1
|
Liang M, Sheng L, Ke Y, Wu Z. The research progress on radiation resistance of cervical cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1380448. [PMID: 38651153 PMCID: PMC11033433 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1380448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma is the most prevalent gynecology malignant tumor and ranks as the fourth most common cancer worldwide, thus posing a significant threat to the lives and health of women. Advanced and early-stage cervical carcinoma patients with high-risk factors require adjuvant treatment following surgery, with radiotherapy being the primary approach. However, the tolerance of cervical cancer to radiotherapy has become a major obstacle in its treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that radiation resistance in cervical cancer is closely associated with DNA damage repair pathways, the tumor microenvironment, tumor stem cells, hypoxia, cell cycle arrest, and epigenetic mechanisms, among other factors. The development of tumor radiation resistance involves complex interactions between multiple genes, pathways, and mechanisms, wherein each factor interacts through one or more signaling pathways. This paper provides an overview of research progress on an understanding of the mechanism underlying radiation resistance in cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yumin Ke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhuna Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A Review of the Regulatory Mechanisms of N-Myc on Cell Cycle. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031141. [PMID: 36770809 PMCID: PMC9920120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma has obvious heterogeneity. It is one of the few undifferentiated malignant tumors that can spontaneously degenerate into completely benign tumors. However, for its high-risk type, even with various intensive treatment options, the prognosis is still unsatisfactory. At the same time, a large number of research data show that the abnormal amplification and high-level expression of the MYCN gene are positively correlated with the malignant progression, poor prognosis, and mortality of neuroblastoma. In this context, this article explores the role of the N-Myc, MYCN gene expression product on its target genes related to the cell cycle and reveals its regulatory network in promoting tumor proliferation and malignant progression. We hope it can provide ideas and direction for the research and development of drugs targeting N-Myc and its downstream target genes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin H, Tian S, Peng Y, Wu L, Xiao Y, Qing X, Shao Z. IGF Signaling in Intervertebral Disc Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:817099. [PMID: 35178405 PMCID: PMC8843937 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.817099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal symptom, which brings a lot of pain and economic loss to patients. One of the most common causes of LBP is intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). However, pathogenesis is still debated, and therapeutic options are limited. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathways play an important role in regulating different cell processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, or cell death, which are critical to the homeostasis of tissues and organs. The IGF signaling is crucial in the occurrence and progression of IVDD. The activation of IGF signaling retards IVDD by increasing cell proliferation, promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, inhibiting ECM decomposition, and preventing apoptosis and senescence of disc cells. However, abnormal activation of IGF signaling may promote the process of IVDD. IGF signaling is currently considered to have a promising treatment prospect for IVDD. An in-depth understanding of the role of IGF signaling in IVDD may help find a novel approach for IVDD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yizhong Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangcheng Qing
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hong H, Xiao J, Guo Q, Du J, Jiang Z, Lu S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang X. Cycloastragenol and Astragaloside IV activate telomerase and protect nucleus pulposus cells against high glucose-induced senescence and apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1326. [PMID: 34630680 PMCID: PMC8495541 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetes-induced intervertebral disc degeneration (Db-IVDD), senescence and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) are major contributing factors. Telomere attrition and telomerase downregulation are some of the main reasons for senescence and eventual apoptosis. The derivatives of the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus, Cycloastragenol (CAG) and Astragaloside IV (AG-IV), are reportedly effective telomerase activators against telomere shortening; however, their effect in Db-IVDD have not been explored. The present study simultaneously investigated the regulation of these derivatives on senescence, apoptosis, telomeres and telomerase a model of high-glucose (HG)-induced stress using rat primary NPCs. The NPCs were stimulated with HG (50 mM) to evoke HG-induced stress, and the effects of CAG and AG-IV were observed on: i) The expression level of senescence marker p16; ii) β-Gal staining; iii) the expression levels of apoptosis markers cleaved-caspase 3 (c-C3), BAX and Bcl-2; iv) telomerase activation with telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA