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Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 2 (APE2): An ancillary enzyme for contextual base excision repair mechanisms to preserve genome stability. Biochimie 2021; 190:70-90. [PMID: 34302888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The genome of living organisms frequently undergoes various types of modifications which are recognized and repaired by the relevant repair mechanisms. These repair pathways are increasingly being deciphered to understand the mechanisms. Base excision repair (BER) is indispensable to maintain genome stability. One of the enigmatic repair proteins of BER, Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 2 (APE2), like APE1, is truly multifunctional and demonstrates the independent and non-redundant function in maintaining the genome integrity. APE2 is involved in ATR-Chk1 mediated DNA damage response. It also resolves topoisomerase1 mediated cleavage complex intermediate which is formed while repairing misincorporated ribonucleotides in the absence of functional RNase H2 mediated excision repair pathway. BER participates in the demethylation pathway and the role of Arabidopsis thaliana APE2 is demonstrated in this process. Moreover, APE2 is synthetically lethal to BRCA1, BRCA2, and RNase H2, and its homolog, APE1 fails to complement the function. Hence, the role of APE2 is not just an alternate to the repair mechanisms but has implications in diverse functional pathways related to the maintenance of genome integrity. This review analyses genomic features of APE2 and delineates its enzyme function as error-prone as well as efficient and accurate repair protein based on the studies on mammalian or its homolog proteins from model systems such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Trypanosoma curzi, Xenopus laevis, Danio rerio, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens.
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2
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Lin Y, McMahon A, Driscoll G, Bullock S, Zhao J, Yan S. Function and molecular mechanisms of APE2 in genome and epigenome integrity. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 787:108347. [PMID: 34083046 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
APE2 is a rising vital player in the maintenance of genome and epigenome integrity. In the past several years, a series of studies have shown the critical roles and functions of APE2. We seek to provide the first comprehensive review on several aspects of APE2 in genome and epigenome integrity. We first summarize the distinct functional domains or motifs within APE2 including EEP (endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase) domain, PIP box and Zf-GRF motifs from eight species (i.e., Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Xenopus laevis, Ciona intestinalis, Arabidopsis thaliana, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Trypanosoma cruzi). Then we analyze various APE2 nuclease activities and associated DNA substrates, including AP endonuclease, 3'-phosphodiesterase, 3'-phosphatase, and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. We also examine several APE2 interaction proteins, including PCNA, Chk1, APE1, Myh1, and homologous recombination (HR) factors such as Rad51, Rad52, BRCA1, BRCA2, and BARD1. Furthermore, we provide insights into the roles of APE2 in various DNA repair pathways (base excision repair, single-strand break repair, and double-strand break repair), DNA damage response (DDR) pathways (ATR-Chk1 and p53-dependent), immunoglobulin class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, as well as active DNA demethylation. Lastly, we summarize critical functions of APE2 in growth, development, and diseases. In this review, we provide the first comprehensive perspective which dissects all aspects of the multiple-function protein APE2 in genome and epigenome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - Anne McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - Garrett Driscoll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - Sharon Bullock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, United States
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States.
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3
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Rose E, Carvalho JL, Hecht M. Mechanisms of DNA repair in Trypanosoma cruzi: What do we know so far? DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 91-92:102873. [PMID: 32505694 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas Disease, which affects 6-7 million people worldwide. Since the early stages of infection and throughout its life cycle, the parasite is exposed to several genotoxic agents. Furthermore, DNA damage is also part of the mechanism of action of at least a few trypanocidal drugs, including Benznidazole. Thus, it is paramount for the parasite to count on an efficient DNA repair machinery to guarantee genome integrity and survival. The present work provides an up-to-date review of both the conserved and peculiar DNA repair mechanisms described in T. cruzi against oxidative stress, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, DNA adduct-inducing agents, and Benznidazole. The comprehension of the DNA repair mechanisms of the parasite may shed light on the parasite evolution and possibly pave the way for the development of novel and more effective trypanocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Rose
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Mechetin GV, Endutkin AV, Diatlova EA, Zharkov DO. Inhibitors of DNA Glycosylases as Prospective Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093118. [PMID: 32354123 PMCID: PMC7247160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA glycosylases are enzymes that initiate the base excision repair pathway, a major biochemical process that protects the genomes of all living organisms from intrinsically and environmentally inflicted damage. Recently, base excision repair inhibition proved to be a viable strategy for the therapy of tumors that have lost alternative repair pathways, such as BRCA-deficient cancers sensitive to poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibition. However, drugs targeting DNA glycosylases are still in development and so far have not advanced to clinical trials. In this review, we cover the attempts to validate DNA glycosylases as suitable targets for inhibition in the pharmacological treatment of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic inflammation, bacterial and viral infections. We discuss the glycosylase inhibitors described so far and survey the advances in the assays for DNA glycosylase reactions that may be used to screen pharmacological libraries for new active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory V. Mechetin
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.V.M.); (A.V.E.); (E.A.D.)
