1
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Parastar H, Tauler R. Big (Bio)Chemical Data Mining Using Chemometric Methods: A Need for Chemists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Parastar
- Department of Chemistry Sharif University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Roma Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry IDAEA-CSIC 08034 Barcelona Spain
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2
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Gries P, Rathore AS, Lu X, Chiou J, Huynh YB, Lodi A, Tiziani S. Automated Trimethyl Sulfonium Hydroxide Derivatization Method for High-Throughput Fatty Acid Profiling by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206246. [PMID: 34684827 PMCID: PMC8538735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid profiling on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) platforms is typically performed offline by manually derivatizing and analyzing small batches of samples. A GC–MS system with a fully integrated robotic autosampler can significantly improve sample handling, standardize data collection, and reduce the total hands-on time required for sample analysis. In this study, we report an optimized high-throughput GC–MS-based methodology that utilizes trimethyl sulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) as a derivatization reagent to convert fatty acids into fatty acid methyl esters. An automated online derivatization method was developed, in which the robotic autosampler derivatizes each sample individually and injects it into the GC–MS system in a high-throughput manner. This study investigated the robustness of automated TMSH derivatization by comparing fatty acid standards and lipid extracts, derivatized manually in batches and online automatically from four biological matrices. Automated derivatization improved reproducibility in 19 of 33 fatty acid standards, with nearly half of the 33 confirmed fatty acids in biological samples demonstrating improved reproducibility when compared to manually derivatized samples. In summary, we show that the online TMSH-based derivatization methodology is ideal for high-throughput fatty acid analysis, allowing rapid and efficient fatty acid profiling, with reduced sample handling, faster data acquisition, and, ultimately, improved data reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gries
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (P.G.); (A.S.R.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Y.B.H.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Atul Singh Rathore
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (P.G.); (A.S.R.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Y.B.H.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (P.G.); (A.S.R.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Y.B.H.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Jennifer Chiou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (P.G.); (A.S.R.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Y.B.H.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Yen Bao Huynh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (P.G.); (A.S.R.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Y.B.H.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (P.G.); (A.S.R.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Y.B.H.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (P.G.); (A.S.R.); (X.L.); (J.C.); (Y.B.H.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, LiveSTRONG Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-512-495-4706
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3
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Alkhalil A, Ball RL, Garg G, Day A, Carney BC, Kumar R, Hammamieh R, Moffatt LT, Shupp JW. Cutaneous Thermal Injury Modulates Blood and Skin Metabolomes Differently in a Murine Model. J Burn Care Res 2020; 42:727-742. [PMID: 33301570 PMCID: PMC8335952 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As the field of metabolomics develops further, investigations of how the metabolome is affected following thermal injury may be helpful to inform diagnostics and guide treatments. In this study, changes to the metabolome were tested and validated in a murine burn injury model. After a 30% total body surface scald injury or sham procedure sera and skin biopsies were collected at 1, 2, 6, or 24 hr. Burn-specific changes in the metabolome were detected compared to sham animals. The sera metabolome exhibited a more rapid response to burn injury than that of the skin and it peaked more proximal to injury (6 vs 24 hr). Progression of metabolic response in the skin was less synchronous and showed a higher overlap of the significantly modified metabolites (SMMs) among tested time-points. Top affected pathways identified by SMMs of skin included inositol phosphate metabolism, ascorbate and alderate metabolism, caffeine metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Future research is warranted in human and larger animal models to further elucidate the role of metabolomic perturbations and the pathophysiology following burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulnaser Alkhalil
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Robert L Ball
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia.,The Burn Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gaurav Garg
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia.,The Burn Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Anna Day
- The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Bonnie C Carney
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Raina Kumar
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Maryland.,Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health, Center for Environmental Health, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Lauren T Moffatt
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jeffrey W Shupp
- Firefighters' Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia.,The Burn Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia.,Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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4
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Pouralijan Amiri M, Khoshkam M, Salek RM, Madadi R, Faghanzadeh Ganji G, Ramazani A. Metabolomics in early detection and prognosis of acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:43-53. [PMID: 30928571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the most dangerous types of coronary heart disease (CHD) and contributes to significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Outcomes in these patients remain a challenge despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment. Risk stratification continues to be problematic and the identification of novel predictors is crucial for improved outcomes. As such, there is a strong need for the development of novel analytical methods as well as the characterization of better predictive and prognostic biomarkers to enable more personalized treatment. Metabolite profile analysis may greatly assist in interpreting altered pathway dynamics, especially when combined with other 'omics' technologies such as transcriptomics and proteomics. In this review, we describe ACS pathophysiology and recent advances in the role of metabolomics in the diagnosis and the molecular pathogenesis of ACS. We briefly describe key technologies used in metabolomics research and statistical approaches for data reduction and pathway analysis and discuss their application to CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pouralijan Amiri
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoshkam
- Chemistry Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Reza M Salek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK.