and protein expression, while telomere length was measured with reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Cell proliferation was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Results demonstrated an upregulation in the expression levels of p16, c-C3 and BAX, and increased β-Gal staining; while the expression level of Bcl-2 was downregulated in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of the NPCs with CAG and AG-IV downregulated the protein expression levels of p16, c-C3 and BAX, and decreased the percentage of β-Gal and FITC staining; while upregulating the Bcl-2 expression. These effects protected the cells from HG stress-induced senescence and apoptosis. HG also downregulated the expression profile of TERT and shortened the telomere length in a glucose concentration-dependent manner. While pretreatment with CAG and AG-IV upregulated TERT expression and ameliorated the telomere attrition. CAG and AG-IV also increased cell proliferation and improved cell morphology in HG conditions. Overall, these findings indicated that CAG and AG-IV suppressed HG stress-induced senescence and apoptosis, in addition to enhancing telomerase activation and lengthening of the Telomere. Therefore, CAG and AG-IV prolonged the replicative capability and longevity of the NPCs and they have the potential to be therapeutic agents in Db-IVDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Quanquan Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Zhichen Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Sisi Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China.,Chinese Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Second Medical School of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Z, Zhang Y, Sui S, Hua Y, Zhao A, Tian X, Wang R, Guo W, Yu W, Zou K, Deng W, He L, Zou L. Targeting HMGB3/hTERT axis for radioresistance in cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:243. [PMID: 33187536 PMCID: PMC7664109 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is regarded as a milestone for the cure of cervical cancer. However, clinical outcome heavily be hindered by radioresistance. So, exploring the underlying mechanism of radioresistance, and find potential target, well deserve fully emphasis. METHODS In this study, we developed two novel radiation resistance cervical cancer cell lines, which could mimic clinical radioresistance. In order to find new potential targets, RNA-Seq, database analysis, streptavidin-agarose and LC/MS were used. Pull-down, luciferase and rescue assays were conducted to explore the regulatory mechanisms. To further evaluate the correlation between therapeutic responses and HMGB3/hTERT expression, 172 cervical cancer patients were recruited. RESULTS Knockdown of HMGB3 significantly inhibit the DNA damage repair and induced more γH2AX foci, leading to enhanced chemo- and radio-sensitivity in vitro and in vivo, whereas HMGB3 overexpression has the opposite effects. HMGB3 promotes cell growth and radioresistance by transcriptionally up-regulating hTERT via the specifical binding of HMGB3 at the hTERT promoter region from - 902 to - 321. HMGB3 knockdown-mediated radiosensitization could be reversed by the overexpressed hTERT in both cervical cancer cell lines and xenograft tumor mouse model. Furthermore, clinical data from 172 cervical cancer patients proved that there was a positive correlation between HMGB3 and hTERT expression, and high expression of HMGB3/hTERT predicted poor response to radiotherapy, worse TNM stages and shorter survival time. CONCLUSION Here, we have identified HMGB3/hTERT signaling axis as a new target for cervical cancer radioresistance. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of cervical cancer radioresistance and indicate that targeting the HMGB3/hTERT signaling axis may benefit cervical cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongjuan Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Qingdao University Medical College Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Silei Sui
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yijun Hua
- SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anshi Zhao
- SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wendan Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kun Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liru He
- SunYat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lijuan Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dilshara MG, Jayasooriya RGPT, Choi YH, Kim GY. Camptothecin induces c-Myc- and Sp1-mediated hTERT expression in LNCaP cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species and PI3K/Akt. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:53-60. [PMID: 30851366 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT), a quinoline alkaloid isolated from Camptotheca acuminate, targets topoisomerase I, which is continuously expressed in cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for CPT-induced telomerase inhibition remain unclear. Unexpectedly, we found that CPT upregulates hTERT expression and concomitantly increases telomerase activity. However, transfection of hTERT-targeting siRNA had no effect on CPT-induced G2/M phase arrest, suggesting that CPT-induced telomerase activation was not related to G2/M phase arrest. CPT simultaneously increased Nrf2 expression and the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas pretreatment with the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) or glutathione (GSH) strongly attenuated ROS production, which was accompanied by hTERT