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Bridoux L, Gofflot F, Rezsohazy R. HOX Protein Activity Regulation by Cellular Localization. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9040056. [PMID: 34940503 PMCID: PMC8707151 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the functions of HOX genes have been and remain extensively studied in distinct model organisms from flies to mice, the molecular biology of HOX proteins remains poorly documented. In particular, the mechanisms involved in regulating the activity of HOX proteins have been poorly investigated. Nonetheless, based on data available from other well-characterized transcription factors, it can be assumed that HOX protein activity must be finely tuned in a cell-type-specific manner and in response to defined environmental cues. Indeed, records in protein–protein interaction databases or entries in post-translational modification registries clearly support that HOX proteins are the targets of multiple layers of regulation at the protein level. In this context, we review here what has been reported and what can be inferred about how the activities of HOX proteins are regulated by their intracellular distribution.
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Serio RN, Laursen KB, Urvalek AM, Gross SS, Gudas LJ. Ethanol promotes differentiation of embryonic stem cells through retinoic acid receptor-γ. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5536-5548. [PMID: 30737277 PMCID: PMC6462535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) is a teratogen, but its teratogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. The alcohol form of vitamin A (retinol/ROL) can be oxidized to all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), which plays a critical role in stem cell differentiation and development. Using an embryonic stem cell (ESC) model to analyze EtOH's effects on differentiation, we show here that EtOH and acetaldehyde, but not acetate, increase differentiation-associated mRNA levels, and that EtOH decreases pluripotency-related mRNAs. Using reporter assays, ChIP assays, and retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARγ) knockout ESC lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and homologous recombination, we demonstrate that EtOH signals via RARγ binding to RA response elements (RAREs) in differentiation-associated gene promoters or enhancers. We also report that EtOH-mediated increases in homeobox A1 (Hoxa1) and cytochrome P450 family 26 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp26a1) transcripts, direct RA target genes, require the expression of the RA-synthesizing enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (Aldh1a2), suggesting that EtOH-mediated induction of Hoxa1 and Cyp26a1 requires ROL from the serum. As shown with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout lines, the retinol dehydrogenase gene Rdh10 and a functional RARE in the ROL transporter stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (Stra6) gene are required for EtOH induction of Hoxa1 and Cyp26a1 We conclude that EtOH stimulates stem cell differentiation by increasing the influx and metabolism of ROL for downstream RARγ-dependent transcription. In stem cells, EtOH may shift cell fate decisions to alter developmental outcomes by increasing endogenous ROL/RA signaling via increased Stra6 expression and ROL oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Serio
- From the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065 and
| | - Kristian B Laursen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alison M Urvalek
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Steven S Gross
- From the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065 and
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- From the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065 and
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
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Sun Q, Gatie MI, Kelly GM. Serum-dependent and -independent regulation of PARP2. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:600-611. [PMID: 30880404 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP2 belongs to a family of proteins involved in cell differentiation, DNA damage repair, cellular energy expenditure, and chromatin modeling. In addition to these overlapping functions with PARP1, PARP2 participates in spermatogenesis, T-cell maturation, extra-embryonic endoderm formation, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and cholesterol homeostasis. Knowledge of the functions of PARP2 is far from complete, and the mechanism(s) by which the gene and protein are regulated are unknown. In this study, we found that two different mechanisms are used in vitro to regulate PARP2 levels. In the presence of serum, PARP2 is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; however, when serum is removed or dialyzed with a 3.5 kDa molecular cut membrane, PARP2 rapidly becomes sodium dodecyl sulphate- and urea-insoluble. Despite the presence of a putative serum response element in the PARP2 gene, transcription is not affected by serum deprivation, and PARP2 levels are restored when serum is replaced. The loss of PARP2 affects cell differentiation and gene expression linked to cholesterol and lipid metabolism. These observations highlight the critical roles that PARP2 plays under different physiological conditions, and reveal that PARP2 is tightly regulated by distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Sun
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mohamed I Gatie
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gregory M Kelly
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.,Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Paediatrics, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.,Child Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON N6C 2B5, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
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Kraft S, Moore JB, Muzikansky A, Scott KL, Duncan LM. Differential UBE2C and HOXA1 expression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2017; 44:843-850. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kraft
- Pathology Service and Dermatopathology Unit; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Johanna B. Moore
- Pathology Service and Dermatopathology Unit; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatopathology; Western Pathology Inc; San Luis Obispo California
| | - Alona Muzikansky
- Biostatistics Center; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth L. Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | - Lyn M. Duncan
- Pathology Service and Dermatopathology Unit; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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The leukemogenicity of Hoxa9 depends on alternative splicing. Leukemia 2014; 28:1838-43. [PMID: 24535405 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the transforming potential of Hox genes is known for a long time, it is not precisely understood to which extent splicing is important for the leukemogenicity of this gene family. To test this for Hoxa9, we compared the leukemogenic potential of the wild-type Hoxa9, which undergoes natural splicing, with a full-length Hoxa9 construct, which was engineered to prevent natural splicing (Hoxa9FLim). Inability to undergo splicing significantly reduced in vivo leukemogenicity compared to Hoxa9-wild-typed. Importantly, Hoxa9FLim could compensate for the reduced oncogenicity by collaborating with the natural splice variant Hoxa9T, as co-expression of Hoxa9T and Hoxa9FLim induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after a comparable latency time as wild-type Hoxa9. Hoxa9T on its own induced AML after a similar latency as Hoxa9FLim, despite its inability to bind DNA. These data assign splicing a central task in Hox gene mediated leukemogenesis and suggest an important role of homeodomain-less splice variants in hematological neoplasms.
