increases autophagy and tumor metastasis. Importantly, the synthetic peptide PVILLISFLI disrupts the pro-PrP/c-Cbl/IGF-1R complex, reducing cancer cell autophagy and mitigating tumor aggressiveness in vitro and in vivo. Targeting cancer-associated GPI-PSS may provide a therapeutic approach for treating human cancers expressing pro-PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China; Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Jing-Ru Ke
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Run Shi
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Shan-Shan Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Jing-Feng Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Gao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Chang-Shu Ke
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hui-Xia Han
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1023-1063 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, No. 107 North 2nd Road, Shihezi 832008, China
| | - Qibin Leng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Gui-Ru Wu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yingqiu Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832008, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong High Education Institute, 78 Heng Zhi Gang Road, Guangzhou 510095, China.
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4
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Gao SS, Shi R, Sun J, Tang Y, Zheng Z, Li JF, Li H, Zhang J, Leng Q, Xu J, Chen X, Zhao J, Sy MS, Feng L, Li C. GPI-anchored ligand-BioID2-tagging system identifies Galectin-1 mediating Zika virus entry. iScience 2022; 25:105481. [PMID: 36404916 PMCID: PMC9668739 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of host factors facilitating pathogen entry is critical for preventing infectious diseases. Here, we report a tagging system consisting of a viral receptor-binding protein (RBP) linked to BioID2, which is expressed on the cell surface via a GPI anchor. Using VSV or Zika virus (ZIKV) RBP, the system (BioID2- RBP(V)-GPI; BioID2-RBP(Z)-GPI) faithfully identifies LDLR and AXL, the receptors of VSV and ZIKV, respectively. Being GPI-anchored is essential for the probe to function properly. Furthermore, BioID2-RBP(Z)-GPI expressed in human neuronal progenitor cells identifies galectin-1 on cell surface pivotal for ZIKV entry. This conclusion is further supported by antibody blocking and galectin-1 silencing in A549 and mouse neural cells. Importantly, Lgals1−/− mice are significantly more resistant to ZIKV infection than Lgals1+/+ littermates are, having significantly lower virus titers and fewer pathologies in various organs. This tagging system may have broad applications for identifying protein-protein interactions on the cell surface. A tagging system for identifying ligand-receptor interactions is developed Receptor binding domain determines the specificity of the system Being GPI-anchored is pivotal for the tagging system to function properly Galectin-1 is identified as an entry factor essential for ZIKV infection
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5
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Potential Physiological Relevance of ERAD to the Biosynthesis of GPI-Anchored Proteins in Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031061. [PMID: 33494405 PMCID: PMC7865462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolded and/or unassembled secretory and membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) may be retro-translocated into the cytoplasm, where they undergo ER-associated degradation, or ERAD. The mechanisms by which misfolded proteins are recognized and degraded through this pathway have been studied extensively; however, our understanding of the physiological role of ERAD remains limited. This review describes the biosynthesis and quality control of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and briefly summarizes the relevance of ERAD to these processes. While recent studies suggest that ERAD functions as a fail-safe mechanism for the degradation of misfolded GPI-anchored proteins, several pieces of evidence suggest an intimate interaction between ERAD and the biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins.
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6
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Golec E, Rosberg R, Zhang E, Renström E, Blom AM, King BC. A cryptic non-GPI-anchored cytosolic isoform of CD59 controls insulin exocytosis in pancreatic β-cells by interaction with SNARE proteins. FASEB J 2019; 33:12425-12434. [PMID: 31412214 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901007r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CD59 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC). We showed previously that CD59 is highly expressed in pancreatic islets but is down-regulated in rodent models of diabetes. CD59 knockdown but not enzymatic removal of cell surface CD59 led to a loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), suggesting that an intracellular pool of CD59 is required. In this current paper, we now report that non-GPI-anchored CD59 is present in the cytoplasm, colocalizes with exocytotic protein vesicle-associated membrane protein 2, and completely rescues GSIS in cells lacking endogenous CD59 expression. The involvement of cytosolic non-GPI-anchored CD59 in GSIS is supported in phosphatidylinositol glycan class A knockout GPI anchor-deficient β-cells, in which GSIS is still CD59 dependent. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated different structural requirements of CD59 for its 2 functions, MAC inhibition and GSIS. Our results suggest that CD59 is retrotranslocated from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, a process mediated by recognition of trimmed N-linked oligosaccharides, supported by the partial glycosylation of non-GPI-anchored cytosolic CD59 as well as the failure of N-linked glycosylation site mutant CD59 to reach the cytosol or rescue GSIS. This study thus proposes the previously undescribed existence of non-GPI-anchored cytosolic CD59, which is required for insulin secretion.-Golec, E., Rosberg, R., Zhang, E., Renström, E., Blom, A. M., King, B. C. A cryptic non-GPI-anchored cytosolic isoform of CD59 controls insulin exocytosis in pancreatic β-cells by interaction with SNARE proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Golec
- Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Rosberg
- Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Enming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna M Blom
- Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ben C King
- Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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7
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Zotova A, Pichugin A, Atemasova A, Knyazhanskaya E, Lopatukhina E, Mitkin N, Holmuhamedov E, Gottikh M, Kuprash D, Filatov A, Mazurov D. Isolation of gene-edited cells via knock-in of short glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored epitope tags. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3132. [PMID: 30816313 PMCID: PMC6395743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe Surface Oligopeptide knock-in for Rapid Target Selection (SORTS), a novel method to select mammalian cells with precise genome modifications that does not rely on cell cloning. SORTS is designed to disrupt the target gene with an expression cassette encoding an epitope tag embedded into human glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein CD52. The cassette is very short, usually less than 250 nucleotides, which simplifies donor DNA construction and facilitates transgene integration into the target locus. The chimeric protein is then expressed from the target promoter, processed and exposed on the plasma membrane where it serves as a marker for FACS sorting with tag-specific antibodies. Simultaneous use of two different epitope tags enables rapid isolation of cells with biallelic knock-ins. SORTS can be easily and reliably applied to a number of genome-editing problems such as knocking out genes encoding intracellular or secreted proteins, protein tagging and inactivation of HIV-1 provirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zotova
- Cell and Gene Technology Group, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anastasia Atemasova
- Cell and Gene Technology Group, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena Lopatukhina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita Mitkin
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Marina Gottikh
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kuprash
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitriy Mazurov
- Cell and Gene Technology Group, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia. .,NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
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8
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Xu X, Ding Z, Li J, Liang J, Bu Z, Ding J, Yang Y, Lang X, Wang X, Yin R, Qian J. Newcastle disease virus-like particles containing the Brucella BCSP31 protein induce dendritic cell activation and protect mice against virulent Brucella challenge. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:39-47. [PMID: 30642597 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonosis that poses a substantial threat to human and animal public health due to the absence of a sufficiently safe and efficient vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been developed as novel vaccine candidates and suitable carrier platforms for the delivery of exogenous proteins. Herein, we constructed chimeric virus-like particles (cVLPs) assembled by a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) M protein and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Brucella BCSP31 protein (GPI-BCSP31). cVLPs-GPI-BCSP31 were highly efficient in murine dendritic cell (DC) activation, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they elicited strong specific humoural immune responses detected through ELISA assay with inactivated Brucella and recombinant BCSP31 protein and by elevated cellular immune responses indicated by intracellular IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in CD3+CD4+ T and CD3+CD8+ T cells. Importantly, cVLPs-GPI-BCSP31 conferred protection against virulent Brucella melitensis strain 16 M challenge, comparable to the efficacy of Brucella vaccine strain M5. In summary, this study provides a new strategy for the development of a safe and effective vaccine candidate against virulent Brucella and further extends the application of NDV VLP-based vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jindou Li
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiaming Liang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Zhaoyang Bu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jiaxin Ding
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yanling Yang
- Institute of Special Wild Animal & Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xulong Lang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Renfu Yin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jing Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China.
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9
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The soluble domains of Gpi8 and Gaa1, two subunits of glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase (GPI-T), assemble into a complex. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 633:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Segura E, Bourdin B, Tétreault MP, Briot J, Allen BG, Mayer G, Parent L. Proteolytic cleavage of the hydrophobic domain in the Ca Vα2δ1 subunit improves assembly and activity of cardiac Ca V1.2 channels. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11109-11124. [PMID: 28495885 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.784355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated L-type CaV1.2 channels in cardiomyocytes exist as heteromeric complexes with the pore-forming CaVα1, CaVβ, and CaVα2δ1 subunits. The full complement of subunits is required to reconstitute the native-like properties of L-type Ca2+ currents, but the molecular determinants responsible for the formation of the heteromeric complex are still being studied. Enzymatic treatment with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, a phospholipase C specific for the cleavage of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, disrupted plasma membrane localization of the cardiac CaVα2δ1 prompting us to investigate deletions of its hydrophobic transmembrane domain. Patch-clamp experiments indicated that the C-terminally cleaved CaVα2δ1 proteins up-regulate CaV1.2 channels. In contrast, deleting the residues before the single hydrophobic segment (CaVα2δ1 Δ1059-1063) impaired current up-regulation. CaVα2δ1 mutants G1060I and G1061I nearly eliminated the cell-surface fluorescence of CaVα2δ1, indicated by two-color flow cytometry assays and confocal imaging, and prevented CaVα2δ1-mediated increase in peak current density and modulation of the voltage-dependent gating of CaV1.2. These impacts were specific to substitutions with isoleucine residues because functional modulation was partially preserved in CaVα2δ1 G1060A and G1061A proteins. Moreover, C-terminal fragments exhibited significantly altered mobility in denatured immunoblots of CaVα2δ1 G1060I and CaVα2δ1 G1061I, suggesting that these mutant proteins were impaired in proteolytic processing. Finally, CaVα2δ1 Δ1059-1063, but not CaVα2δ1 G1060A, failed to co-immunoprecipitate with CaV1.2. Altogether, our data support a model in which small neutral hydrophobic residues facilitate the post-translational cleavage of the CaVα2δ1 subunit at the predicted membrane interface and further suggest that preventing GPI anchoring of CaVα2δ1 averts its cell-surface expression, its interaction with CaVα1, and modulation of CaV1.2 currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Segura
- From the Départements de Pharmacologie et Physiologie and.,the Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Benoîte Bourdin
- the Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie-Philippe Tétreault
- the Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julie Briot
- From the Départements de Pharmacologie et Physiologie and.,the Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- the Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.,Médecine, Faculté de Médecine
| | - Gaétan Mayer
- the Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.,the Faculté de Pharmacie, and
| | - Lucie Parent
- From the Départements de Pharmacologie et Physiologie and .,the Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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11
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Cleary KLS, Chan HTC, James S, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. Antibody Distance from the Cell Membrane Regulates Antibody Effector Mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3999-4011. [PMID: 28404636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using mAbs, such as rituximab, is an established means of treating hematological malignancies. Abs can elicit a number of mechanisms to delete target cells, including complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis. The inherent properties of the target molecule help to define which of these mechanisms are more important for efficacy. However, it is often unclear why mAb binding to different epitopes within the same target elicits different levels of therapeutic activity. To specifically address whether distance from the target cell membrane influences the aforementioned effector mechanisms, a panel of fusion proteins consisting of a CD20 or CD52 epitope attached to various CD137 scaffold molecules was generated. The CD137 scaffold was modified through the removal or addition of cysteine-rich extracellular domains to produce a panel of chimeric molecules that held the target epitope at different distances along the protein. It was shown that complement-dependent cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity favored a membrane-proximal epitope, whereas Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis favored an epitope positioned further away. These findings were confirmed using reagents targeting the membrane-proximal or -distal domains of CD137 itself before investigating these properties in vivo, where a clear difference in the splenic clearance of transfected tumor cells was observed. Together, this work demonstrates how altering the position of the Ab epitope is able to change the effector mechanisms engaged and facilitates the selection of mAbs designed to delete target cells through specific effector mechanisms and provide more effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Prion Protein Family Contributes to Tumorigenesis via Multiple Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:207-224. [PMID: 29052140 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence suggests that proteins from prion protein (PrP) family contribute to tumorigenesis in many types of cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), breast cancer, glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, melanoma, etc. It is well documented that PrP is a biomarker for PDAC, breast cancer, and gastric cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The major reasons for cancer cell-caused patient death are metastasis and multiple drug resistance, both of which connect to physiological functions of PrP expressing in cancer cells. PrP enhances tumorigenesis by multiple pathways. For example, PrP existed as pro-PrP in most of the PDAC cell lines, thus increasing cancer cell motility by binding to cytoskeletal protein filamin A (FLNa). Using PDAC cell lines BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 as model system, we identified that dysfunction of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor synthesis machinery resulted in the biogenesis of pro-PrP. In addition, in cancer cells without FLNa expression, pro-PrP can modify cytoskeleton structure by affecting cofilin/F-actin axis, thus influencing cancer cell movement. Besides pro-PrP, we showed that GPI-anchored unglycosylated PrP can elevate cell mobility by interacting with VEGFR2, thus stimulating cell migration under serum-free condition. Besides affecting cancer cell motility, overexpressed PrP or doppel (Dpl) in cancer cells has been shown to increase cell proliferation, multiple drug resistance, and angiogenesis, thus, proteins from PrP gene family by affecting important processes via multiple pathways for cancer cell growth exacerbating tumorigenesis.