downregulation. Additionally, transient Nrf2 knockdown enhanced CPT-induced ROS production and hTERT promoter activity. CPT also upregulated hTERT expression and telomerase activity by inducing c-Myc and Sp1 expression and activity. Moreover, c-Myc stimulated ROS production in response to CPT, leading to Sp1 activation, which promoted hTERT expression and telomerase activity. CPT treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, which led to hTERT phosphorylation into the nucleus. These findings demonstrate that CPT positively regulates telomerase activity by upregulating hTERT expression and phosphorylation via the c-Myc/ROS/Sp1 and PI3K/Akt axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Pan H, Li X, Zhang K, Li Z, Wang H, Zheng Z, Liu H. Hypoxia suppresses serum deprivation-induced degradation of the nucleus pulposus cell extracellular matrix through the JNK and NF-κB pathways. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2059-2066. [PMID: 27869311 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with the imbalance between anabolism and catabolism of the nucleus pulposus (NP) extracellular matrix (ECM). Serum deprivation (SD) has been reported to exacerbate IVD degeneration; however, the effect of SD on ECM metabolism is not fully understood. Hypoxia plays important roles in maintaining the physiological functions of IVD cells; however, whether hypoxia has any effect on NP ECM production under conditions of SD is still unclear. In the current study, we established an in vitro SD model by exposing NP cells to serum-free medium. SD decreased the expression of aggrecan and collagen II, as well as the production of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) in a time-dependent manner. However, hypoxia abolished SD-mediated down-regulation of aggrecan and collagen II expression via JNK1/2 activation. Moreover, hypoxia abolished SD-induced MMP-3 and MMP-13 expression by inhibiting NF-κB activation, p65 translocation, and MMP-3 and MMP-13 promoter activity. These results indicated that, hypoxia maintained ECM production under conditions of SD. This effect was elicited in part through JNK1/2-mediated up-regulation of matrix gene expression and down-regulation of MMP expression, through the inhibition of NF-κB. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2059-2066, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Hehai Pan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Kuibo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zemin Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Protective effect of p53 on the viability of intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells under low glucose condition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1414-1419. [PMID: 28709868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
P53 is a famous cancer suppressor and plays key roles in metabolism. Intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular cartilaginous structure in humans and its degeneration is a common cause of spine diseases initiated from damaged nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. The potential cause of disc degeneration has been attributed to aging, genetic factors, mechanical factors and nutrition. In this study, we found that p53 decreased and leaked to the cytoplasm in NP cells as the glucose level decreases, in contrast to cancer cells in which p53 increases and concentrates to the nuclei. Comparing with in p53 knockdown NP cells, relative high p53 expression in normal control NP cells inhibited autophagy and the pentose phosphate pathway. Furthermore, the expression of Sox 9 and type II collagen were higher in p53 normal control than p53 knockdown NP cells. Based on these results, we believe that relative high p53 facilitates NP cell viability and integrity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Short-term inhibition of TERT induces telomere length-independent cell cycle arrest and apoptotic response in EBV-immortalized and transformed B cells. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2562. [PMID: 28032863 PMCID: PMC5260987 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Besides its canonical role in stabilizing telomeres, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) may promote tumorigenesis through extra-telomeric functions. The possible therapeutic effects of BIBR1532 (BIBR), a powerful TERT inhibitor, have been evaluated in different cellular backgrounds, but no data are currently available regarding Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven B-cell malignancies. Our aim was to characterize the biological effects of TERT inhibition by BIBR on EBV-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and fully transformed Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines. We found that BIBR selectively inhibits telomerase activity in TERT-positive 4134/Late and 4134/TERT+ LCLs and EBV-negative BL41 and EBV-positive BL41/B95.8 BL cell lines. TERT inhibition led to decreased cell proliferation, accumulation of cells in the S-phase and ultimately to increased apoptosis, compared with mock-treated control cells. All these effects occurred within 72 h and were not observed in BIBR-treated TERT-negative 4134/TERT- and U2OS cells. The cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, consequent upon short-term TERT inhibition, were associated with and likely dependent on the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR), highlighted by the increased levels of γH2AX and activation of ATM and ATR pathways. Analyses of the mean and range of telomere lengths and