| | - Anton V. Endutkin
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.V.M.); (A.V.E.); (E.A.D.)
| | - Evgeniia A. Diatlova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.V.M.); (A.V.E.); (E.A.D.)
| | - Dmitry O. Zharkov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (G.V.M.); (A.V.E.); (E.A.D.)
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-5187
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5
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Repolês BM, Machado CR, Florentino PTV. DNA lesions and repair in trypanosomatids infection. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190163. [PMID: 32236391 PMCID: PMC7197992 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological processes such as bacterial, viral and parasitic infections can generate a plethora of responses such as, but not restricted to, oxidative stress that can be harmful to the host and the pathogen. This stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species produced and antioxidant factors produced in response to the infection. This imbalance can lead to DNA lesions in both infected cells as well as in the pathogen. The effects of the host response on the parasite lead to several kinds of DNA damage, causing alterations in the parasite's metabolism; the reaction and sensitivity of the parasite to these responses are related to the DNA metabolism and life cycle of each parasite. The present review will discuss the survival strategies developed by host cells and Trypanosoma cruzi, focusing on the DNA repair mechanisms of these organisms throughout infection including the relationship between DNA damage, stress response features, and the unique characteristics of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Repolês
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
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Further in vivo evidence implying DNA apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activity in
Trypanosoma cruzi
oxidative stress survival. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16733-16740. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Medina L, Castillo C, Liempi A, Herbach M, Cabrera G, Valenzuela L, Galanti N, de Los Angeles Curto M, Schijman AG, Kemmerling U. Differential infectivity of two Trypanosoma cruzi strains in placental cells and tissue. Acta Trop 2018; 186:35-40. [PMID: 30018029 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), has become epidemiologically relevant. The probability of congenital transmission depends on the maternal and developing fetal/newborn immune responses, placental factors and importantly, the virulence of the parasite. It has been proposed, that different genotypes of T. cruzi and their associated pathogenicity, virulence and tissue tropism may play an important role in congenital infection. Since there is no laboratory or animal model that recapitulates the complexities of vertical transmission in humans, here we studied parasite infectivity in human placental explants (HPE) as well as in the human trophoblast-derived cell line BeWo of the Y(DTU II) and the VD (TcVI) T. cruzi strains; the latter was isolated from a human case of congenital infection. Our results show that the VD strain is more infective and pathogenic than the Y strain, as demonstrated by qPCR and cell counting as well as by histopathological analysis. The present study constitutes the first approach to study the relationship between parasite two parasite strains from different genotypes and the infection efficiency in human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisvaneth Medina
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Mathias Herbach
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Lucía Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - María de Los Angeles Curto
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor Torres", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor Torres", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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Hossain MA, Lin Y, Yan S. Single-Strand Break End Resection in Genome Integrity: Mechanism and Regulation by APE2. