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Wu J, Song L, Lu M, Gao Q, Xu S, Zhou P, Ma T. The multifaceted functions of DNA-PKcs: implications for the therapy of human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e613. [PMID: 38898995 PMCID: PMC11185949 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), catalytic subunit, also known as DNA-PKcs, is complexed with the heterodimer Ku70/Ku80 to form DNA-PK holoenzyme, which is well recognized as initiator in the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair after double strand break (DSB). During NHEJ, DNA-PKcs is essential for both DNA end processing and end joining. Besides its classical function in DSB repair, DNA-PKcs also shows multifaceted functions in various biological activities such as class switch recombination (CSR) and variable (V) diversity (D) joining (J) recombination in B/T lymphocytes development, innate immunity through cGAS-STING pathway, transcription, alternative splicing, and so on, which are dependent on its function in NHEJ or not. Moreover, DNA-PKcs deficiency has been proven to be related with human diseases such as neurological pathogenesis, cancer, immunological disorder, and so on through different mechanisms. Therefore, it is imperative to summarize the latest findings about DNA-PKcs and diseases for better targeting DNA-PKcs, which have shown efficacy in cancer treatment in preclinical models. Here, we discuss the multifaceted roles of DNA-PKcs in human diseases, meanwhile, we discuss the progresses of DNA-PKcs inhibitors and their potential in clinical trials. The most updated review about DNA-PKcs will hopefully provide insights and ideas to understand DNA-PKcs associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Wu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Liwei Song
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Mingjun Lu
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Qing Gao
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Shaofa Xu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Ping‐Kun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Teng Ma
- Cancer Research CenterBeijing Chest HospitalCapital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijingChina
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2
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Tan J, Sun X, Zhao H, Guan H, Gao S, Zhou P. Double-strand DNA break repair: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e388. [PMID: 37808268 PMCID: PMC10556206 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-strand break (DSB), a significant DNA damage brought on by ionizing radiation, acts as an initiating signal in tumor radiotherapy, causing cancer cells death. The two primary pathways for DNA DSB repair in mammalian cells are nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), which cooperate and compete with one another to achieve effective repair. The DSB repair mechanism depends on numerous regulatory variables. DSB recognition and the recruitment of DNA repair components, for instance, depend on the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex and the Ku70/80 heterodimer/DNA-PKcs (DNA-PK) complex, whose control is crucial in determining the DSB repair pathway choice and efficiency of HR and NHEJ. In-depth elucidation on the DSB repair pathway's molecular mechanisms has greatly facilitated for creation of repair proteins or pathways-specific inhibitors to advance precise cancer therapy and boost the effectiveness of cancer radiotherapy. The architectures, roles, molecular processes, and inhibitors of significant target proteins in the DSB repair pathways are reviewed in this article. The strategy and application in cancer therapy are also discussed based on the advancement of inhibitors targeted DSB damage response and repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Tan
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xingyao Sun
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Ping‐Kun Zhou
- Hengyang Medical CollegeUniversity of South ChinaHengyangHunan ProvinceChina
- Department of Radiation BiologyBeijing Key Laboratory for RadiobiologyBeijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
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3
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Guan H, Zhang W, Xie D, Nie Y, Chen S, Sun X, Zhao H, Liu X, Wang H, Huang X, Bai C, Huang B, Zhou P, Gao S. Cytosolic Release of Mitochondrial DNA and Associated cGAS Signaling Mediates Radiation-Induced Hematopoietic Injury of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044020. [PMID: 36835431 PMCID: PMC9960871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrion is an important organelle of eukaryotic cells and a critical target of ionizing radiation (IR) outside the nucleus. The biological significance and mechanism of the non-target effect originating from mitochondria have received much attention in the field of radiation biology and protection. In this study, we investigated the effect, role, and radioprotective significance of cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its associated cGAS signaling on hematopoietic injury induced by IR in vitro culture cells and in vivo total body irradiated mice in this study. The results demonstrated that γ-ray exposure increases the release of mtDNA into the cytosol to activate cGAS signaling pathway, and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) may contribute to IR-induced mtDNA release. VDAC1 inhibitor DIDS and cGAS synthetase inhibitor can alleviate bone marrow injury and ameliorate hematopoietic suppression induced by IR via protecting hematopoietic stem cells and adjusting subtype distribution of bone marrow cells, such as attenuating the increase of the F4/80+ macrophage proportion in bone marrow cells. The present study provides a new mechanistic explanation for the radiation non-target effect and an alternative technical strategy for the prevention and treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guan
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dafei Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuehua Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaoya Sun
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chenjun Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bo Huang
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (S.G.)