telomere dysfunction-induced foci indicated that DDR after short-term TERT inhibition was not related to telomere dysfunction, thus suggesting that TERT, besides stabilizing telomere, may protect DNA via telomere-independent mechanisms. Notably, TERT-positive LCLs treated with BIBR in combination with fludarabine or cyclophosphamide showed a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells with respect to those treated with chemotherapeutic agents alone. In conclusion, TERT inhibition impairs cell cycle progression and enhances the pro-apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic agents in TERT-positive cells. These results support new therapeutic applications of TERT inhibitors in EBV-driven B-cell malignancies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao H, Deng H, Xu H, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Zhao D, Liu F. MicroRNA-223 promotes mast cell apoptosis by targeting the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2171-2176. [PMID: 27284298 PMCID: PMC4887759 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the functional role of miR-223 in the regulation of mast cell apoptosis. Overexpressed miR-223 in mast cells transfected by Lipofectamine 2000 was used as a model, and miR-223 was found to promote mast cell apoptosis. To investigate the underlying mechanisms involved, the potential and putative target molecules of miR-223 were detected by bioinformatical analysis using predictive software, and western blotting. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) was found to be the functional target of miR-223 in the promotion of cell apoptosis. The downstream PI3K/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was also inhibited, and signaling was mediated by IGF-1R. Furthermore, the relative luciferase activity of the reporter containing the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of IGF-1R was significantly suppressed, while suppression of miR-223-inhibited IGF-1R protein expression was also observed. In conclusion, the results suggest that IGF-1R is the functional target for miR-223 promotion of cell apoptosis, and its downstream PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was suppressed by miR-223 through targeting of IGF-1R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China; Department of Pediatrics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qianyuan Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oh CD, Im HJ, Suh J, Chee A, An H, Chen D. Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor Immortalizes Rat Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus Cells: Establishment of Intervertebral Disc Cell Lines With Novel Approaches. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41:E255-61. [PMID: 26693672 PMCID: PMC4769661 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Establishment of immortalized cell lines derived from rat intervertebral disc cells by Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y-27632. OBJECTIVE To determine whether rat nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) cells could be immortalized, retain their phenotype, and used as cell lines for in vitro cell biology. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Intervertebral disc degeneration is a major factor for most low-back pain. However, the mechanism of the disease is not well understood by the limitation to obtain sufficient amounts of primary disc cells. Therefore, the establishment of disc cell lines will help in vitro molecular signaling studies to understand the mechanism of degenerative disc disease. METHODS Cells were isolated from the NP and AF tissues of lumbar discs of adult Sprague Dawley rat. Tissues were digested and cultured with DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1) and 20% FBS and antibiotics. From day 3, cells were grown in the presence of 10 μM Y-27632, a well-characterized inhibitor of the ROCK, and subcultured by trypsinization, passaging them 1:3 onto 100 mm culture dishes. Morphologic and genetic analyses were performed on the different passaged cells. RESULTS ROCK inhibitor successfully immortalized rat NP and AF cells. They passaged for over 50 generations with sustained expression levels of several NP and AF cell markers. In addition, they retained phenotypic features similar to the primary parental NP and AF cells when the cells were challenged with different cytokines and growth factors. CONCLUSION We established immortalized rat NP and AF cell lines using a method of treating cells with ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 and demonstrated that these immortalized cells retain the properties of primary cells and could serve as useful tools for in vitro signaling studies or drug screening studies to develop novel therapeutic strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-do Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Joon Suh
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Ana Chee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Howard An
