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Gopinath P, Oviya RP, Gopisetty G. Oestrogen receptor-independent actions of oestrogen in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9497-9509. [PMID: 37731028 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Oestrogen, the primary female sex hormone, plays a significant role in tumourigenesis. The major pathway for oestrogen is via binding to its receptor [oestrogen receptor (ERα or β)], followed by nuclear translocation and transcriptional regulation of target genes. Almost 70% of breast tumours are ER + , and endocrine therapies with selective ER modulators (tamoxifen) have been successfully applied. As many as 25% of tamoxifen-treated patients experience disease relapse within 5 years upon completion of chemotherapy. In such cases, the ER-independent oestrogen actions provide a plausible explanation for the resistance, as well as expands the existing horizon of available drug targets. ER-independent oestrogen signalling occurs via one of the following pathways: signalling through membrane receptors, oxidative catabolism giving rise to genotoxic metabolites, effects on mitochondria and redox balance, and induction of inflammatory cytokines. The current review focuses on the non-classical oestrogen signalling, its role in cancer, and its clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Gopinath
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Revathi Paramasivam Oviya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, India
| | - Gopal Gopisetty
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai, 600020, India.
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Bravo D, Salduz A, Shogren KL, Okuno MN, Herrick JL, Okuno SH, Galindo M, van Wijnen AJ, Yaszemski MJ, Maran A. Decreased local and systemic levels of sFRP3 protein in osteosarcoma patients. Gene 2018; 674:1-7. [PMID: 29933019 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that occurs mainly in children and adolescents. Because Wnt signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, we have investigated the circulating and local levels of the Wnt antagonist protein, Secreted Frizzled Related Protein (sFRP) 3, in osteosarcoma patients. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of 67 osteosarcoma and age-matched non-diseased control sera showed that sFPR3 protein levels were significantly lower in osteosarcoma than in normal. Analysis of tumor and adjacent normal tissues (9 pairs) from osteosarcoma patients showed a decrease in sFRP3 expression in 5 out of 9 tumor samples compared to normal tissues. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarray revealed a significant decrease in sFRP3 levels in tumor compared to normal bone. RNA sequencing analysis in osteosarcoma cells shows suppression of sFRP3 and concomitant expression of multiple Wnt family members mediating canonical or non-canonical Wnt signaling. Taken together, our findings show that the systemic and local levels of sFRP3 protein are downregulated in osteosarcoma and sFRP3 levels could be explored further in the diagnosis and the care of osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibel Bravo
- Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ahmet Salduz
- Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Madison N Okuno
- Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James L Herrick
- Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Mario Galindo
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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The estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol regulates eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and inhibits protein synthesis in MG63 osteosarcoma cells. Genes Dis 2016; 3:153-158. [PMID: 30258883 PMCID: PMC6147162 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a primary bone tumor that affects children and young adults. The estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) induces cell death in osteosarcoma cells. To determine whether 2-ME actions involve the control of protein synthesis, we studied the effect of 2-ME on eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in MG63 osteosarcoma cells. Our results show that 2-ME treatment increases the association of eIF4E with 4E-BP1 in osteosarcoma cells. Also, 2-ME decreases the binding of eIF4E protein to 7-methyl-guanosine cap structure, indicating that 2-ME treatment results in the inhibition of translational initiation. These findings are further supported by the inhibition of protein synthesis in 2-ME-treated osteosarcoma cells. Taken together, our studies show that 2-ME-mediated antitumor effects in osteosarcoma cells involve the regulation of protein synthesis, and translational machinery could serve as a target in the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Aquino-Gálvez A, González-Ávila G, Delgado-Tello J, Castillejos-López M, Mendoza-Milla C, Zúñiga J, Checa M, Maldonado-Martínez HA, Trinidad-López A, Cisneros J, Torres-Espíndola LM, Hernández-Jiménez C, Sommer B, Cabello-Gutiérrez C, Gutiérrez-González LH. Effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on apoptosis and HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression in lung cancer cells under normoxia and hypoxia. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:577-83. [PMID: 26548300 PMCID: PMC4699616 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic tumor cells are known to be more resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiation than normoxic cells. However, the effects of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an anti-angiogenic, antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic drug, on hypoxic lung cancer cells are unknown. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of 2-ME on cell growth, apoptosis, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α gene and protein expression in A549 cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. To establish the optimal 2-ME concentration with which to carry out the apoptosis assay and to examine mRNA and protein expression of HIFs, cell growth analysis was carried out through N-hexa-methylpararosaniline staining assays in A549 cell cultures treated with one of five different 2-ME concentrations at different times under normoxic or hypoxic growth conditions. The 2-ME concentration of 10 mM at 72 h was selected to perform all further experiments. Apoptotic cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to determine HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein expression in total cell extracts. Cellular localization of HIF-1α and HIF-2α was assessed by immunocytochemistry. HIF-1α and HIF-2α gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. A significant increase in the percentage of apoptosis was observed when cells were treated with 2-ME under a normoxic but not under hypoxic conditions (p=0.006). HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein expression levels were significantly decreased in cells cultured under hypoxic conditions and treated with 2-ME (p<0.001). Furthermore, 2-ME decreased the HIF-1α and HIF-2α nuclear staining in cells cultured under hypoxia. The HIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNA levels were significantly lower when cells were exposed to 2-ME under normoxia and hypoxia. Our results suggest that 2-ME could have beneficial results when used with conventional chemotherapy in an attempt to lower the invasive and metastatic processes during cancer development due to its effects on the gene expression and protein synthesis of HIFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Georgina González-Ávila
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Javier Delgado-Tello