| | - Reza Madadi
- Department of Cardiology, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Ramazani
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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5
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Cardellini M, Ballanti M, Davato F, Cardolini I, Guglielmi V, Rizza S, Pecchioli C, Casagrande V, Mavilio M, Porzio O, Legramante JM, Ippoliti A, Farcomeni A, Sbraccia P, Menghini R, Dumas ME, Kappel BA, Federici M. 2-hydroxycaproate predicts cardiovascular mortality in patients with atherosclerotic disease. Atherosclerosis 2018; 277:179-185. [PMID: 29958653 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to identify novel biomarkers for cardiovascular mortality through a non-targeted metabolomics approach in patients with established atherosclerotic disease from the Tor Vergata Atherosclerosis Registry (TVAR). METHODS We compared the serum baseline metabolome of 19 patients with atherosclerosis suffering from cardiovascular death during follow-up with the baseline serum metabolome of 20 control patients matched for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and atherosclerotic disease status, who survived during the observation period. RESULTS Three metabolites were significantly different in the cardiovascular mortality (CVM) group compared to controls: 2-hydroxycaproate, gluconate and sorbitol. 2-hydroxycaproate (otherwise known as alpha hydroxy caproate) was also significantly correlated with time to death. The metabolites performed better when combined together rather than singularly on the identification of CVM status. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis led to identify few metabolites potentially amenable of translation into the clinical practice as biomarkers for specific metabolic changes in the cardiovascular system in patients with established atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cardellini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Ballanti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Francesca Davato
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Iris Cardolini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Valeria Guglielmi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Stefano Rizza
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Pecchioli
- Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Mavilio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Ottavia Porzio
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | | | - Arnaldo Ippoliti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Alessio Farcomeni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
| | - Paolo Sbraccia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Rossella Menghini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | | | - Ben A Kappel
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy; Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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6
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Tauler R, Parastar H. Big (Bio)Chemical Data Mining Using Chemometric Methods: A Need for Chemists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 61:e201801134. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roma Tauler
- IDAEA-CSIC Environmental Chemistry Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona SPAIN
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7
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Kubicek-Sutherland JZ, Vu DM, Mendez HM, Jakhar S, Mukundan H. Detection of Lipid and Amphiphilic Biomarkers for Disease Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7030025. [PMID: 28677660 PMCID: PMC5618031 DOI: 10.3390/bios7030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis is crucial to effectively treating any disease. Biological markers, or biomarkers, have been widely used to diagnose a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The detection of biomarkers in patient samples can also provide valuable information regarding progression and prognosis. Interestingly, many such biomarkers are composed of lipids, and are amphiphilic in biochemistry, which leads them to be often sequestered by host carriers. Such sequestration enhances the difficulty of developing sensitive and accurate sensors for these targets. Many of the physiologically relevant molecules involved in pathogenesis and disease are indeed amphiphilic. This chemical property is likely essential for their biological function, but also makes them challenging to detect and quantify in vitro. In order to understand pathogenesis and disease progression while developing effective diagnostics, it is important to account for the biochemistry of lipid and amphiphilic biomarkers when creating novel techniques for the quantitative measurement of these targets. Here, we review techniques and methods used to detect lipid and amphiphilic biomarkers associated with disease, as well as their feasibility for use as diagnostic targets, highlighting the significance of their biochemical properties in the design and execution of laboratory and diagnostic strategies. The biochemistry of biological molecules is clearly relevant to their physiological function, and calling out the need for consideration of this feature in their study, and use as vaccine, diagnostic and therapeutic targets is the overarching motivation for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Z Kubicek-Sutherland
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Dung M Vu
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Heather M Mendez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA.
