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Teakell S, Chen LS, Stellrecht CM, Gandhi V. The role of p53 and p21 on 8-chloro-adenosine-induced cellular response. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:1359-1374. [PMID: 35227162 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2038200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
8-Chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) is currently in phase I clinical trial. Activation of p53 and transactivation of p21 regulate cell fate after genotoxic insult. Using HCT-116-isogenic-cell-lines, we evaluated the role of p53/p21 after 8-Cl-Ado-mediated response. Following 30 µM 8-Cl-Ado treatment, RNA synthesis was inhibited, p53 protein was stabilized, and p21 expression was activated. None of the cell types were arrested in G1/S phase, however, cells lacking p53 were blocked in G2/M. These cells had the least increase in apoptotic cells, although clonogenic survival demonstrated equal inhibition in all 4 cell types. Collectively, irrespective of p53 and p21 status, 8-Cl-Ado-induced cytotoxicity was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Teakell
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa S Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christine M Stellrecht
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Structural Features of Nucleoprotein CST/Shelterin Complex Involved in the Telomere Maintenance and Its Association with Disease Mutations. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020359. [PMID: 32033110 PMCID: PMC7072152 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere comprises the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes and is composed of G-rich (TTAGGG) tandem repeats which play an important role in maintaining genome stability, premature aging and onsets of many diseases. Majority of the telomere are replicated by conventional DNA replication, and only the last bit of the lagging strand is synthesized by telomerase (a reverse transcriptase). In addition to replication, telomere maintenance is principally carried out by two key complexes known as shelterin (TRF1, TRF2, TIN2, RAP1, POT1, and TPP1) and CST (CDC13/CTC1, STN1, and TEN1). Shelterin protects the telomere from DNA damage response (DDR) and regulates telomere length by telomerase; while, CST govern the extension of telomere by telomerase and C strand fill-in synthesis. We have investigated both structural and biochemical features of shelterin and CST complexes to get a clear understanding of their importance in the telomere maintenance. Further, we have analyzed ~115 clinically important mutations in both of the complexes. Association of such mutations with specific cellular fault unveils the importance of shelterin and CST complexes in the maintenance of genome stability. A possibility of targeting shelterin and CST by small molecule inhibitors is further investigated towards the therapeutic management of associated diseases. Overall, this review provides a possible direction to understand the mechanisms of telomere borne diseases, and their therapeutic intervention.
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Buettner R, Nguyen LXT, Kumar B, Morales C, Liu C, Chen LS, Pemovska T, Synold TW, Palmer J, Thompson R, Li L, Hoang DH, Zhang B, Ghoda L, Kowolik C, Kontro M, Leitch C, Wennerberg K, Xu X, Chen CC, Horne D, Gandhi V, Pullarkat V, Marcucci G, Rosen ST. 8-chloro-adenosine activity in FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16295-16303. [PMID: 30770553 PMCID: PMC6697246 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs represent the backbone of several distinct chemotherapy regimens for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors has improved survival of AML patients, including those harboring the poor-risk FLT3-ITD mutation. Although these compounds are effective in killing proliferating blasts, they lack activity against quiescent leukemia stem cells (LSCs), which contributes to initial treatment refractoriness or subsequent disease relapse. The reagent 8-chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) is a ribose-containing, RNA-directed nucleoside analog that is incorporated into newly transcribed RNA rather than in DNA, causing inhibition of RNA transcription. In this report, we demonstrate antileukemic activities of 8-Cl-Ado in vitro and in vivo and provide mechanistic insight into the mode of action of 8-Cl-Ado in AML. 8-Cl-Ado markedly induced apoptosis in LSC, with negligible effects on normal stem cells. 8-Cl-Ado was particularly effective against AML cell lines and primary AML blast cells harboring the FLT3-ITD mutation. FLT3-ITD is associated with high expression of miR-155. Furthermore, we demonstrate that 8-Cl-Ado inhibits miR-155 expression levels accompanied by induction of DNA-damage and suppression of cell proliferation, through regulation of miR-155/ErbB3 binding protein 1(Ebp1)/p53/PCNA signaling. Finally, we determined that combined treatment of NSG mice engrafted with FLT3-ITD + MV4-11 AML cells with 8-Cl-Ado and the FLT3 inhibitor AC220 (quizartinib) synergistically enhanced survival, compared with that of mice treated with the individual drugs, suggesting a potentially effective approach for FLT3-ITD AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Buettner
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Le Xuan Truong Nguyen
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bijender Kumar
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Corey Morales
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Lisa S. Chen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tea Pemovska