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Manuel Castillejos-López
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Criselda Mendoza-Milla
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Marco Checa
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | | | - Axel Trinidad-López
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - José Cisneros
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | | | | | - Bettina Sommer
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutiérrez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
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Gorska M, Kuban-Jankowska A, Zmijewski MA, Gorzynik M, Szkatula M, Wozniak M. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase induction in the antitumorigenic and neurotoxic effects of 2-methoxyestradiol. Molecules 2014; 19:13267-81. [PMID: 25170949 PMCID: PMC6270840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 2-Methoxyestradiol, one of the natural 17β-estradiol derivatives, is a novel, potent anticancer agent currently being evaluated in advanced phases of clinical trials. The main goal of the study was to investigate the anticancer activity of 2-methoxy-estradiol towards osteosarcoma cells and its possible neurodegenerative effects. We used an experimental model of neurotoxicity and anticancer activity of the physiological agent, 2-methoxyestradiol. Thus, we used highly metastatic osteosarcoma 143B and mouse immortalized hippocampal HT22 cell lines. The cells were treated with pharmacological (1 μM, 10 μM) concentrations of 2-methoxyestradiol. EXPERIMENTAL Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and 3-nitrotyrosine protein levels were determined by western blotting. Cell viability and induction of cell death were measured by MTT and PI/Annexin V staining and a DNA fragmentation ELISA kit, respectively. Intracellular levels of nitric oxide were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Here we demonstrated that the signaling pathways of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer may overlap. We presented evidence that 2-methoxyestradiol, in contrast to 17β-estradiol, specifically affects neuronal nitric oxide synthase and augments 3-nitrotyrosine level leading to osteosarcoma and immortalized hippocampal cell death. CONCLUSIONS We report the dual facets of 2-methoxyestradiol, that causes cancer cell death, but on the other hand may play a key role as a neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gorska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +48-349-14-50; Fax: +48-349-14-56
| | - Alicja Kuban-Jankowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | | | - Monika Gorzynik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Michal Szkatula
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Michal Wozniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland; E-Mails: (A.K.-J.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (M.W.)
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Yang C, Shogren KL, Goyal R, Bravo D, Yaszemski MJ, Maran A. RNA-dependent protein kinase is essential for 2-methoxyestradiol-induced autophagy in osteosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59406. [PMID: 23527187 PMCID: PMC3602192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. Surgical resection and adjunctive chemotherapy are the only widely available options of treatment for this disease. Anti-tumor compound 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) triggers cell death through the induction of apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells, but not in normal osteoblasts. In this report, we have investigated whether autophagy plays a role in 2-ME actions on osteosarcoma cells. Transmission electron microscopy imaging shows that 2-ME treatment leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes in human osteosarcoma cells. 2-ME induces the conversion of the microtubule-associated protein LC3-I to LC3-II, a biochemical marker of autophagy that is correlated with the formation of autophagosomes. Conversion to LC3-II is accompanied by protein degradation in 2-ME-treated cells. 2-ME does not induce autophagosome formation in normal primary human osteoblasts. In addition, 2-ME-dependent autophagosome formation in osteosarcoma cells requires ATG7 expression. Furthermore, 2-ME does not induce accumulation of autophagosomes in osteosarcoma cells that express dominant negative mutant RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and are resistant to anti-proliferative and anti-tumor effects of 2-ME. Taken together, our study shows that 2-ME treatment induces PKR-dependent autophagy in osteosarcoma cells, and that autophagy could play an important role in 2-ME-mediated anti-tumor actions and in the control of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kristen L. Shogren
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ribu Goyal
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dalibel Bravo
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Avudaiappan Maran
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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Wimbauer F, Yang C, Shogren KL, Zhang M, Goyal R, Riester SM, Yaszemski MJ, Maran A. Regulation of interferon pathway in 2-methoxyestradiol-treated osteosarcoma cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:93. [PMID: 22429849 PMCID: PMC3414746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma is a bone tumor that often affects children and young adults. Although a combination of surgery and chemotherapy has improved the survival rate in the past decades, local recurrence and metastases still develop in 40% of patients. A definite therapy is yet to be determined for osteosarcoma. Anti- tumor compound and a metabolite of estrogen, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) induces cell death in osteosarcoma cells. In this report, we have investigated whether interferon (IFN) pathway is involved in 2-ME-induced anti-tumor effects in osteosarcoma cells. Methods 2-ME effects on IFN mRNA levels were determined by Real time PCR analysis. Transient transfections followed by reporter assays were used for investigating 2-ME effects on IFN-pathway. Western blot analyses were used to measure protein and phosphorylation levels of IFN-regulated eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha (eIF-2α). Results 2-ME regulates IFN and IFN-mediated effects in osteosarcoma cells. 2 -ME induces IFN gene activity and expression in osteosarcoma cells. 2-ME treatment induced IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) sequence-dependent transcription and gamma-activated sequence (GAS)-dependent transcription in several osteosarcoma cells. Whereas, 2-ME did not affect IFN gene and IFN pathways in normal primary human osteoblasts (HOB). 2-ME treatment increased the phosphorylation of eIF-2α in osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, analysis of osteosarcoma tissues shows that the levels of phosphorylated form of eIF-2α are decreased in tumor compared to normal controls. Conclusions 2-ME treatment triggers the induction and activity of IFN and IFN pathway genes in 2-ME-sensitive osteosarcoma tumor cells but not in 2-ME-resistant normal osteoblasts. In addition, IFN-signaling is inhibited in osteosarcoma patients. Thus, IFN pathways play a role in osteosarcoma and in 2-ME-mediated anti-proliferative effects, and therefore targeted induction of IFN signaling could lead to effective treatment strategies in the control of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Wimbauer
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, USA
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