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082389. [PMID: 30110897 PMCID: PMC6122073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) occur more than 10,000 times per mammalian cell each day, representing the most common type of DNA damage. Unrepaired SSBs compromise DNA replication and transcription programs, leading to genome instability. Unrepaired SSBs are associated with diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Although canonical SSB repair pathway is activated to repair most SSBs, it remains unclear whether and how unrepaired SSBs are sensed and signaled. In this review, we propose a new concept of SSB end resection for genome integrity. We propose a four-step mechanism of SSB end resection: SSB end sensing and processing, as well as initiation, continuation, and termination of SSB end resection. We also compare different mechanisms of SSB end resection and DSB end resection in DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. We further discuss how SSB end resection contributes to SSB signaling and repair. We focus on the mechanism and regulation by APE2 in SSB end resection in genome integrity. Finally, we identify areas of future study that may help us gain further mechanistic insight into the process of SSB end resection. Overall, this review provides the first comprehensive perspective on SSB end resection in genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Akram Hossain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Valenzuela L, Sepúlveda S, Ponce I, Galanti N, Cabrera G. The overexpression of TcAP1 endonuclease confers resistance to infective Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes against oxidative DNA damage. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5985-5995. [PMID: 29575156 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease survives to DNA damage generated by ROS/RNS inside to their different hosts. In recent eukaryotes, oxidative DNA damage is repaired mainly by the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway, being essential the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activity. Using a pTREX-gfp vector, the nucleotide sequence that encodes T. cruzi AP endonuclease TcAP1 (orthologue of human APE1) and a putative TcAP1 dominant negative (TcAP1DN), were transfectedand expressed in T. cruzi epimastigotes. TcAP1-GFP and TcAP1DN-GFP were expressed in those modified epimastigotes and found in the parasite nucleus. The endonucleases were purified under native conditions and the AP endonuclease activity was evaluated. While TcAP1 presents the expected AP endonuclease activity TcAP1DN does not. Moreover, TcAP1DN partially inhibits in vitro TcAP1 enzymatic activity. Transfected epimastigotes expressing TcAP1-GFP and TcAP1DN-GFP were differentiated to infective trypomastigotes. The infective parasites maintained both proteins (TcAP1-GFP and TcAP1DN-GFP) in the nucleus. The overexpression of TcAP1-GFP in epimastigotes and trypomastigotes increases the viability of both parasite forms when exposed to oxidative stress while the expression of TcAP1DN-GFP did not show any in vivo inhibitory effect, suggesting that endogenous TcAP1 constitutive expression overcomes the TcAP1DN inhibitory activity. Our results show that TcAP1 is important for trypomastigote survival under oxidative conditions similar to those found in infected mammalian cells, then increasing its permanence in the infected cells and the possibility of development of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soía Sepúlveda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Ponce
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Rojas DA, Urbina F, Moreira-Ramos S, Castillo C, Kemmerling U, Lapier M, Maya JD, Solari A, Maldonado E. Endogenous overexpression of an active phosphorylated form of DNA polymerase β under oxidative stress in Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006220. [PMID: 29432450 PMCID: PMC5825160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is exposed during its life to exogenous and endogenous oxidative stress, leading to damage of several macromolecules such as DNA. There are many DNA repair pathways in the nucleus and mitochondria (kinetoplast), where specific protein complexes detect and eliminate damage to DNA. One group of these proteins is the DNA polymerases. In particular, Tc DNA polymerase β participates in kinetoplast DNA replication and repair. However, the mechanisms which control its expression under oxidative stress are still unknown. Here we describe the effect of oxidative stress on the expression and function of Tc DNA polymerase β To this end parasite cells (epimastigotes and trypomastigotes) were exposed to peroxide during short periods of time. Tc DNA polymerase β which was associated physically with kinetoplast DNA, showed increased protein levels in response to peroxide damage in both parasite forms analyzed. Two forms of DNA polymerase β were identified and overexpressed after peroxide treatment. One of them was phosphorylated and active in DNA synthesis after renaturation on polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel. This phosphorylated form showed 3-4-fold increase in both parasite forms. Our findings indicate that these increments in protein levels are not under transcriptional control because the level of Tc DNA polymerase β mRNA is maintained or slightly decreased during the exposure to oxidative stress. We propose a mechanism where a DNA