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Zhang P, Wang AP, Yang HP, Ai L, Zhang HJ, Wang YM, Bi YL, Fan HH, Gao J, Zhang HY, Liu JZ. Apelin-13 attenuates high glucose-induced calcification of MOVAS cells by regulating MAPKs and PI3K/AKT pathways and ROS-mediated signals. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110271. [PMID: 32450527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is an inducement of many cardiovascular diseases. Clinic evidences have confirmed that diabetes was the independent risk factor for VC, and the mechanism has not been well explored. Apelin as a ligand molecule is widely found in the cardiovascular system and showed potential in inhibiting VC, but the inhibitory effect and mechanism of apelin-13 against high glucose-induced VC have not been investigated yet. Herein, apelin-13 was employed to inhibit high glucose-induced VC in mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (MOVAS), and the underlying mechanism was explored. The results showed that apelin-13 significantly inhibited high glucose-induced cells proliferation, migration and invasion of MOVAS cells. Apelin-13 also effectively attenuated high glucose-induced calcification by inhibiting alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression. Further investigation revealed that apelin-13 dramatically suppressed high glucose-induced DNA damage through inhibiting reactive oxide species (ROS) generation. Moreover, apelin-13 also effectively improved high glucose-induced dysfunction of MAPKs and PI3K/AKT. Inhibition of ERK by inhibitor (U0126) significantly blocked high glucose-induced calcification, which further confirmed the significance of MAPKs. Taken together, these results suggested that apelin-13 had the potential to attenuate high glucose-induced calcification of MOVAS cells by inhibiting ROS-mediated DNA damage and regulating MAPKs and PI3K/AKT pathways. Our findings validated the strategy of using apelin-13 maybe a novel way in treating high glucose-mediated VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Hong-Peng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Lei Ai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taishan Coal Sanitarium of Shandong, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Hong-Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471003, China
| | - Yong-Mei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Yan-Ling Bi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Huai-Hai Fan
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Huan-Yi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Jian-Zhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
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Shi JS, Qiu DD, Le WB, Wang H, Li S, Lu YH, Jiang S. Identification of Transcription Regulatory Relationships in Diabetic Nephropathy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 131:2886-2890. [PMID: 30511699 PMCID: PMC6278184 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.246063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Song Shi
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China
| | - Dan-Dan Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China
| | - Wei-Bo Le
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China
| | - Shen Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China
| | - Yin-Hui Lu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China
| | - Song Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, China
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Shi L, Ji Y, Liu D, Liu Y, Xu Y, Cao Y, Jiang X, Xu C. Sitagliptin attenuates high glucose-induced alterations in migration, proliferation, calcification and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells through ERK1/2 signal pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77168-77180. [PMID: 29100378 PMCID: PMC5652771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims This study investigated the effects of sitagliptin on migration, proliferation, calcification and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under high glucose (HG) conditions. Methods VSMCs were isolated from the thoracic aorta of Sprague Dawley rats. The cultured VSMCs were subjected to control medium, mannitol medium, HG medium (25 mM), pretreatment with 200 nM sitagliptin in control or HG medium, or the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 in HG medium. Cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and calcification were determined. Results HG conditions promoted the proliferation, migration, calcification and impairment of apoptosis in VSMCs compared with controls (P<0.05). Pretreatment with sitagliptin effectively attenuated proliferation, migration, calcification of cells and increased apoptosis of HG-cultured VSMCs as compared with the HG group (P<0.05). Culture with HG resulted in the up-regulation of p-ERK1/2 in VSMCs, whereas sitagliptin pretreatment could inhibit HG-induced p-ERK1/2 expression. In addition, the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, inhibited proliferation, migration, calcification