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Bergiers I, Bridoux L, Nguyen N, Twizere JC, Rezsöhazy R. The homeodomain transcription factor Hoxa2 interacts with and promotes the proteasomal degradation of the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase RCHY1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80387. [PMID: 24244684 PMCID: PMC3820564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox proteins are conserved homeodomain transcription factors known to be crucial regulators of animal development. As transcription factors, the functions and modes of action (co-factors, target genes) of Hox proteins have been very well studied in a multitude of animal models. However, a handful of reports established that Hox proteins may display molecular activities distinct from gene transcription regulation. Here, we reveal that Hoxa2 interacts with 20S proteasome subunits and RCHY1 (also known as PIRH2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets p53 for degradation. We further show that Hoxa2 promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of RCHY1 in an ubiquitin-independent manner. Correlatively, Hoxa2 alters the RCHY1-mediated ubiquitination of p53 and promotes p53 stabilization. Together, our data establish that Hoxa2 can regulate the proteasomal degradation of RCHY1 and stabilization of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bergiers
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laure Bridoux
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nathan Nguyen
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Signaling and Protein Interactions, GIGA-R, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - René Rezsöhazy
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Cai J, Zheng T, Zhang L, Tian Y, Yang MH, Du J. Effects of Herba Epimedii and Fructus Ligustri lucidi on the transcription factors in hypothalamus of aged rats. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 17:758-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lambert B, Vandeputte J, Remacle S, Bergiers I, Simonis N, Twizere JC, Vidal M, Rezsohazy R. Protein interactions of the transcription factor Hoxa1. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:29. [PMID: 23088713 PMCID: PMC3514159 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Hox proteins are transcription factors involved in crucial processes during animal development. Their mode of action remains scantily documented. While other families of transcription factors, like Smad or Stat, are known cell signaling transducers, such a function has never been squarely addressed for Hox proteins. Results To investigate the mode of action of mammalian Hoxa1, we characterized its interactome by a systematic yeast two-hybrid screening against ~12,200 ORF-derived polypeptides. Fifty nine interactors were identified of which 45 could be confirmed by affinity co-purification in animal cell lines. Many Hoxa1 interactors are proteins involved in cell-signaling transduction, cell adhesion and vesicular trafficking. Forty-one interactions were detectable in live cells by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation which revealed distinctive intracellular patterns for these interactions consistent with the selective recruitment of Hoxa1 by subgroups of partner proteins at vesicular, cytoplasmic or nuclear compartments. Conclusions The characterization of the Hoxa1 interactome presented here suggests unexplored roles for Hox proteins in cell-to-cell communication and cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lambert
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology group, Life Sciences Institute (ISV), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
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Delval S, Taminiau A, Lamy J, Lallemand C, Gilles C, Noël A, Rezsohazy R. The Pbx interaction motif of Hoxa1 is essential for its oncogenic activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25247. [PMID: 21957483 PMCID: PMC3177904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hoxa1 belongs to the Hox family of homeodomain transcription factors involved in patterning embryonic territories and governing organogenetic processes. In addition to its developmental functions, Hoxa1 has been shown to be an oncogene and to be overexpressed in the mammary gland in response to a deregulation of the autocrine growth hormone. It has therefore been suggested that Hoxa1 plays a pivotal role in the process linking autocrine growth hormone misregulation and mammary carcinogenesis. Like most Hox proteins, Hoxa1 can interact with Pbx proteins. This interaction relies on a Hox hexapeptidic sequence centred on conserved Tryptophan and Methionine residues. To address the importance of the Hox-Pbx interaction for the oncogenic activity of Hoxa1, we characterized here the properties of a Hoxa1 variant with substituted residues in the hexapeptide and demonstrate that the Hoxa1 mutant lost its ability to stimulate cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell growth, and loss of contact inhibition. Therefore, the hexapeptide motif of Hoxa1 is required to confer its oncogenic activity, supporting the view that this activity relies on the ability of Hoxa1 to interact with Pbx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Delval