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang F, Cai F, Shi R, Wang XH, Wu XT. Aging and age related stresses: a senescence mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:398-408. [PMID: 26455958 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a complicated process that involves both age-related change and tissue damage caused by multiple stresses. In a degenerative IVD, cellular senescence accumulates and is associated with reduced proliferation, compromised self-repair, increased inflammatory response, and enhanced catabolic metabolism. In this review, we decipher the senescence mechanism of IVD degeneration (IVDD) by interpreting how aging coordinates with age-related, microenvironment-derived stresses in promoting disc cell senescence and accelerating IVDD. After chronic and prolonged replication, cell senescence may occur as a natural part of the disc aging process, but can potentially be accelerated by growth factor deficiency, oxidative accumulation, and inflammatory irritation. While acute disc injury, excessive mechanical overloading, diabetes, and chronic tobacco smoking contribute to the amplification of senescence-inducing stresses, the avascular nature of IVD impairs the immune-clearance of the senescent disc cells, which accumulate in cell clusters, demonstrate inflammatory and catabolic phenotypes, deteriorate disc microenvironment, and accelerate IVDD. Anti-senescence strategies, including telomerase transduction, supply of growth factors, and blocking cell cycle inhibitors, have been shown to be feasible in rescuing disc cells from early senescence, but their efficiency for disc regeneration requires more in vivo validations. Guidelines dedicated to avoiding or alleviating senescence-inducing stresses might decelerate cellular senescence and benefit patients with IVD degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - F Cai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - R Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - X-H Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| | - X-T Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China; Surgery Research Center, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87# Dingjiaqiao Road, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang XU, Yang MK, Li Z, Liu C, Wu JS, Wang J. Expression and significance of telomerase in the nucleus pulposus tissues of degenerative lumbar discs. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:813-817. [PMID: 26623021 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of lumbar disc degeneration is extremely complex, and the expression and role of telomerase in degenerative lumbar disc tissues remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to detect telomerase expression in nucleus pulposus tissues of degenerative lumbar discs and to explore the correlation between telomerase expression and other factors typical of disc degeneration. A total of 8 patients with degenerative nucleus pulposus were included as the experimental group and compared with 8 control patients without evident lumbar disc degeneration. The expression of telomerase in nucleus pulposus tissues was detected by immunohistochemical staining. ELISA was performed to determine the differential expression of telomerase, type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate between the two groups. In addition, a correlation analysis was performed to form associations between these factors. Finally, 5 cases in the experimental group and 5 in the control group were involved in the analysis. Immunohistochemistry results showed that telomerase expression in the experimental group was significantly lower compared to the control group and the percentage in the unit field of view showed significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05). Similarly, the ELISA test results showed lower expression levels of telomerase, type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate in the experimental group when compared with the control group (P<0.05). The correlation analysis revealed that telomerase was positively correlated with type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate (correlation coefficients, 0.673 and 0.528, respectively; P<0.01). In conclusion, telomerase is involved in the degeneration process of nucleus pulposus tissue in lumbar discs and has a positive correlation with other factors typically associated with degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X U Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital of Bazhong City, Bazhong, Sichuan 636000, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Kun Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital of Bazhong City, Bazhong, Sichuan 636000, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital of Bazhong City, Bazhong, Sichuan 636000, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital of Bazhong City, Bazhong, Sichuan 636000, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Sheng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital of Bazhong City, Bazhong, Sichuan 636000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital of Bazhong City, Bazhong, Sichuan 636000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jiang L, Yuan F, Yin X, Dong J. Responses and adaptations of intervertebral disc cells to microenvironmental stress: a possible central role of autophagy in the adaptive mechanism. Connect Tissue Res 2014; 55:311-21. [PMID: 25000273 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.942419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral discs comprise the largest avascular cartilaginous organ in the body, and its nutrient condition can be impaired by degeneration, aging and even metabolic disease. The unique microenvironment brings special stresses to various disc cell types, including nucleus pulposus cells, notochordal cells, annulus fibrosus cells and endplate chondrocytes. These cells experience nutrient starvation, acidic stress, hypoxic stress, hyperglycemic stress, osmotic stress and mechanical stress. Understanding the detailed responses and complex adaptive mechanisms of disc cells to various stresses might