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13
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Yang L, Gao Z, Hu L, Wu G, Yang X, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Wong BS, Xin W, Sy MS, Li C. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Modification Machinery Deficiency Is Responsible for the Formation of Pro-Prion Protein (PrP) in BxPC-3 Protein and Increases Cancer Cell Motility. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3905-17. [PMID: 26683373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein (PrP) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface glycoprotein. However, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines, such as BxPC-3, PrP exists as a pro-PrP retaining its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) peptide signaling sequence. Here, we report the identification of another pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line, AsPC-1, which expresses a mature GPI-anchored PrP. Comparison of the 24 genes involved in the GPI anchor modification pathway between AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 revealed 15 of the 24 genes, including PGAP1 and PIG-F, were down-regulated in the latter cells. We also identified six missense mutations in DPM2, PIG-C, PIG-N, and PIG-P alongside eight silent mutations. When BxPC-3 cells were fused with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack endogenous PrP, pro-PrP was successfully converted into mature GPI-anchored PrP. Expression of the individual gene, such as PGAP1, PIG-F, or PIG-C, into BxPC-3 cells does not result in phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C sensitivity of PrP. However, when PIG-F but not PIG-P is expressed in PGAP1-expressing BxPC-3 cells, PrP on the surface of the cells becomes phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-sensitive. Thus, low expression of PIG-F and PGAP1 is the major factor contributing to the accumulation of pro-PrP. More importantly, BxPC-3 cells expressing GPI-anchored PrP migrate much slower than BxPC-3 cells bearing pro-PrP. In addition, GPI-anchored PrP-bearing AsPC-1 cells also migrate slower than pro-PrP bearing BxPC-3 cells, although both cells express filamin A. "Knocking out" PRNP in BxPC-3 cell drastically reduces its migration. Collectively, these results show that multiple gene irregularity in BxPC-3 cells is responsible for the formation of pro-PrP, and binding of pro-PrP to filamin A contributes to enhanced tumor cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Yang
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenxing Gao
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China, the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lipeng Hu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guiru Wu
- From the Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- the Department of the First Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- the Department of Pathology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- the Department of Virology, School of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Boon-Seng Wong
- the Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Xin
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44102, and
| | - Chaoyang Li
- the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, 44 Xiao Hong Shan Zhong Qu, Wuhan 430071, China
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14
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Forster VJ, Nahari MH, Martinez-Soria N, Bradburn AK, Ptasinska A, Assi SA, Fordham SE, McNeil H, Bonifer C, Heidenreich O, Allan JM. The leukemia-associated RUNX1/ETO oncoprotein confers a mutator phenotype. Leukemia 2015; 30:250-3. [PMID: 26050648 PMCID: PMC4705432 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V J Forster
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - M H Nahari
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - N Martinez-Soria
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A K Bradburn
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A Ptasinska
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S A Assi
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S E Fordham
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - H McNeil
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - C Bonifer
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - O Heidenreich
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - J M Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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15
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Each GPI-anchored protein species forms a specific lipid raft depending on its GPI attachment signal. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:531-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Puig B, Altmeppen H, Glatzel M. The GPI-anchoring of PrP: implications in sorting and pathogenesis. Prion 2015; 8:11-8. [PMID: 24509692 DOI: 10.4161/pri.27892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an N-glycosylated GPI-anchored protein usually present in lipid rafts with numerous putative functions. When it changes its conformation to a pathological isoform (then referred to as PrP(Sc)), it is an essential part of the prion, the agent causing fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative prion diseases. There is growing evidence that toxicity and neuronal damage on the one hand and propagation/infectivity on the other hand are two distinct processes of the disease and that the GPI-anchor attachment of PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) plays an important role in protein localization and in neurotoxicity. Here we review how the signal sequence of the GPI-anchor matters in PrP(C) localization, how an altered cellular localization of PrP(C) or differences in GPI-anchor composition can affect prion infection, and we discuss through which mechanisms changes on the anchorage of PrP(C) can modify the disease process.
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17
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Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, He T, Zhang J, Li C. Prion protein and cancers. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:431-40. [PMID: 24681883 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein, PrP(C) is a highly conserved and widely expressed cell surface glycoprotein in all mammals. The expression of PrP is pivotal in the pathogenesis of prion diseases; however, the normal physiological functions of PrP(C) remain incompletely understood. Based on the studies in cell models, a plethora of functions have been attributed to PrP(C). In this paper, we reviewed the potential roles that PrP(C) plays in cell physiology and focused on its contribution to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yang
- Department of the First Abdominal Surgery, Jiangxi Tumor Hospital, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tianlin He
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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18
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Miyagawa-Yamaguchi A, Kotani N, Honke K. Expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored horseradish peroxidase identifies co-clustering molecules in individual lipid raft domains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93054. [PMID: 24671047 PMCID: PMC3966864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts that are enriched in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins serve as a platform for important biological events. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of these events, identification of co-clustering molecules in individual raft domains is required. Here we describe an approach to this issue using the recently developed method termed enzyme-mediated activation of radical source (EMARS), by which molecules in the vicinity within 300 nm from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) set on the probed molecule are labeled. GPI-anchored HRP fusion proteins (HRP-GPIs), in which the GPI attachment signals derived from human decay accelerating factor and Thy-1 were separately connected to the C-terminus of HRP, were expressed in HeLa S3 cells, and the EMARS reaction was catalyzed by these expressed HRP-GPIs under a living condition. As a result, these different HRP-GPIs had differences in glycosylation and localization and formed distinct clusters. This novel approach distinguished molecular clusters associated with individual GPI-anchored proteins, suggesting that it can identify co-clustering molecules in individual raft domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Miyagawa-Yamaguchi
- Kochi System Glycobiology Center, Kochi University Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Center for Innovate and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kotani
- Kochi System Glycobiology Center, Kochi University Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Center for Innovate and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koichi Honke
- Kochi System Glycobiology Center, Kochi University Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Center for Innovate and Translational Medicine, Kochi University Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Kochi University Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Guizzunti G, Zurzolo C. The fate of PrP GPI-anchor signal peptide is modulated by P238S pathogenic mutation. Traffic 2013; 15:78-93. [PMID: 24112521 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are localized to the plasma membrane via a C-terminally linked GPI anchor. The GPI anchor is added concomitantly to the cleavage of the carboxy-terminal GPI-anchor signal sequence, thereby causing the release of a C-terminal hydrophobic peptide, whose fate has not yet been investigated. Here we followed the fate of the GPI-attachment signal of the prion protein (PrP), a protein implicated in various types of transmissible neurodegenerative spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). The PrP GPI-anchor signal sequence shows a remarkable and unusual degree of conservation across the species and contains two point mutations (M232R/T and P238S) that are responsible for genetic forms of prion disorders. We show that the PrP GPI-anchor signal peptide (SP), but not the one from an unrelated GPI-anchored protein (folate receptor), undergoes degradation via the proteasome. Moreover, the P238S point mutation partially protects the PrP GPI-anchor SP from degradation. Our data provide the first attempt to address the fate of a GPI-anchor SP and identify a role for the P238S mutation, suggesting the possibility that the PrP GPI-anchor SP could play a role in neurodegenerative prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Guizzunti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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20
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Recent progress in synthetic and biological studies of GPI anchors and GPI-anchored proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:1006-13. [PMID: 24128440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) to the protein C-terminus is one of the most common posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells. In addition to anchoring surface proteins to the cell membrane, GPIs also have many other important biological functions, determined by their unique structure and property. This account has reviewed the recent progress made in disclosing GPI and GPI-anchored protein biosynthesis, in the chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of GPIs and GPI-anchored proteins, and in understanding the conformation, organization, and distribution of GPIs in the lipid membrane.