| | - Shailja Jakhar
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Harshini Mukundan
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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8
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Deguchi H, Elias DJ, Griffin JH. Minor Plasma Lipids Modulate Clotting Factor Activities and May Affect Thrombosis Risk. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2017; 1:93-102. [PMID: 29082360 PMCID: PMC5658053 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Essentials Circulating blood contains hundreds of lipids, many of which might influence blood coagulation. Recent discoveries about circulating lipids that can affect blood coagulation are reviewed. Minor abundance plasma lipids can modulate thrombin generation via direct effects on factor Xa. Variations in minor abundance plasma lipids can influence thrombin generation and thrombosis risk.
Abstract Different minor abundance plasma lipids significantly influence thrombin generation in vitro and significant differences in such lipids are linked to risk for venous thrombosis. Some plasma sphingolipids including glucosylceramide, lyso‐sulfatide and sphingosine have anticoagulant properties whereas, conversely, some plasma phospholipid derivatives, including certain lyso‐phospholipids and ethanolamides, have procoagulant properties. Plasma metabolite profiling of venous thrombosis patients showed association of venous thrombosis with decreased plasma long‐chain acylcarntines, leading to discovery of their anticoagulant activity as inhibitors of factor Xa. Inhibition of factor Xa by acylcarnitines does not require the protein's Gla‐domain, emphasizing an expanded framework for the paradigm for lipid‐clotting factor interactions. Overall, whether by genetics or environment, alterations in the dynamics of lipid metabolism linked to an altered lipidome may contribute to regulation of blood coagulation because imbalances between physiologic procoagulant and anticoagulant lipids may contribute to excessive thrombin generation that augments risk for thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Deguchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Darlene J Elias
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Scripps Clinic and Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Abstract
Due to the incidence of type-2 diabetes and hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a major public health problem worldwide. CKD results in premature death from accelerated cardiovascular disease and various other complications. Early detection, careful monitoring of renal function, and response to therapeutic intervention are critical for prevention of CKD progression and its complications. Unfortunately, traditional biomarkers of renal function are insufficiently sensitive or specific to detect early stages of disease when therapeutic intervention is most effective. Therefore, more sensitive biomarkers of kidney disease are needed for early diagnosis, monitoring, and effective treatment. CKD results in profound changes in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism that, in turn, contribute to progression of CKD and its cardiovascular complications. Lipids and lipid-derived metabolites play diverse and critically important roles in the structure and function of cells, tissues, and biofluids. Lipidomics is a branch of metabolomics, which encompasses the global study of lipids and their biologic function in health and disease including identification of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and therapeutic response for various diseases. This review summarizes recent developments in lipidomics and its application to various kidney diseases including chronic glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, chronic renal failure, renal cell carcinoma, diabetic nephropathy, and acute renal failure in clinical and experimental research. Analytical technologies, data analysis, as well as currently known metabolic biomarkers of kidney diseases are addressed. Future perspectives and potential limitations of lipidomics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Rui-Chao Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, PR China
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10
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Rolim AEH, Henrique-Araújo R, Ferraz EG, de Araújo Alves Dultra FK, Fernandez LG. Lipidomics in the study of lipid metabolism: Current perspectives in the omic sciences. Gene 2014; 554:131-9. [PMID: 25445283 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The advances in systems biology and in the development of new technological tools in analysis, as well as in the omic sciences, among which, metabolomics, and more specifically, lipidomics, have made it possible to investigate the structural and functional complexity of lipids in biological systems. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are the analytical approaches most used in lipid research. Biomedical research, with the development of specific markers for lipids, together with new software development, have both enabled the early diagnosis of several illnesses, besides the evaluation of drug activity and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Emília Holanda Rolim
- Post-graduation Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Henrique-Araújo
- Post-graduation Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gomes Ferraz
- Post-graduation Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fátima Karoline de Araújo Alves Dultra
- Post-graduation Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luzimar Gonzaga Fernandez
- Institute of Health Sciences-ICS, Federal University of Bahia-UFBA, Department of Biofunção, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioproducts-LBBB, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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11