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Molecular targets that sensitize cancer to radiation killing: From the bench to the bedside. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114126. [PMID: 36521246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a standard cytotoxic therapy against solid cancers. It uses ionizing radiation to kill tumor cells through damage to DNA, either directly or indirectly. Radioresistance is often associated with dysregulated DNA damage repair processes. Most radiosensitizers enhance radiation-mediated DNA damage and reduce the rate of DNA repair ultimately leading to accumulation of DNA damages, cell-cycle arrest, and cell death. Recently, agents targeting key signals in DNA damage response such as DNA repair pathways and cell-cycle have been developed. This new class of molecularly targeted radiosensitizing agents is being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies to monitor their activity in potentiating radiation cytotoxicity of tumors and reducing normal tissue toxicity. The molecular pathways of DNA damage response are reviewed with a focus on the repair mechanisms, therapeutic targets under current clinical evaluation including ATM, ATR, CDK1, CDK4/6, CHK1, DNA-PKcs, PARP-1, Wee1, & MPS1/TTK and potential new targets (BUB1, and DNA LIG4) for radiation sensitization.
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A function for ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase in cytokinetic abscission. iScience 2022; 25:104536. [PMID: 35754741 PMCID: PMC9213759 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscission, the final stage of cytokinesis, occurs when the cytoplasmic canal connecting two emerging daughter cells is severed either side of a large proteinaceous structure, the midbody. Here, we expand the functions of ATR to include a cell-cycle-specific role in abscission, which is required for genome stability. All previously characterized roles for ATR depend upon its recruitment to replication protein A (RPA)-coated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, we establish that in each cell cycle ATR, as well as ATRIP, localize to the midbody specifically during late cytokinesis and independently of RPA or detectable ssDNA. Rather, midbody localization and ATR-dependent regulation of abscission requires the known abscission regulator-charged multivesicular body protein 4C (CHMP4C). Intriguingly, this regulation is also dependent upon the CDC7 kinase and the known ATR activator ETAA1. We propose that in addition to its known RPA-ssDNA-dependent functions, ATR has further functions in preventing premature abscission. ATR localises non-canonically to the midbody during late cytokinesis Absence of ATR function results in faster abscission and increased binucleates CDC7 kinase and the ESCRT protein, CHMP4C are required for ATR midbody localisation ATR functions upstream of known abscission regulators, CHMP4B and ANCHR
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Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Enhance the Radiosensitivity of Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells through Inhibition of DNA-PKcs Kinase. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101651. [PMID: 35626687 PMCID: PMC9139844 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most aggressive urological malignancies and has a poor prognosis, especially in patients with metastasis. Although RCC is traditionally considered to be radioresistant, radiotherapy (RT) is still a common treatment for palliative management of metastatic RCC. Novel approaches are urgently needed to overcome radioresistance of RCC. Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) have recently received great attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and good biocompatibility. In the present study, we found that BPQDs enhance ionizing radiation (IR)-induced apoptotic cell death of RCC cells. BPQDs treatment significantly increases IR-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), as indicated by the neutral comet assay and the DSBs biomarkers γH2AX and 53BP1. Mechanistically, BPQDs can interact with purified DNA–protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and promote its kinase activity in vitro. BPQDs impair the autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at S2056, and this site phosphorylation is essential for efficient DNA DSBs repair and the release of DNA-PKcs from the damage sites. Consistent with this, BPQDs suppress nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair and lead to sustained high levels of autophosphorylated DNA-PKcs on the damaged sites. Moreover, animal experiments indicate that the combined approach with both BPQDs and IR displays better efficacy than monotreatment. These findings demonstrate that BPQDs have potential applications in radiosensitizing RCC cells.