repair pathway activates a cascade leading to the increment of expression and phosphorylation of Tc DNA polymerase β in response to oxidative damage, which is discussed in the context of what is known in other trypanosomes which lack transcriptional control. Exposure of Trypanosome cruzi to oxidative stress leads to damage of several macromolecules such as DNA. DNA polymerases play a very important role in DNA repair after oxidative damage. One of them is Tc DNA polymerase β. In this work, two form of this DNA polymerase were identified and overexpressed in T. cruzi cells after hydrogen peroxide treatment been one of them a phosphorylated and highly active form. The increment of Tc DNA polymerase β was not correlated with changes in mRNA levels, indicating absence of transcriptional control. We propose a mechanism where hydrogen peroxide treatment activates a pathway leading to expression and phosphorylation of Tc DNA polymerase β in response to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Rojas
- Microbiology and Micology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Urbina
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Moreira-Ramos
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Lapier
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Solari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edio Maldonado
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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11
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Kunrath-Lima M, Repolês BM, Alves CL, Furtado C, Rajão MA, Macedo AM, Franco GR, Pena SDJ, Valenzuela L, Wisnovsky S, Kelley SO, Galanti N, Cabrera G, Machado CR. Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi MutY DNA glycosylase ortholog and its role in oxidative stress response. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:332-342. [PMID: 28970112 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of Chagas disease. Like most living organisms, it is susceptible to oxidative stress, and must adapt to distinct environments. Hence, DNA repair is essential for its survival and the persistence of infection. Therefore, we studied whether T. cruzi has a homolog counterpart of the MutY enzyme (TcMYH), important in the DNA Base Excision Repair (BER) mechanism. Analysis of T. cruzi genome database showed that this parasite has a putative MutY DNA glycosylase sequence. We performed heterologous complementation assays using this genomic sequence. TcMYH complemented the Escherichia coli MutY- strain, reducing the mutation rate to a level similar to wild type. In in vitro assays, TcMYH was able to remove an adenine that was opposite to 8-oxoguanine. We have also constructed a T. cruzi lineage that overexpresses MYH. Although in standard conditions this lineage has similar growth to control cells, the overexpressor is more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and glucose oxidase than the control, probably due to accumulation of AP sites in its DNA. Localization experiments with GFP-fused TcMYH showed this enzyme is present in both nucleus and mitochondrion. QPCR and MtOX results reinforce the presence and function of TcMYH in these two organelles. Our data suggest T. cruzi has a functional MYH DNA glycosylase, which participates in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA Base Excision Repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kunrath-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Marçal Repolês
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Ceres Luciana Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina Furtado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus Andrade Rajão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrea Mara Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil
| | - Glória Regina Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Danilo Junho Pena
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lucía Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simon Wisnovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil.
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12
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Verissimo-Villela E, Kitahara-Oliveira MY, Reis ABDBD, Albano RM, Da-Cruz AM, Bello AR. Functional complementation of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis AP endonuclease gene (lamap) in Escherichia coli mutant strains challenged with DNA damage agents. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:349-54. [PMID: 27223868 PMCID: PMC4878305 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During its life cycle Leishmania spp. face several stress conditions
that can cause DNA damages. Base Excision Repair plays an important role in DNA
maintenance and it is one of the most conserved mechanisms in all living organisms.