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute (ISV), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Taminiau
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute (ISV), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Juliette Lamy
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute (ISV), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Cécile Lallemand
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Gilles
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumors and Development, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium
| | - René Rezsohazy
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology Group, Life Sciences Institute (ISV), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Emerging roles for retinoids in regeneration and differentiation in normal and disease states. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:213-21. [PMID: 21855651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin A (retinol) metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (RA), is a signaling molecule that plays key roles in the development of the body plan and induces the differentiation of many types of cells. In this review the physiological and pathophysiological roles of retinoids (retinol and related metabolites) in mature animals are discussed. Both in the developing embryo and in the adult, RA signaling via combinatorial Hox gene expression is important for cell positional memory. The genes that require RA for the maturation/differentiation of T cells are only beginning to be cataloged, but it is clear that retinoids play a major role in expression of key genes in the immune system. An exciting, recent publication in regeneration research shows that ALDH1a2 (RALDH2), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of RA from retinaldehyde, is highly induced shortly after amputation in the regenerating heart, adult fin, and larval fin in zebrafish. Thus, local generation of RA presumably plays a key role in fin formation during both embryogenesis and in fin regeneration. HIV transgenic mice and human patients with HIV-associated kidney disease exhibit a profound reduction in the level of RARβ protein in the glomeruli, and HIV transgenic mice show reduced retinol dehydrogenase levels, concomitant with a greater than 3-fold reduction in endogenous RA levels in the glomeruli. Levels of endogenous retinoids (those synthesized from retinol within cells) are altered in many different diseases in the lung, kidney, and central nervous system, contributing to pathophysiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Lomberk GA, Imoto I, Gebelein B, Urrutia R, Cook TA. Conservation of the TGFbeta/Labial homeobox signaling loop in endoderm-derived cells between Drosophila and mammals. Pancreatology 2010; 10:74-84. [PMID: 20339309 PMCID: PMC2865486 DOI: 10.1159/000276895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Midgut formation in Drosophila melanogaster is dependent upon the integrity of a signaling loop in the endoderm which requires the TGFbeta-related peptide, Decapentaplegic, and the Hox transcription factor, Labial. Interestingly, although Labial-like homeobox genes are present in mammals, their participation in endoderm morphogenesis is not clearly understood. METHODS We report the cloning, expression, localization, TGFbeta inducibility, and biochemical properties of the mammalian Labial-like homeobox, HoxA1, in exocrine pancreatic cells that are embryologically derived from the gut endoderm. RESULTS HoxA1 is expressed in pancreatic cell populations as two alternatively spliced messages, encoding proteins that share their N-terminal domain, but either lack or include the homeobox at the C-terminus. Transcriptional regulatory assays demonstrate that the shared N-terminal domain behaves as a strong transcriptional activator in exocrine pancreatic cells. HoxA1 is an early response gene for TGFbeta(1) in pancreatic epithelial cell populations and HoxA1 protein co-localizes with TGFbeta(1) receptors in the embryonic pancreatic epithelium at a time when exocrine pancreatic morphogenesis occurs (days E16 and E17). CONCLUSIONS These results report a role for HoxA1 in linking TGFbeta-mediated signaling to gene expression in pancreatic epithelial cell populations, thus suggesting a high degree of conservation for a TGFbeta/labial signaling loop in endoderm-derived cells between Drosophila and mammals. and IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen A. Lomberk
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Genome Medicine, Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brian Gebelein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., USA
| | - Tiffany A. Cook
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,*Tiffany A. Cook, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7003, Cincinnati, OH 45229 (USA), Tel. +1 513 636 6991, Fax +1 513 803 0740, E-Mail
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