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21
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Defining the boundaries of species specificity for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase using a quantitative in vivo assay. Biosci Rep 2012; 32:577-86. [PMID: 22938202 PMCID: PMC3497722 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) lipid anchoring of proteins is an abundant post-translational modification. The attachment of the GPI anchor is mediated by GPI-T (GPI transamidase), a multimeric, membrane-bound enzyme located in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). Upon modification, GPI-anchored proteins enter the secretory pathway and ultimately become tethered to the cell surface by association with the plasma membrane and, in yeast, by covalent attachment to the outer glucan layer. This work demonstrates a novel in vivo assay for GPI-T. Saccharomyces cerevisiae INV (invertase), a soluble secreted protein, was converted into a substrate for GPI-T by appending the C-terminal 21 amino acid GPI-T signal sequence from the S. cerevisiae Yapsin 2 [Mkc7p (Y21)] on to the C-terminus of INV. Using a colorimetric assay and biochemical partitioning, extracellular presentation of GPI-anchored INV was shown. Two human GPI-T signal sequences were also tested and each showed diminished extracellular INV activity, consistent with lower levels of GPI anchoring and species specificity. Human/fungal chimaeric signal sequences identified a small region of five amino acids that was predominantly responsible for this species specificity.
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22
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Galian C, Björkholm P, Bulleid N, von Heijne G. Efficient glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) modification of membrane proteins requires a C-terminal anchoring signal of marginal hydrophobicity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16399-409. [PMID: 22431723 PMCID: PMC3351287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.350009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plasma membrane proteins are anchored to the membrane via a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety. The GPI anchor is attached to the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum by transamidation, a reaction in which a C-terminal GPI-attachment signal is cleaved off concomitantly with addition of the GPI moiety. GPI-attachment signals are poorly conserved on the sequence level but are all composed of a polar segment that includes the GPI-attachment site followed by a hydrophobic segment located at the very C terminus of the protein. Here, we show that efficient GPI modification requires that the hydrophobicity of the C-terminal segment is "marginal": less hydrophobic than type II transmembrane anchors and more hydrophobic than the most hydrophobic segments found in secreted proteins. We further show that the GPI-attachment signal can be modified by the transamidase irrespective of whether it is first released into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum or is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Galian
- From the Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Björkholm
- From the Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neil Bulleid
- the Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, CMVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | - Gunnar von Heijne
- From the Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- the Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-171 77 Solna, Sweden
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Li C, Xin W, Sy MS. Binding of pro-prion to filamin A: by design or an unfortunate blunder. Oncogene 2010; 29:5329-45. [PMID: 20697352 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, cancer research has focused on tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Genes in other cellular pathways has received less attention. Between 0.5% to 1% of the mammalian genome encodes for proteins that are tethered on the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor. The GPI modification pathway is complex and not completely understood. Prion (PrP), a GPI-anchored protein, is infamous for being the only normal protein that when misfolded can cause and transmit a deadly disease. Though widely expressed and highly conserved, little is known about the functions of PrP. Pancreatic cancer and melanoma cell lines express PrP. However, in these cell lines the PrP exists as a pro-PrP as defined by retaining its GPI anchor peptide signal sequence (GPI-PSS). Unexpectedly, the GPI-PSS of PrP has a filamin A (FLNA) binding motif and binds FLNA. FLNA is a cytolinker protein, and an integrator of cell mechanics and signaling. Binding of pro-PrP to FLNA disrupts the normal FLNA functions. Although normal pancreatic ductal cells lack PrP, about 40% of patients with pancreatic ductal cell adenocarcinoma express PrP in their cancers. These patients have significantly shorter survival time compared with patients whose cancers lack PrP. Pro-PrP is also detected in melanoma in situ but is undetectable in normal melanocyte, and invasive melanoma expresses more pro-PrP. In this review, we will discuss the underlying mechanisms by which binding of pro-PrP to FLNA disrupts normal cellular physiology and contributes to tumorigenesis, and the potential mechanisms that cause the accumulation of pro-PrP in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
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24