DNA repair in trypanosomatids has been reported only for Old World
Leishmania species. Here the AP endonuclease from
Leishmania (L.) amazonensis was cloned, expressed in
Escherichia coli mutants defective on the DNA repair machinery,
that were submitted to different stress conditions, showing ability to survive in
comparison to the triple null mutant parental strain BW535. Phylogenetic and multiple
sequence analyses also confirmed that LAMAP belongs to the AP endonuclease class of
proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Verissimo-Villela
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Milene Yoko Kitahara-Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Beatriz de Bragança Dos Reis
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodolpho Mattos Albano
- Laboratório de Genoma, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Ribeiro Bello
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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13
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Ponce I, Aldunate C, Valenzuela L, Sepúlveda S, Garrido G, Kemmerling U, Cabrera G, Galanti N. A Flap Endonuclease (TcFEN1) Is Involved in Trypanosoma cruzi
Cell Proliferation, DNA Repair, and Parasite Survival. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1722-1732. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ponce
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Carmen Aldunate
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Lucia Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Sofia Sepúlveda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Gilda Garrido
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile; Santiago 8380453 Chile
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14
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APE2 Zf-GRF facilitates 3'-5' resection of DNA damage following oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:304-309. [PMID: 28028224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Xenopus laevis APE2 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 2) nuclease participates in 3'-5' nucleolytic resection of oxidative DNA damage and activation of the ATR-Chk1 DNA damage response (DDR) pathway via ill-defined mechanisms. Here we report that APE2 resection activity is regulated by DNA interactions in its Zf-GRF domain, a region sharing high homology with DDR proteins Topoisomerase 3α (TOP3α) and NEIL3 (Nei-like DNA glycosylase 3), as well as transcription and RNA regulatory proteins, such as TTF2 (transcription termination factor 2), TFIIS, and RPB9. Biochemical and NMR results establish the nucleic acid-binding activity of the Zf-GRF domain. Moreover, an APE2 Zf-GRF X-ray structure and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses show that the Zf-GRF fold is typified by a crescent-shaped ssDNA binding claw that is flexibly appended to an APE2 endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase (EEP) catalytic core. Structure-guided Zf-GRF mutations impact APE2 DNA binding and 3'-5' exonuclease processing, and also prevent efficient APE2-dependent RPA recruitment to damaged chromatin and activation of the ATR-Chk1 DDR pathway in response to oxidative stress in Xenopus egg extracts. Collectively, our data unveil the APE2 Zf-GRF domain as a nucleic acid interaction module in the regulation of a key single-strand break resection function of APE2, and also reveal topologic similarity of the Zf-GRF to the zinc ribbon domains of TFIIS and RPB9.
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15
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Ormeño F, Barrientos C, Ramirez S, Ponce I, Valenzuela L, Sepúlveda S, Bitar M, Kemmerling U, Machado CR, Cabrera G, Galanti N. Expression and the Peculiar Enzymatic Behavior of the Trypanosoma cruzi NTH1 DNA Glycosylase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157270. [PMID: 27284968 PMCID: PMC4902261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease, presents three cellular forms (trypomastigotes, epimastigotes and amastigotes), all of which are submitted to oxidative species in its hosts. However, T. cruzi is able to resist oxidative stress suggesting a high efficiency of its DNA repair machinery.The Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway is one of the main DNA repair mechanisms in other eukaryotes and in T. cruzi as well. DNA glycosylases are enzymes involved in the recognition of oxidative DNA damage and in the removal of oxidized bases, constituting the first step of the BER pathway. Here, we describe the presence and activity of TcNTH1, a nuclear T. cruzi DNA glycosylase. Surprisingly, purified recombinant TcNTH1 does not remove the thymine glycol base, but catalyzes the cleavage of a probe showing an AP site. The same activity was found in epimastigote and trypomastigote homogenates suggesting that the BER pathway is not involved in thymine glycol DNA repair. TcNTH1 DNA-binding properties assayed in silico are in agreement with the absence of a thymine glycol removing function of that parasite enzyme. Over expression of TcNTH1 decrease parasite viability when transfected epimastigotes are submitted to a sustained production of H2O2.Therefore, TcNTH1 is the only known NTH1 orthologous unable to eliminate thymine glycol derivatives but that recognizes and cuts an AP site, most probably by a beta-elimination mechanism. We cannot discard that TcNTH1 presents DNA glycosylase activity on other DNA base lesions. Accordingly, a different DNA repair mechanism should be expected leading to eliminate thymine glycol from oxidized parasite DNA. Furthermore, TcNTH1 may play a role in the AP site recognition and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ormeño
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Barrientos
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Santiago Ramirez
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Ponce
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucía Valenzuela
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofía Sepúlveda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mainá Bitar
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Cabrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GC); (NG)
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GC); (NG)
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16
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Machado-Silva A, Cerqueira PG, Grazielle-Silva V, Gadelha FR, Peloso EDF, Teixeira SMR, Machado CR. How Trypanosoma cruzi deals with oxidative stress: Antioxidant defence and DNA repair pathways. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 767:8-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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