provide some clues to guide therapy for disc degeneration. By reviewing the published literatures describing disc cells under different hostile microenvironments, we conclude that these cells exhibit different responses to microenvironmental stresses with different mechanisms. Moreover, the interaction and combination of these stresses create a complex environment that synergistically increase or decrease influences on disc cells, compared with the effects of a single stress. Interestingly, most of these stresses activate autophagy, a self-protective mechanism by which dysfunctional protein and organelles are degraded. It is becoming clear that autophagy facilitates the cellular adaptation to stresses and might play a central role in regulating the adaptation of disc cells under stress. Therefore, autophagy modulation might be a potential therapeutic method to treat disc degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bourgine P, Le Magnen C, Pigeot S, Geurts J, Scherberich A, Martin I. Combination of immortalization and inducible death strategies to generate a human mesenchymal stromal cell line with controlled survival. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:584-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
16
|
Tsirimonaki E, Fedonidis C, Pneumaticos SG, Tragas AA, Michalopoulos I, Mangoura D. PKCε signalling activates ERK1/2, and regulates aggrecan, ADAMTS5, and miR377 gene expression in human nucleus pulposus cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82045. [PMID: 24312401 PMCID: PMC3842981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, a major regulator of chondrocytic differentiation, has been also implicated in pathological extracellular matrix remodeling, and here we investigate the mechanism of PKCε-dependent regulation of the chondrocytic phenotype in human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells derived from herniated disks. NP cells from each donor were successfully propagated for 25+ culture passages, with remarkable tolerance to repeated freeze-and-thaw cycles throughout long-term culturing. More specifically, after an initial downregulation of COL2A1, a stable chondrocytic phenotype was attested by the levels of mRNA expression for aggrecan, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican, while higher expression of SOX-trio and Patched-1 witnessed further differentiation potential. NP cells in culture also exhibited a stable molecular profile of PKC isoforms: throughout patient samples and passages, mRNAs for PKC α, δ, ε, ζ, η, ι, and µ were steadily detected, whereas β, γ, and θ were not. Focusing on the signalling of PKCε, an isoform that may confer protection against degeneration, we found that activation with the PKCε-specific activator small peptide ψεRACK led sequentially to a prolonged activation of ERK1/2, increased abundance of the early gene products ATF, CREB1, and Fos with concurrent silencing of transcription for Ki67, and increases in mRNA expression for aggrecan. More importantly, ψεRACK induced upregulation of hsa-miR-377 expression, coupled to decreases in ADAMTS5 and cleaved aggrecan. Therefore, PKCε activation in late passage NP cells may represent a molecular basis for aggrecan availability, as part of an PKCε/ERK/CREB/AP-1-dependent transcriptional program that includes upregulation of both chondrogenic genes and microRNAs. Moreover, this pathway should be considered as a target for understanding the molecular mechanism of IVD degeneration and for therapeutic restoration of degenerated disks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Spiros G. Pneumaticos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Orthopedics, Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Dimitra Mangoura
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
The isoprenoid perillyl alcohol inhibits telomerase activity in prostate cancer cells. Biochimie 2012; 94:2639-48. [PMID: 22902867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are recognized for their ability to suppress carcinogenic processes in vivo and in vitro. We previously established that the isoprenoid, perillyl alcohol, acted mechanistically on translation of specific proteins through modulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Telomerase-the enzyme responsible for immortalizing cells through the addition of telomeric repeats-is de-repressed early in an aspiring cancer cell. Here the effects of biologically-relevant concentrations and short incubations (1-16 h) of perillyl alcohol or the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, on telomerase activity were examined in prostate cancer cell lines. A rapid suppression of telomerase activity was observed (from ∼65% to >95%) determined by real-time quantitative telomerase repeat amplification protocol and confirmed by polyacrylamide gel-analysis. Using real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR, we demonstrated that human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA levels were unaltered. Western blot analysis revealed that hTERT protein levels decreased in response to perillyl alcohol or rapamycin. This decrease was partially blocked by pretreatment with a proteasome inhibitor MG-132, indicating that proteasomal degradation contributed to the loss of hTERT protein. No change in hTERT phosphorylation at Ser824 was observed, indicating the absence of cellular hTERT protein redistribution. These findings provide evidence for a unique link between nutrient- and macrolide-mediated regulation of mTOR and hTERT, a key enzyme that regulates DNA structure and stability.
Collapse
|