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Dylgjeri E, Knudsen KE. DNA-PKcs: A Targetable Protumorigenic Protein Kinase. Cancer Res 2022; 82:523-533. [PMID: 34893509 PMCID: PMC9306356 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a pleiotropic protein kinase that plays critical roles in cellular processes fundamental to cancer. DNA-PKcs expression and activity are frequently deregulated in multiple hematologic and solid tumors and have been tightly linked to poor outcome. Given the potentially influential role of DNA-PKcs in cancer development and progression, therapeutic targeting of this kinase is being tested in preclinical and clinical settings. This review summarizes the latest advances in the field, providing a comprehensive discussion of DNA-PKcs functions in cancer and an update on the clinical assessment of DNA-PK inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Corresponding Author: Karen E. Knudsen, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1050, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Phone: 215-503-5692; E-mail:
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Feng W, Smith CM, Simpson DA, Gupta GP. Targeting Non-homologous and Alternative End Joining Repair to Enhance Cancer Radiosensitivity. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 32:29-41. [PMID: 34861993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer therapies, including radiotherapy, induce DSBs as the major driving mechanism for inducing cancer cell death. Thus, modulating DSB repair has immense potential for radiosensitization, although such interventions must be carefully designed to be tumor selective to ensure that normal tissue toxicities are not also increased. Here, we review mechanisms of error-prone DSB repair through a highly efficient process called end joining. There are two major pathways of end-joining repair: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and alternative end joining (a-EJ), both of which can be selectively upregulated in cancer and thus represent attractive therapeutic targets for radiosensitization. These EJ pathways each have therapeutically targetable pioneer factors - DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) for NHEJ and DNA Polymerase Theta (Pol θ) for a-EJ. We summarize the current status of therapeutic targeting of NHEJ and a-EJ to enhance the effects of radiotherapy - focusing on challenges that must be overcome and opportunities that require further exploration. By leveraging preclinical insights into mechanisms of altered DSB repair programs in cancer, selective radiosensitization through NHEJ and/or a-EJ targeting remains a highly attractive avenue for ongoing and future clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea M Smith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program
| | | | - Gaorav P Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program; Department of Radiation Oncology; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
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9
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Huang R, Gao S, Han Y, Ning H, Zhou Y, Guan H, Liu X, Yan S, Zhou PK. BECN1 promotes radiation-induced G2/M arrest through regulation CDK1 activity: a potential role for autophagy in G2/M checkpoint. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:70. [PMID: 32802407 PMCID: PMC7406511 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Authophagy and G2/M arrest are two important mechanistic responses of cells to ionizing radiation (IR), in particular the IR-induced fibrosis. However, what interplayer and how it links the autophagy and the G2/M arrest remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the autophagy-related protein BECN1 plays a critical role in ionizing radiation-induced G2/M arrest. The treatment of cells with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) at 0-12 h but not 12 h postirradiation significantly sensitized them to IR, indicating a radio-protective role of autophagy in the early response of cells to radiation. 3-MA and BECN1 disruption inactivated the G2/M checkpoint following IR by abrogating the IR-induced phosphorylation of phosphatase CDC25C and its target CDK1, a key mediator of the G2/M transition in coordination with CCNB1. Irradiation increased the nuclear translocation of BECN1, and this process was inhibited by 3-MA. We confirmed that BECN1 interacts with CDC25C and CHK2, and which is mediated the amino acids 89-155 and 151-224 of BECN1, respectively. Importantly, BECN1 deficiency disrupted the interaction of CHK2 with CDC25C and the dissociation of CDC25C from CDK1 in response to irradiation, resulting in the dephosphorylation of CDK1 and overexpression of CDK1. In summary, IR induces the translocation of BECN1 to the nucleus, where it mediates the interaction between CDC25C and CHK2, resulting in the phosphorylation of CDC25C and its dissociation from CDK1. Consequently, the mitosis-promoting complex CDK1/CCNB1 is inactivated, resulting in the arrest of cells at the G2/M transition. Our findings demonstrated that BECN1 plays a role in promotion of radiation-induced G2/M arrest through regulation of CDK1 activity. Whether such functions of BECN1 in G2/M arrest is dependent or independent on its autophagy-related roles is necessary to further identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan Province China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Han
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Huacheng Ning
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan Province China