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timothy W. Synold
- Department of Cancer Biology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Joycelynne Palmer
- Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ryan Thompson
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL
| | - Ling Li
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Dinh Hoa Hoang
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Lucy Ghoda
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Claudia Kowolik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Mika Kontro
- Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Calum Leitch
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xiaochun Xu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ching-Cheng Chen
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Vinod Pullarkat
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Steven T. Rosen
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
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ATP directed agent, 8-chloro-adenosine, induces AMP activated protein kinase activity, leading to autophagic cell death in breast cancer cells. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:23. [PMID: 24628795 PMCID: PMC4007639 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 8-chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) is a unique ribonucleoside analog which is currently in a phase I clinical trial for hematological malignancies. Previously, we demonstrated in breast cancer cells that a 3-day treatment with 10 μM 8-Cl-Ado causes a 90% loss of clonogenic survival. In contrast, there was only a modest induction of apoptosis under these conditions, suggesting an alternative mechanism for the tumoricidal activity of 8-Cl-Ado. Methods Cellular metabolism, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway signaling, as well as autophagy induction was evaluated in breast cancer cell lines treated with 8-Cl-Ado. The effects of knocking down essential autophagy factors with small interfering RNA on 8-Cl-Ado-inhibited cell survival was assessed in breast cancer cells by examining apoptosis induction and clonogenic survival. In vivo efficacy of 8-Cl-Ado was measured in two breast cancer orthotopic model systems. Results We demonstrate that in breast cancer cell lines, the metabolism of 8-Cl-Ado results in depletion of endogenous ATP that subsequently induces the phosphorylation and activation of the energy sensor, AMPK. This was associated with an attenuation of mTOR signaling and an induction of the phosphorylation of the autophagy factor, Unc51-like kinase 1 on Ser555. 8-Cl-Ado-mediated induction of autophagy was evident by increased aggregates of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) which was associated with its conversion to its lipidated form, LC3B-II, p62 degradative flux, and increased formation of acidic vesicular organelles. Additionally, transfection of MCF-7 cells with siRNA to ATG7 or beclin 1 provided partial protection of the cells to 8-Cl-Ado cytotoxicity as measured by clonogenicity. In vivo, 8-Cl-Ado inhibited growth of both MCF-7 and BT-474 xenograft tumors. Moreover, in 9 of 22 BT-474 tumors treated with 100 mg/kg/day 3 times a week, there was an absence of macroscopically detectable tumor after 3 weeks of treatment. Conclusions Our data demonstrates that 8-Cl-Ado treatment activates the AMPK pathway leading to autophagy induction of in breast cancer cells, eliciting, in part, its tumoricidal effects. Additionally, 8-Cl-Ado effectively inhibited in vivo tumor growth in mice. Based on this biological activity, we are planning to test 8-Cl-Ado in the clinic for patients with breast cancer.
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A novel approach to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of 8-chloro-adenosine by the dual combination of lipophilic derivatisation and liposome formulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:249-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Transcription inhibition as a therapeutic target for cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:4170-90. [PMID: 24213132 PMCID: PMC3763417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3044170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During tumorigenesis the transformed cells lose their normal growth control mechanisms and become dependent on oncogenes' products and pathways for survival. Treatments tailored to block the expression or function of transforming genes have shown efficacy in eliminating neoplastic cells. The mRNAs of many oncogenes, as well as regulators of other key processes such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, typically have shorter half-lives. Agents that impede mRNA synthesis are expected to selectively hinder the expression of these genes and, therefore, be detrimental to neoplastic cells that are physiologically dependent on them. In addition to exploiting the tumor cells' dependency on short-lived transcripts, RNA-directed agents also take advantage of the differential sensitivity between transformed and non-transformed cells, as the cytotoxic effects of inhibiting RNA synthesis have not been seen in non-transformed cells. The abrogation of the formation of oncotranscripts provides a new concept in cancer therapeutics and numerous agents have been developed which are able to target transcription. The focus of this review is to give an overview of transcription and the different inhibitory strategies that target various aspects of the transcriptional process.