and promoted the apoptosis of HG-cultured VSMCs compared with the HG group (P<0.05). Conclusion The effects of sitagliptin on VSMC under high glucose condition were achieved through ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Interferon regulatory factor 1 attenuates vascular remodeling; roles of angiotensin II type 2 receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:811-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Upregulation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 Promotes Neuronal Apoptosis After Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:27-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chen TC, Sung ML, Kuo HC, Chien SJ, Yen CK, Chen CN. Differential regulation of human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation by monocyte-derived macrophages from diabetic patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113752. [PMID: 25409512 PMCID: PMC4237499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage accumulation in the arterial wall and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation are features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and its vascular complications. However, the effects of diabetic monocyte-derived macrophages on vascular SMC proliferation are not clearly understood. In the present study, we investigated the pro-proliferative effect of macrophages isolated from DM patients on vascular SMCs. Macrophage-conditioned media (MCM) were prepared from macrophages isolated from DM patients. DM-MCM treatment induced HASMC proliferation, decreased p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) expressions, and increased microRNA (miR)-17-5p and miR-221 expressions. Inhibition of either miR-17-5p or miR-221 inhibited DM-MCM-induced cell proliferation. Inhibition of miR-17-5p abolished DM-MCM-induced p21(Cip1) down-regulation; and inhibition of miR-221 attenuated the DM-MCM-induced p27(Kip1) down-regulation. Furthermore, blocking assays demonstrated that PDGF-CC in DM-MCM is the major mediators of cell proliferation in SMCs. In conclusion, our present data support the hypothesis that SMC proliferation stimulated by macrophages may play critical roles in vascular complications in DM patients and suggest a new mechanism by which arterial disease is accelerated in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aorta/cytology
- Becaplermin
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- Lymphokines/analysis
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Osteopontin/genetics
- Osteopontin/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chuan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Ling Sung
- Department of Cardiology, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Institute of Nursing and Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, CGUST, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ju Chien
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kuang Yen
- Department of Cardiology, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Zhang SM, Zhu LH, Li ZZ, Wang PX, Chen HZ, Guan HJ, Jiang DS, Chen K, Zhang XF, Tian S, Yang D, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 3 protects against adverse neo-intima formation. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:469-479. [PMID: 24596398 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is central to the pathophysiology of neo-intima formation. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) inhibits the growth of cancer cells and fibroblasts. However, the role of IRF3 in vascular neo-intima formation is unknown. We evaluated the protective role of IRF3 against neo-intima formation in mice and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS IRF3 expression was down-regulated in VSMCs after carotid wire injury in vivo, and in SMCs after platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB challenge in vitro. Global knockout of IRF3 (IRF3-KO) led to accelerated neo-intima formation and proliferation of VSMCs, whereas the opposite was seen in SMC-specific IRF3 transgenic mice. Mechanistically, we identified IRF3 as a novel regulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a negative regulator of SMC proliferation after vascular injury. Binding of IRF3 to the AB domain of PPARγ in the nucleus of SMCs facilitated PPARγ transactivation, resulting in decreased proliferation cell nuclear antigen expression and suppressed proliferation. Overexpression of wild-type, but not truncated, IRF3 with a mutated IRF association domain (IAD) retained the ability to exert anti-proliferative effect. CONCLUSIONS IRF3 inhibits VSMC proliferation and neo-intima formation after vascular injury through PPARγ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuo-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pi-Xiao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Jing Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, China Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Zhang X, Liu L, Chen C, Chi YL, Yang XQ, Xu Y, Li XT, Guo SL, Xiong SH, Shen MR, Sun