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Mikkelsen MS, Savorani F, Rasmussen MA, Jespersen BM, Kristensen M, Engelsen SB. New insights from a β-glucan human intervention study using NMR metabolomics. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Dazard JEJ, Sandlers Y, Doerner SK, Berger NA, Brunengraber H. Metabolomics of ApcMin/+ mice genetically susceptible to intestinal cancer. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:72. [PMID: 24954394 PMCID: PMC4099115 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background To determine how diets high in saturated fat could increase polyp formation in the mouse model of intestinal neoplasia, ApcMin/+, we conducted large-scale metabolome analysis and association study of colon and small intestine polyp formation from plasma and liver samples of ApcMin/+ vs. wild-type littermates, kept on low vs. high-fat diet. Label-free mass spectrometry was used to quantify untargeted plasma and acyl-CoA liver compounds, respectively. Differences in contrasts of interest were analyzed statistically by unsupervised and supervised modeling approaches, namely Principal Component Analysis and Linear Model of analysis of variance. Correlation between plasma metabolite concentrations and polyp numbers was analyzed with a zero-inflated Generalized Linear Model. Results Plasma metabolome in parallel to promotion of tumor development comprises a clearly distinct profile in ApcMin/+ mice vs. wild type littermates, which is further altered by high-fat diet. Further, functional metabolomics pathway and network analyses in ApcMin/+ mice on high-fat diet revealed associations between polyp formation and plasma metabolic compounds including those involved in amino-acids metabolism as well as nicotinamide and hippuric acid metabolic pathways. Finally, we also show changes in liver acyl-CoA profiles, which may result from a combination of ApcMin/+-mediated tumor progression and high fat diet. The biological significance of these findings is discussed in the context of intestinal cancer progression. Conclusions These studies show that high-throughput metabolomics combined with appropriate statistical modeling and large scale functional approaches can be used to monitor and infer changes and interactions in the metabolome and genome of the host under controlled experimental conditions. Further these studies demonstrate the impact of diet on metabolic pathways and its relation to intestinal cancer progression. Based on our results, metabolic signatures and metabolic pathways of polyposis and intestinal carcinoma have been identified, which may serve as useful targets for the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Eudes J Dazard
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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13
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Kostara CE, Papathanasiou A, Psychogios N, Cung MT, Elisaf MS, Goudevenos J, Bairaktari ET. NMR-Based Lipidomic Analysis of Blood Lipoproteins Differentiates the Progression of Coronary Heart Disease. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2585-98. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500061n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manh Thong Cung
- Laboratoire
de Chimie-Physique Macromoléculaire, UMR 7568 CNRS-INPL, Nancy-Université, 1 Rue Grandville, B.P. 20451, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
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14
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Savorani F, Rasmussen MA, Mikkelsen MS, Engelsen SB. A primer to nutritional metabolomics by NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease accounts for nearly half of the global cardiovascular disease burden. Aetiologies relating to heart disease are complex, but dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and inflammation are cardinal features. Despite preventative measures and advancements in treatment regimens with lipid-lowering agents, the high prevalence of heart disease and the residual risk of recurrent events continue to be a significant burden to the health sector and to the affected individuals and their families. The development of improved risk models for the early detection and prevention of cardiovascular events in addition to new therapeutic strategies to address this residual risk are required if we are to continue to make inroads into this most prevalent of diseases. Metabolomics and lipidomics are modern disciplines that characterize the metabolite and lipid complement respectively, of a given system. Their application to ischaemic heart disease has demonstrated utilities in population profiling, identification of multivariate biomarkers and in monitoring of therapeutic response, as well as in basic mechanistic studies. Although advances in magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry technologies have given rise to the fields of metabolomics and lipidomics, the plethora of data generated presents challenges requiring specific statistical and bioinformatics applications, together with appropriate study designs. Nonetheless, the predictive and re-classification capacity of individuals with various degrees of risk by the plasma lipidome has recently been demonstrated. In the present review, we summarize evidence derived exclusively by metabolomic and lipidomic studies in the context of ischaemic heart disease. We consider the potential role of plasma lipid profiling in assessing heart disease risk and therapeutic responses, and explore the potential mechanisms. Finally, we highlight where metabolomic studies together with complementary -omic disciplines may make further inroads into the understanding, detection and treatment of ischaemic heart disease.