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Li C, Yu S, Nakamura F, Pentikäinen OT, Singh N, Yin S, Xin W, Sy MS. Pro-prion binds filamin A, facilitating its interaction with integrin beta1, and contributes to melanomagenesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:30328-39. [PMID: 20650901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.147413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamin A (FLNA) is an integrator of cell mechanics and signaling. The spreading and migration observed in FLNA sufficient A7 melanoma cells but not in the parental FLNA deficient M2 cells have been attributed to FLNA. In A7 and M2 cells, the normal prion (PrP) exists as pro-PrP, retaining its glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchor peptide signal sequence (GPI-PSS). The GPI-PSS of PrP has a FLNA binding motif and binds FLNA. Reducing PrP expression in A7 cells alters the spatial distribution of FLNA and organization of actin and diminishes cell spreading and migration. Integrin β1 also binds FLNA. In A7 cells, FLNA, PrP, and integrin β1 exist as two independent, yet functionally linked, complexes; they are FLNA with PrP or FLNA with integrin β1. Reducing PrP expression in A7 cells decreases the amount of integrin β1 bound to FLNA. A PrP GPI-PSS synthetic peptide that crosses the cell membrane inhibits A7 cell spreading and migration. Thus, in A7 cells FLNA does not act alone; the binding of pro-PrP enhances association between FLNA and integrin β1, which then promotes cell spreading and migration. Pro-PrP is detected in melanoma in situ but not in melanocyte. Invasive melanoma has more pro-PrP. The binding of pro-PrP to FLNA, therefore, contributes to melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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25
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Sy MS, Li C, Yu S, Xin W. The fatal attraction between pro-prion and filamin A: prion as a marker in human cancers. Biomark Med 2010. [PMID: 20550479 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.14]available] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cancer causing deaths in the USA, with more than 30,000 deaths per year. The overall median survival for all pancreatic cancer is 6 months and the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%. This dismal outcome reflects the inefficacy of the chemotherapeutic agents, as well as the lack of an early diagnostic marker. A protein known as prion (PrP) is expressed in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. However, in these cell lines, the PrP is incompletely processed and exists as pro-PrP. The pro-PrP binds to a molecule inside the cell, filamin A (FLNa), which is an integrator of cell signaling and mechanics. The binding of pro-PrP to FLNa disrupts the normal functions of FLNa, altering the cell's cytoskeleton and signal transduction machineries. As a result, the tumor cells grow more aggressively. Approximately 40% of patients with pancreatic cancer express PrP in their cancer. These patients have significantly shorter survival compared with patients whose pancreatic cancers lack PrP. Therefore, expression of pro-PrP and its binding to FLNa provide a growth advantage to pancreatic cancers. In this article, we discuss the following points: the biology of PrP, the consequences of binding of pro-PrP to FLNa in pancreatic cancer, the detection of pro-PrP in other cancers, the potential of using pro-PrP as a diagnostic marker, and prevention of the binding between pro-PrP and FLNa as a target for therapeutic intervention in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Sy MS, Li C, Yu S, Xin W. The fatal attraction between pro-prion and filamin A: prion as a marker in human cancers. Biomark Med 2010; 4:453-64. [PMID: 20550479 PMCID: PMC2925173 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cancer causing deaths in the USA, with more than 30,000 deaths per year. The overall median survival for all pancreatic cancer is 6 months and the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%. This dismal outcome reflects the inefficacy of the chemotherapeutic agents, as well as the lack of an early diagnostic marker. A protein known as prion (PrP) is expressed in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. However, in these cell lines, the PrP is incompletely processed and exists as pro-PrP. The pro-PrP binds to a molecule inside the cell, filamin A (FLNa), which is an integrator of cell signaling and mechanics. The binding of pro-PrP to FLNa disrupts the normal functions of FLNa, altering the cell's cytoskeleton and signal transduction machineries. As a result, the tumor cells grow more aggressively. Approximately 40% of patients with pancreatic cancer express PrP in their cancer. These patients have significantly shorter survival compared with patients whose pancreatic cancers lack PrP. Therefore, expression of pro-PrP and its binding to FLNa provide a growth advantage to pancreatic cancers. In this article, we discuss the following points: the biology of PrP, the consequences of binding of pro-PrP to FLNa in pancreatic cancer, the detection of pro-PrP in other cancers, the potential of using pro-PrP as a diagnostic marker, and prevention of the binding between pro-PrP and FLNa as a target for therapeutic intervention in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Li C, Yu S, Nakamura F, Yin S, Xu J, Petrolla AA, Singh N, Tartakoff A, Abbott DW, Xin W, Sy MS. Binding of pro-prion to filamin A disrupts cytoskeleton and correlates with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2725-36. [PMID: 19690385 PMCID: PMC2735930 DOI: 10.1172/jci39542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP) is a highly conserved, widely expressed, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI-anchored) cell surface glycoprotein. Since its discovery, most studies on PrP have focused on its role in neurodegenerative prion diseases, whereas its function outside the nervous system remains unclear. Here, we report that human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines expressed PrP. However, the PrP was neither glycosylated nor GPI-anchored, existing as pro-PrP and retaining its GPI anchor peptide signal sequence (GPI-PSS). We also showed that the PrP GPI-PSS has a filamin A-binding (FLNa-binding) motif and interacted with FLNa, an actin-associated protein that integrates cell mechanics and signaling. Binding of pro-PrP to FLNa disrupted cytoskeletal organization. Inhibition of PrP expression by shRNA in the PDAC cell lines altered the cytoskeleton and expression of multiple signaling proteins; it also reduced cellular proliferation and invasiveness in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. A subgroup of human patients with pancreatic cancer was found to have tumors that expressed pro-PrP. Most importantly, PrP expression in tumors correlated with a marked decrease in patient survival. We propose that binding of pro-PrP to FLNa perturbs FLNa function, thus contributing to the aggressiveness of PDAC. Prevention of this interaction could provide an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in human PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuiliang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shaoman Yin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jinghua Xu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amber A. Petrolla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alan Tartakoff