Y, Zhang CS, Hu KM. Interferon regulatory factor-1 together with reactive oxygen species promotes the acceleration of cell cycle progression by up-regulating the cyclin E and CDK2 genes during high glucose-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:147. [PMID: 24119616 PMCID: PMC3852693 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high glucose-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the development of diabetic vascular diseases. In a previous study, we confirmed that Interferon regulatory factor-1 (Irf-1) is a positive regulator of the high glucose-induced proliferation of VSMCs. However, the mechanisms remain to be determined. Methods The levels of cyclin/CDK expression in two cell models involving Irf-1 knockdown and overexpression were quantified to explore the relationship between Irf-1 and its downstream effectors under normal or high glucose conditions. Subsequently, cells were treated with high glucose/NAC, normal glucose/H2O2, high glucose/U0126 or normal glucose/H2O2/U0126 during an incubation period. Then proliferation, cyclin/CDK expression and cell cycle distribution assays were performed to determine whether ROS/Erk1/2 signaling pathway was involved in the Irf-1-induced regulation of VSMC growth under high glucose conditions. Results We found that Irf-1 overexpression led to down-regulation of cyclin D1/CDK4 and inhibited cell cycle progression in VSMCs under normal glucose conditions. In high glucose conditions, Irf-1 overexpression led to an up-regulation of cyclin E/CDK2 and an acceleration of cell cycle progression, whereas silencing of Irf-1 suppressed the expression of both proteins and inhibited the cell cycle during the high glucose-induced proliferation of VSMCs. Treatment of VSMCs with antioxidants prevented the Irf-1 overexpression-induced proliferation of VSMCs, the up-regulation of cyclin E/CDK2 and the acceleration of cell cycle progression in high glucose conditions. In contrast, under normal glucose conditions, H2O2 stimulation and Irf-1 overexpression induced cell proliferation, up-regulated cyclin E/CDK2 expression and promoted cell cycle acceleration. In addition, overexpression of Irf-1 promoted the activation of Erk1/2 and when VSMCs overexpressing Irf-1 were treated with U0126, the specific Erk1/2 inhibitor abolished the proliferation of VSMCs, the up-regulation of cyclin E/CDK2 and the acceleration of cell cycle progression under high glucose or normal glucose/H2O2 conditions. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the downstream effectors of Irf-1 are cyclin E/CDK2 during the high glucose-induced proliferation of VSMCs, whereas they are cyclin D1/CDK4 in normal glucose conditions. The Irf-1 overexpression-induced proliferation of VSMCs, the up-regulation of cyclin E/CDK2 and the acceleration of cell cycle progression are associated with ROS/Erk1/2 signaling pathway under high glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Venkatesan B, Valente AJ, Das NA, Carpenter AJ, Yoshida T, Delafontaine JL, Siebenlist U, Chandrasekar B. CIKS (Act1 or TRAF3IP2) mediates high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction. Cell Signal 2012; 25:359-71. [PMID: 23085260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction is characterized by enhanced inflammatory cytokine and adhesion molecule expression, and endothelial-monocyte adhesion. The adapter molecule CIKS (connection to IKK and SAPK/JNK; also known as Act1 or TRAF3IP2) is an upstream regulator of NF-κB and AP-1, and plays a role in inflammation and injury. Here we show that high glucose (HG; 25mM vs. 5mM d-glucose)-induced endothelial-monocyte adhesion and inhibition of endothelial cell (EC) migration were both reversed by CIKS knockdown. In EC, HG induced CIKS mRNA and protein expression via DPI-inhibitable Nox4-dependent ROS generation. Further, HG induced CIKS transcription and enhanced CIKS promoter-dependent reporter gene activation via Nox4, ROS, AP-1 and C/EBP. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunoblotting revealed CIKS/IKKβ/JNK physical association under basal conditions that was enhanced by HG treatment. Importantly, CIKS knockdown inhibited HG-induced (i) IKKβ and JNK phosphorylation, (ii) p65 and c-Jun nuclear translocation, and (iii) NF-κB- and AP-1-dependent proinflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecule expression. Similar to HG, the deleterious metabolic products of chronic hyperglycemia, AGE-HSA, AOPPs-HSA and oxLDL, also induced CIKS-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Notably, aortas from streptozotocin-induced and the autoimmune type 1 diabetic NOD and Akita mice showed enhanced DPI-inhibitable ROS generation and CIKS expression. Since CIKS mediates high glucose-induced NF-κB and AP-1-dependent inflammatory signaling and endothelial dysfunction, targeting CIKS may delay progression of vascular diseases during diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Venkatesan
- Research Service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70161, USA
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