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16
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Clinical metabolomics: the next stage of clinical biochemistry. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2012; 10 Suppl 2:s19-24. [PMID: 22890264 DOI: 10.2450/2012.005s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Zhang A, Sun H, Wang X. Saliva Metabolomics Opens Door to Biomarker Discovery, Disease Diagnosis, and Treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1718-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Tan G, Liao W, Dong X, Yang G, Zhu Z, Li W, Chai Y, Lou Z. Metabonomic profiles delineate the effect of traditional Chinese medicine sini decoction on myocardial infarction in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34157. [PMID: 22493681 PMCID: PMC3320902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of great advances in target-oriented Western medicine for treating myocardial infarction (MI), it is still a leading cause of death in a worldwide epidemic. In contrast to Western medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) uses a holistic and synergistic approach to restore the balance of Yin-Yang of body energy so the body's normal function can be restored. Sini decoction (SND) is a well-known formula of TCM which has been used to treat MI for many years. However, its holistic activity evaluation and mechanistic understanding are still lacking due to its complex components. Methodology/Principal Findings A urinary metabonomic method based on nuclear magnetic resonance and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed to characterize MI-related metabolic profiles and delineate the effect of SND on MI. With Elastic Net for classification and selection of biomarkers, nineteen potential biomarkers in rat urine were screened out, primarily related to myocardial energy metabolism, including the glycolysis, citrate cycle, amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism. With the altered metabolism pathways as possible drug targets, we systematically analyze the therapeutic effect of SND, which demonstrated that SND administration could provide satisfactory effect on MI through partially regulating the perturbed myocardial energy metabolism. Conclusions/Significance Our results showed that metabonomic approach offers a useful tool to identify MI-related biomarkers and provides a new methodological cue for systematically dissecting the underlying efficacies and mechanisms of TCM in treating MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangguo Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Genjing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuhong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyang Lou
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Hein EM, Hayen H. Comparative Lipidomic Profiling of S. cerevisiae and Four Other Hemiascomycetous Yeasts. Metabolites 2012; 2:254-67. [PMID: 24957378 PMCID: PMC3901198 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids (GP) are the building blocks of cellular membranes and play essential roles in cell compartmentation, membrane fluidity or apoptosis. In addition, GPs are sources for multifunctional second messengers. Whereas the genome and proteome of the most intensively studied eukaryotic model organism, the baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), are well characterized, the analysis of its lipid composition is still at the beginning. Moreover, different yeast species can be distinguished on the DNA, RNA and protein level, but it is currently unknown if they can also be differentiated by determination of their GP pattern. Therefore, the GP compositions of five different yeast strains, grown under identical environmental conditions, were elucidated using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to negative electrospray ionization-hybrid linear ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in single and multistage mode. Using this approach, relative quantification of more than 100 molecular species belonging to nine GP classes was achieved. The comparative lipidomic profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, Pichia angusta, and Yarrowia lipolytica revealed characteristic GP profiles for each strain. However, genetically related yeast strains show similarities in their GP compositions, e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hein
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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20
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Recent and potential developments of biofluid analyses in metabolomics. J Proteomics 2012; 75:1079-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Marette A, Sweeney G. Cardiovascular complications of diabetes: recent insights in pathophysiology and therapeutics. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:689-696. [PMID: 30780882 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications represent the principal cause of death in patients with Type 2 diabetes. It is therefore of great importance to dissect the genetic determinants and molecular mechanisms responsible for diabetic cardiovascular complications. New research is of particular importance since, somewhat unexpectedly, large-scale clinical trials have indicated that glycemic control does not appear to have the anticipated major influence as a factor dictating cardiovascular outcome in diabetics. Hence, additional pathophysiological factors such as dyslipidemia, as well as proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic mechanisms, need to be more carefully examined. In this article, we will focus on recent studies in both animal models and humans as well as cellular mechanistic studies that advance our knowledge on the role of dyslipidemia, inflammation and atherosclerotic events in the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. We also translate our focus on research insights to related therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Marette