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Derek W. Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Cell Biology Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Xie LP, Wu YT, Dai YP, Li Q, Zhang RQ. A novel glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored alkaline phosphatase dwells in the hepatic duct of the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2007; 9:613-23. [PMID: 17624576 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-007-9015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatases are ubiquitous enzymes involved in many important biological processes. Mammalian tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) has long been thought to play an important role in bone mineralization. In this study, we identified a full-length cDNA encoding a potential alkaline phosphatse from pearl oyster Pinctada fucata by RT-PCR and RACE and designated the encoded protein as PFAP. The sequence of PFAP shares an overall similarity of 67% with that of human TNAP. Prediction and analysis of its secondary and tertiary structure revealed that the PFAP contains two mammalian-specific regions, the crown domain, involved in collagen binding, and the calcium binding domain, which hint its potential ability to participate in biomineralization. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization showed that the PFAP mRNA distributes specifically in the hepatic duct of the digestive diverticula. These findings implied its possible role in calcium absorption and transportation. In vivo, PFAP could be specifically released by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC), suggesting it is glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored to the plasma membrane. Therefore, a human growth hormone-PFAP fusion was constructed to locate the cleavage/attachment site. Immunofluorescent labeling and immunoblotting showed that Asn-477 is the cleavage/attachment site and the 25-residue peptide COOH-terminal to Asn-477 is removed during glycophosphatidylinositol anchoring. This research will hopefully pave the way to illustrate the role PFAP plays in calcium transportation related to pearl biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Xie
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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Meitzler JL, Gray JJ, Hendrickson TL. Truncation of the caspase-related subunit (Gpi8p) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPI transamidase: Dimerization revealed. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 462:83-93. [PMID: 17475206 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic proteins can be post-translationally modified with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor. This modification reaction is catalyzed by GPI transamidase (GPI-T), a multimeric, membrane-bound enzyme. Gpi8p, an essential component of GPI-T, shares low sequence similarity with caspases and contains all or part of the enzyme's active site [U. Meyer, M. Benghezal, I. Imhof, A. Conzelmann, Biochemistry 39 (2000) 3461-3471]. Structural predictions suggest that the soluble portion of Gpi8p is divided into two domains: a caspase-like domain that contains the active site machinery and a second, smaller domain of unknown function. Based on these predictions, we evaluated a soluble truncation of Gpi8p (Gpi8(23-306)). Dimerization was investigated due to the known proclivity of caspases to homodimerize; a Gpi8(23-306) homodimer was detected by native gel and confirmed by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. Mutations at the putative caspase-like dimerization interface disrupted dimer formation. When combined, these results demonstrate an organizational similarity between Gpi8p and caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Meitzler
- Department of Chemistry, Remsen Hall, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Nicholson TB, Stanners CP. Identification of a novel functional specificity signal within the GPI anchor signal sequence of carcinoembryonic antigen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:211-8. [PMID: 17438079 PMCID: PMC2064130 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200701158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exchanging the glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor signal sequence of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) for the signal sequence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) generates a mature protein with NCAM external domains but CEA-like tumorigenic activity. We hypothesized that this resulted from the presence of a functional specificity signal within this sequence and generated CEA/NCAM chimeras to identify this signal. Replacing the residues (GLSAG) 6–10 amino acids downstream of the CEA anchor addition site with the corresponding NCAM residues resulted in GPI-anchored proteins lacking the CEA-like biological functions of integrin modulation and differentiation blockage. Transferring this region from CEA into NCAM in conjunction with the upstream proline (PGLSAG) was sufficient to specify the addition of the CEA anchor. Therefore, this study identifies a novel specificity signal consisting of six amino acids located within the GPI anchor attachment signal, which is necessary and sufficient to specify the addition of a particular functional GPI anchor and, thereby, the ultimate function of the mature protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Nicholson