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 410078 Changsha, Hunan Province China
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Yan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, 100850 Beijing, China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, 100850 Beijing, China
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436 Guangzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Forrer Charlier C, Martins RAP. Protective Mechanisms Against DNA Replication Stress in the Nervous System. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E730. [PMID: 32630049 PMCID: PMC7397197 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise replication of DNA and the successful segregation of chromosomes are essential for the faithful transmission of genetic information during the cell cycle. Alterations in the dynamics of genome replication, also referred to as DNA replication stress, may lead to DNA damage and, consequently, mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. Extensive research has revealed that DNA replication stress drives genome instability during tumorigenesis. Over decades, genetic studies of inherited syndromes have established a connection between the mutations in genes required for proper DNA repair/DNA damage responses and neurological diseases. It is becoming clear that both the prevention and the responses to replication stress are particularly important for nervous system development and function. The accurate regulation of cell proliferation is key for the expansion of progenitor pools during central nervous system (CNS) development, adult neurogenesis, and regeneration. Moreover, DNA replication stress in glial cells regulates CNS tumorigenesis and plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). Here, we review how replication stress generation and replication stress response (RSR) contribute to the CNS development, homeostasis, and disease. Both cell-autonomous mechanisms, as well as the evidence of RSR-mediated alterations of the cellular microenvironment in the nervous system, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo A. P. Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
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11
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Douglas P, Ye R, Radhamani S, Cobban A, Jenkins NP, Bartlett E, Roveredo J, Kettenbach AN, Lees-Miller SP. Nocodazole-Induced Expression and Phosphorylation of Anillin and Other Mitotic Proteins Are Decreased in DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit-Deficient Cells and Rescued by Inhibition of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome with proTAME but Not Apcin. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00191-19. [PMID: 32284347 PMCID: PMC7296215 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00191-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) has well-established roles in DNA double-strand break repair, and recently, nonrepair functions have also been reported. To better understand its cellular functions, we deleted DNA-PKcs from HeLa and A549 cells using CRISPR/Cas9. The resulting cells were radiation sensitive, had reduced expression of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and exhibited multiple mitotic defects. Mechanistically, nocodazole-induced upregulation of cyclin B1, anillin, and securin was decreased in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells, as were phosphorylation of Aurora A on threonine 288, phosphorylation of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) on threonine 210, and phosphorylation of targeting protein for Xenopus Klp2 (TPX2) on serine 121. Moreover, reduced nocodazole-induced expression of anillin, securin, and cyclin B1 and phosphorylation of PLK1, Aurora A, and TPX2 were rescued by inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) by proTAME, which prevents binding of the APC/C-activating proteins Cdc20 and Cdh1 to the APC/C. Altogether, our studies suggest that loss of DNA-PKcs prevents inactivation of the APC/C in nocodazole-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Douglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruiqiong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Suraj Radhamani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander Cobban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole P Jenkins
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon Campus at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Edward Bartlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan Roveredo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon Campus at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Robson DNA Science Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Huang RX, Zhou PK. DNA damage response signaling pathways and targets for radiotherapy sensitization in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:60. [PMID: 32355263 PMCID: PMC7192953 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most common countermeasures for treating a wide range of tumors. However, the radioresistance of cancer cells is still a major limitation for radiotherapy applications. Efforts are continuously ongoing to explore sensitizing targets and develop radiosensitizers for improving the outcomes of radiotherapy. DNA double-strand breaks are the most lethal lesions induced by ionizing radiation and can trigger a series of cellular DNA damage responses (DDRs), including those helping cells recover from radiation injuries, such as the activation of DNA damage sensing and early transduction pathways, cell cycle arrest, and DNA repair. Obviously, these protective DDRs