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He S, Zhu W, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Ou Y, Li Y, Yan G. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional down-regulation of cyclin D1 contributes to C6 glioma cell differentiation induced by forskolin. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2241-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Xu Y. Chemistry in human telomere biology: structure, function and targeting of telomere DNA/RNA. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2719-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dennison JB, Balakrishnan K, Gandhi V. Preclinical activity of 8-chloroadenosine with mantle cell lymphoma: roles of energy depletion and inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:297-307. [PMID: 19709085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
8-Chloroadenosine (8-Cl-Ado), an RNA-directed nucleoside analogue, is currently under evaluation in phase I clinical trials for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In the current study, the efficacy of 8-Cl-Ado was evaluated using mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines: Granta 519, JeKo, Mino, and SP-53. After continuous exposure to 10 mumol/l 8-Cl-Ado for 24 h, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and poly [adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose] polymerase (PARP) cleavage were detected in three of four cell lines. Reduced ATP levels (30-60% reduction) and concurrent 8-Cl-ATP accumulation were highly associated with cell death (P < 0.01). The intracellular 8-Cl-ATP concentrations were also highly correlated with inhibition of global transcription (50-90%, r(2) = 0.90, P < 0.01). However, the inhibition of transcription only accounted for 30-40% of cell death as determined by equivalent inhibition with actinomycin D. Likewise, short-lived mRNAs, those encoding cyclin D1 and Mcl-1, were not consistently reduced after treatment. Unique to MCL as compared to other haematological malignancies, 8-Cl-Ado inhibited the rates of DNA synthesis and selectively depleted dATP pools (50-80%). We conclude that the DNA and RNA directed actions of 8-Cl-Ado in combination with depleted energetics may promote cell death and inhibit growth of MCL cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Dennison
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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A unique RNA-directed nucleoside analog is cytotoxic to breast cancer cells and depletes cyclin E levels. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 121:355-64. [PMID: 19641990 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to deoxyribose or arabinose containing nucleoside analogs that are currently established for cancer therapeutics, 8-chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) possesses a ribose sugar. This unique nucleoside analog is RNA-directed and is in a phase I clinical trial for hematological malignancies. RNA-directed therapies are effective for the treatment of many malignancies as their activities are primarily aimed at short-lived transcripts, which are typically encoded by genes that promote the growth and survival of tumor cells such as cyclin E in breast cancer. Based on this, we hypothesized that 8-Cl-Ado, a transcription inhibitor, will be effective for the treatment of breast cancer cells. The metabolism of 8-Cl-Ado and the effect on ATP in the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and BT-474 were measured using HPLC analysis. In these cells, 8-Cl-Ado was effectively taken up, converted to its cytotoxic metabolite, 8-Cl-ATP, and depleted the endogenous ATP levels. This in turn led to an inhibition of RNA synthesis. The RNA synthesis inhibition was associated with a depletion of cyclin E expression, which is indicative of a diminished tumorigenic phenotype. The final outcome of 8-Cl-Ado treatment of the breast cancer cells was growth inhibition due to an induction of apoptosis and a loss of clonogenic survival. These results indicate that 8-Cl-Ado, which is currently in clinic for hematological malignancies, may be an effective agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Bajić V, Djelić N, Spremo-Potparević B, Zivković L, Milićević Z. A study on the genotoxic effects of 8-Cl-cAMP on human lymphocytes in vitro. RUSS J GENET+ 2008; 44:631-637. [PMID: 18672796 DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408050062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP) is the most potent cAMP analogue that selectively inhibits a variety of cancer cell lines in vitro and tumors in vivo. Its action toward a variety of tumors, especially when coupled with other antitumor agents, have lead to phase I clinical investigations and recently phase II clinical investigations. Until today very little was done to evaluate its genotoxic potential. In order to evaluate its genotoxic potential we used the cytogenetic and cytokinesis block micronucleus assay in vitro on peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy individuals. Using three concentrations (1 microM, 5 microM and 15 microM), 8-Cl-cAMP in normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes did not induce any cytogenetic aberrations of the structural type [chromatid breakage, isochromatid breakage and gaps], but did induce premature centromere separation (PCS) in all respective doses and increased the frequency of micronuclei (p <0.05) only in the highest dose (15 microM). Antiproliferative action of 8-Cl-cAMP was estimated by using the cytokinesis block nuclear division index (NDI). The results showed a decrease in the NDI of cells exposed to all doses of 8-Cl-cAMP when compared to control. Therefore, the overall results show a genotoxic potential of 8-Cl-cAMP in peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bajić
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Galenika Pharmaceuticals, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Yao J, Duan L, Fan M, Wu X. γ-secretase inhibitors exerts antitumor activity via down-regulation of Notch and Nuclear factor kappa B in human tongue carcinoma cells. Oral Dis 2007; 13:555-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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De Cian A, Lacroix L, Douarre C, Temime-Smaali N, Trentesaux C, Riou JF, Mergny JL. Targeting telomeres and telomerase. Biochimie 2007; 90:131-55. [PMID: 17822826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres and telomerase represent, at least in theory, an extremely attractive target for cancer therapy. The objective of this review is to present the latest view on the mechanism(s) of action of telomerase inhibitors, with an emphasis on a specific class of telomere ligands called G-quadruplex ligands, and to discuss their potential use in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne De Cian
- INSERM, U565, Acides nucléiques: dynamique, ciblage et fonctions biologiques, 43 rue Cuvier, CP26, Paris Cedex 05, F-75231, France
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