- a Department of Medicine, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- b Institut Pasteur Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
- c Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Lin HM, Helsby NA, Rowan DD, Ferguson LR. Using metabolomic analysis to understand inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1021-9. [PMID: 20629098 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) attributed to a dysregulated immune response towards intestinal microbiota. Although various susceptibility genes have been identified for CD and UC, the exact disease etiology is unclear and complicated by the influence of environmental factors. Metabolomic analysis enables high sample throughput measurements of multiple metabolites in biological samples. The use of metabolomic analysis in medical sciences has revealed metabolite perturbations associated with diseases. This article provides a summary of the current understanding of IBD, and describes potential applications and previous metabolomic analysis in IBD research to understand IBD pathogenesis and improve IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Lin
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Metabolomic profiling for identification of novel potential biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:790132. [PMID: 21274272 PMCID: PMC3022229 DOI: 10.1155/2011/790132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics involves the identification and quantification of metabolites present in a biological system. Three different approaches can be used: metabolomic fingerprinting, metabolic profiling, and metabolic footprinting, in order to evaluate the clinical course of a disease, patient recovery, changes in response to surgical intervention or pharmacological treatment, as well as other associated features. Characteristic patterns of metabolites can be revealed that broaden our understanding of a particular disorder. In the present paper, common strategies and analytical techniques used in metabolomic studies are reviewed, particularly with reference to the cardiovascular field.
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24
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Liu XR, Zheng XF, Ji SZ, Lv YH, Zheng DY, Xia ZF, Zhang WD. Metabolomic analysis of thermally injured and/or septic rats. Burns 2010; 36:992-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Dunn WB, Broadhurst DI, Atherton HJ, Goodacre R, Griffin JL. Systems level studies of mammalian metabolomes: the roles of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 40:387-426. [PMID: 20717559 DOI: 10.1039/b906712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of biological systems in a holistic manner (systems biology) is increasingly being viewed as a necessity to provide qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the emergent properties of the complete system. Systems biology performs studies focussed on the complex interactions of system components; emphasising the whole system rather than the individual parts. Many perturbations to mammalian systems (diet, disease, drugs) are multi-factorial and the study of small parts of the system is insufficient to understand the complete phenotypic changes induced. Metabolomics is one functional level tool being employed to investigate the complex interactions of metabolites with other metabolites (metabolism) but also the regulatory role metabolites provide through interaction with genes, transcripts and proteins (e.g. allosteric regulation). Technological developments are the driving force behind advances in scientific knowledge. Recent advances in the two analytical platforms of mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have driven forward the discipline of metabolomics. In this critical review, an introduction to metabolites, metabolomes, metabolomics and the role of MS and NMR spectroscopy will be provided. The applications of metabolomics in mammalian systems biology for the study of the health-disease continuum, drug efficacy and toxicity and dietary effects on mammalian health will be reviewed. The current limitations and future goals of metabolomics in systems biology will also be discussed (374 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick B Dunn
- Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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26