- McGill Cancer Centre and 2Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Legler DF, Doucey MA, Schneider P, Chapatte L, Bender FC, Bron C. Differential insertion of GPI‐anchored GFPs into lipid rafts of live cells. FASEB J 2004; 19:73-5. [PMID: 15516372 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1338fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning of proteins in cholesterol and sphingolipid enriched plasma membrane microdomains, called lipid rafts, is critical for many signal transduction and protein sorting events. Although raft partitioning of many signaling molecules remains to be determined, glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins possess high affinity for lipid rafts and are currently exploited as markers to investigate fundamental mechanisms in protein sorting and signal transduction events. In this study, we demonstrate that two recombinant GPI-anchored green fluorescent proteins (GFP-GPIs) that differ in their GPI signal sequence confer distinct localization in plasma membrane microdomains. GFP fused to the GPI signal of the decay accelerating factor GFP-GPI(DAF) partitioned exclusively in lipid rafts, whereas GFP fused to the GPI signal of TRAIL-R3, GFP-GPI(TRAIL-R3), associated only minimally with microdomains. In addition, we investigated the unique ability of purified GFP-GPIs to insert into membrane microdomains of primary lymphocytes. This cell surface painting allows rapid, stable, and functional association of the GPI-anchored proteins with the target cell plasma membrane. The distinct membrane localization of the two GFP-GPIs was observed irrespective of whether the GPI-anchored molecules were painted or transfected. Furthermore, we show that painted GFP-GPI(DAF) was totally dependent on the GPI anchor and that the membrane insertion was increased by the addition of raft-associated lipids such as cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. Thus, this study provides evidence that different GPI signal sequences lead to distinct membrane microdomain localization and that painted GFP-GPI(DAF) serves as an excellent fluorescent marker for lipid rafts in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Legler
- Department of Biology, Division of Immunology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Room P1105, Konstanz 78457, Germany.
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Abstract
For characterizing how the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) transamidase complex functions, we exploited a two-step miniPLAP (placental alkaline phosphatase) in vitro translation system. With this system, rough microsomal membranes (RM) containing either [(35)S]-labeled Gaa1p or epitope-tagged Gpi8p, alternative components of the enzymatic complex, were first prepared. In a second translation, unmodified or mutant miniPLAP mRNA was used such that [(35)S]-labeled native or variant miniPLAP nascent protein was introduced. Following this, the RM were solubilized and anti-PLAP or anti-epitope immunoprecipitates were analyzed. With transamidase competent HeLa cell RM, anti-PLAP or anti-epitope antibody coprecipitated both Gaa1p and Gpi8p consistent with the assembly of the proprotein into a Gaa1p:Gpi8p-containing complex. When RM from K562 mutant K cells which lack Gpi8p were used, anti-PLAP antibody coprecipitated Gaa1p. The proprotein coprecipitation of Gaa1p increased with a nonpermissive GPI anchor addition (omega) site. In contrast, if a miniPLAP mutant devoid of its C-terminal signal was used, no coprecipitation occurred. During the transamidation reaction, a transient high Mr band forms. To definitively characterize this product, RM from K cells transfected with FLAG-tagged GPI8 were employed. Western blots of anti-FLAG bead isolates of solubilized RM from the cells showed that the high Mr band corresponded to Gpi8p covalently bound to miniPLAP. Loss of the band following hydrazinolysis demonstrated that the two components were associated in a thioester linkage. The data indicate that recognition of the proprotein involves Gaa1p, that the interaction with the complex does not depend on a permissive omega site, and that Gpi8p forms a thioester intermediate with the proprotein. The method could be useful for rapid analysis of nascent protein interactions with transamidase components, and possibly for helping to prepare a functional in vitro transamidase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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de Macedo CS, Shams-Eldin H, Smith TK, Schwarz RT, Azzouz N. Inhibitors of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis. Biochimie 2003; 85:465-72. [PMID: 12770785 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(03)00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a complex glycolipid structure that acts as a membrane anchor for many cell-surface proteins of eukaryotes. GPI-anchored proteins are particularly abundant in protozoa such as Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania major, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, and represent the major carbohydrate modification of many cell-surface parasite proteins. Although the GPI core glycan is conserved in all organisms, many differences in additional modifications to GPI structures and biosynthetic pathways have been reported. Therefore, the characteristics of GPI biosynthesis are currently being explored for the development of parasite-specific inhibitors. In vitro and in vivo studies using sugars and substrate analogues as well as natural compounds have shown that it is possible to interfere with GPI biosynthesis at different steps in a species-specific manner. Here we review the recent and promising progress in the field of GPI inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Hygiene und Med. Mikrobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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