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Zhang Q, Wang G, A J, Ma B, Dua Y, Zhu L, Wu D. Metabonomic profiling of diet-induced hyperlipidaemia in a rat model. Biomarkers 2009; 15:205-16. [DOI: 10.3109/13547500903419049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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Madsen R, Lundstedt T, Trygg J. Chemometrics in metabolomics--a review in human disease diagnosis. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 659:23-33. [PMID: 20103103 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a post genomic research field concerned with developing methods for analysis of low molecular weight compounds in biological systems, such as cells, organs or organisms. Analyzing metabolic differences between unperturbed and perturbed systems, such as healthy volunteers and patients with a disease, can lead to insights into the underlying pathology. In metabolomics analysis, large amounts of data are routinely produced in order to characterize samples. The use of multivariate data analysis techniques and chemometrics is a commonly used strategy for obtaining reliable results. Metabolomics have been applied in different fields such as disease diagnosis, toxicology, plant science and pharmaceutical and environmental research. In this review we take a closer look at the chemometric methods used and the available results within the field of disease diagnosis. We will first present some current strategies for performing metabolomics studies, especially regarding disease diagnosis. The main focus will be on data analysis strategies and validation of multivariate models, since there are many pitfalls in this regard. Further, we highlight the most interesting metabolomics publications and discuss these in detail; additional studies are mentioned as a reference for the interested reader. A general trend is an increased focus on biological interpretation rather than merely the ability to classify samples. In the conclusions, the general trends and some recommendations for improving metabolomics data analysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Madsen
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), KBC, Umeå University, S-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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28
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Lin HM, Edmunds SI, Helsby NA, Ferguson LR, Rowan DD. Nontargeted urinary metabolite profiling of a mouse model of Crohn's disease. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2045-57. [PMID: 19275240 DOI: 10.1021/pr800999t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disorder of the bowel, believed to arise from the dysregulation of intestinal mucosal immunity. The interleukin-10-deficient (IL10-/-) mouse, which develops intestinal inflammation in the presence of gut microflora, serves as a mouse model of Crohn's disease. Nontargeted urinary metabolite profiling was carried out to identify systemic metabolic changes associated with the development of intestinal inflammation caused by IL10-deficiency. Spot urine samples, collected from IL10-/- and wildtype mice at ages 5.5, 7, 8.5, and 10.5 weeks old were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The data were analyzed using XCMS software, multiple t tests, and ANOVA. Among the key metabolic differences detected were elevated urinary levels of xanthurenic acid and fucose in IL10-/- mice relative to wildtype, indicating upregulation of tryptophan catabolism and perturbed fucosylation in IL10-/- mice. Three short-chain dicarboxylic acid metabolites were decreased in urine of IL10-/- mice relative to wildtype, suggesting the downregulation of fatty acid oxidation in IL10-/- mice. These metabolic differences were reproducible in an independent set of mice. This study demonstrates that nontargeted GCMS metabolite profiling of IL10-/- mice can provide insights into the metabolic effects of IL10-deficiency and identify potential markers of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Lin
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Tang J, Tan CY, Oresic M, Vidal-Puig A. Integrating post-genomic approaches as a strategy to advance our understanding of health and disease. Genome Med 2009; 1:35. [PMID: 19341506 PMCID: PMC2664946 DOI: 10.1186/gm35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the publication of the complete human genomic sequence, the post-genomic era is driven by the need to extract useful information from genomic data. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epidemiological data and microbial data provide different angles to our understanding of gene-environment interactions and the determinants of disease and health. Our goal and our challenge are to integrate these very different types of data and perspectives of disease into a global model suitable for dissecting the mechanisms of disease and for predicting novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims to highlight the need for and problems with complex data integration, and proposes a framework for data integration. While there are many obstacles to overcome, biological models based upon multiple datasets will probably become the basis that drives future biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Chong Yew Tan
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matej Oresic
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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