confer tumor radioresistance. Targeting DDR signaling pathways has become an attractive strategy for overcoming tumor radioresistance, and some important advances and breakthroughs have already been achieved in recent years. On the basis of comprehensively reviewing the DDR signal pathways, we provide an update on the novel and promising druggable targets emerging from DDR pathways that can be exploited for radiosensitization. We further discuss recent advances identified from preclinical studies, current clinical trials, and clinical application of chemical inhibitors targeting key DDR proteins, including DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit), ATM/ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related), the MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) complex, the PARP (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase) family, MDC1, Wee1, LIG4 (ligase IV), CDK1, BRCA1 (BRCA1 C terminal), CHK1, and HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1). Challenges for ionizing radiation-induced signal transduction and targeted therapy are also discussed based on recent achievements in the biological field of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xue Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, AMMS, 100850, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Vanillin derivative VND3207 activates DNA-PKcs conferring protection against radiation-induced intestinal epithelial cells injury in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 387:114855. [PMID: 31830491 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin is a natural compound endowed with antioxidant and anti-mutagenic properties. We previously identified the vanillin derivative VND3207 with strong radio-protective and antioxidant effects and found that VND3207 confers survival benefit and protection against radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) in mice. We also observed that VND3207 treatment enhanced the expression level of the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) in human lymphoblastoid cells with or without γ-irradiation. DNA-PKcs is a critical component of DNA double strand break repair pathway and also regulates mitotic progression by stabilizing spindle formation and preventing mitotic catastrophe in response to DNA damage. In the present study, we found that VND3207 protected intestinal epithelial cells in vitro against ionizing radiation by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis. In addition, VND3207 promoted DNA-PKcs activity by increasing autophosphorylation at S2056 site. Consistent with this, VND3207 significantly decreased the number of γH2AX foci and mitotic catastrophe after radiation. DNA-PKcs deficiency abolished these VND3207 radio-protective effects, indicating that DNA-PKcs activation is essential for VND3207 activity. In conclusion, VND3207 promoted intestinal repair following radiation injury by regulating the DNA-PKcs pathway.
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14
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Dogrusöz M, Ruschel Trasel A, Cao J, Ҫolak S, van Pelt SI, Kroes WGM, Teunisse AFAS, Alsafadi S, van Duinen SG, Luyten GPM, van der Velden PA, Amaro A, Pfeffer U, Jochemsen AG, Jager MJ. Differential Expression of DNA Repair Genes in Prognostically-Favorable versus Unfavorable Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081104. [PMID: 31382494 PMCID: PMC6721581 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of DNA repair genes was studied in uveal melanoma (UM) in order to identify genes that may play a role in metastases formation. We searched for genes that are differentially expressed between tumors with a favorable and unfavorable prognosis. Gene-expression profiling was performed on 64 primary UM from the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands. The expression of 121 genes encoding proteins involved in DNA repair pathways was analyzed: a total of 44 genes differed between disomy 3 and monosomy 3 tumors. Results were validated in a cohort from Genoa and Paris and the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Expression of the PRKDC, WDR48, XPC, and BAP1 genes was significantly associated with clinical outcome after validation. PRKDC was highly expressed in metastasizing UM (p < 0.001), whereas WDR48, XPC, and BAP1 were lowly expressed (p < 0.001, p = 0.006, p = 0.003, respectively). Low expression of WDR48 and XPC was related to a large tumor diameter (p = 0.01 and p = 0.004, respectively), and a mixed/epithelioid cell type (p = 0.007 and p = 0.03, respectively). We conclude that the expression of WDR48, XPC, and BAP1 is significantly lower in UM with an unfavorable prognosis, while these tumors have a significantly higher expression of PRKDC. Pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PKcs resulted in decreased survival of UM cells. PRKDC may be involved in proliferation, invasion and metastasis of UM cells. Unraveling the role of DNA repair genes may enhance our understanding of UM biology and result in the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Dogrusöz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ruschel Trasel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90040-060 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jinfeng Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Selҫuk Ҫolak
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Sake I van Pelt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma G M Kroes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amina F A S Teunisse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samar Alsafadi
- Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, Institute Curie, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Sjoerd G van Duinen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gregorius P M Luyten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A van der Velden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana Amaro
- Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16133 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ulrich Pfeffer
- Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16133 Genoa, Italy
| | - Aart G Jochemsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 AZ Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Mohiuddin IS, Kang MH. DNA-PK as an Emerging Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:635. [PMID: 31380275 PMCID: PMC6650781 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays an instrumental role in the overall survival and proliferation of cells. As a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family, DNA-PK is best known as a mediator of the cellular response to DNA damage. In this context, DNA-PK has emerged as an intriguing therapeutic target in the treatment of a variety of cancers, especially when used in conjunction with genotoxic chemotherapy or ionizing radiation. Beyond the DNA damage response, DNA-PK activity is necessary for multiple cellular functions, including the regulation of transcription, progression of the cell cycle, and in the maintenance of telomeres. Here, we review what is currently known about DNA-PK regarding its structure and established roles in DNA repair. We also discuss its lesser-known functions, the pharmacotherapies inhibiting its function in DNA repair, and its potential as a therapeutic target in a broader context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail S Mohiuddin
- Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Min H Kang
- Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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16
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Cui FM, Sun XJ, Huang CC, Chen Q, He YM, Zhang SM, Guan H, Song M, Zhou PK, Hou J. Inhibition of c-Myc expression accounts for an increase in the number of multinucleated cells in human cervical epithelial cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2878-2886. [PMID: 28928827 PMCID: PMC5588452 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the mechanisms by which c-Myc is involved in mitotic catastrophe. HeLa-630 is a cell line stably silenced for c-Myc expression that was established in the laboratory of the School of Radiation Medicine and Protection. Multinucleated cells were observed in this line, and gene expression analysis was utilized to examine differences in gene expression in these cells compared with in the control cells transfected with the control plasmid. Gene ontology analysis was performed for differentially expressed genes. Expression profile analyses revealed that cells with silenced c-Myc exhibited abnormal expression patterns of genes involved in various functions, including the regulation of microtubule nucleation, centrosome duplication, the formation of pericentriolar material, DNA synthesis and metabolism, protein metabolism and the regulation of ion concentrations. Pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes demonstrated that these genes were primarily involved in diverse signal transduction pathways, including not only the adherens junction pathway, the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway and the Wnt signaling pathway, among others, but also signaling pathways with roles in cytokine and immune regulation. The proportion of multinucleated cells with multipolar spindles was significantly higher in silenced c-Myc cells as compared with the control cells, and this discrepancy became more pronounced following cell irradiation. The inhibition of c-Myc in tumors may account for the radiosensitization of certain tumor cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Mei Cui
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Jin Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Cheng Huang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yong Ming He
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Shi Meng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Man Song
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ping Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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17
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Li M, Li S, Liu B, Gu MM, Zou S, Xiao BB, Yu L, Ding WQ, Zhou PK, Zhou J, Shang ZF. PIG3 promotes NSCLC cell mitotic progression and is associated with poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:39. [PMID: 28259183 PMCID: PMC5336678 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most commonly diagnosed type of lung cancer that is associated with poor prognosis. In this study we explored the potential role of p53-induced gene 3 (PIG3) in the progression of NSCLC. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression levels of PIG3 in 201 NSCLC patients. We performed in vitro studies and silenced endogenous PIG3 by using specific siRNAs that specific target PIG3. Immunofluorescent staining was performed to determine the effect of PIG3 on mitotic progression in NSCLC cells. The growth rates of microtubules were determined by microtubule nucleation analysis. Cell proliferation and chemosensitivity were analyzed by CCK8 assays. Annexin V staining and β-galactosidase activity analysis were used to evaluate PIG3 deficiency-related apoptosis and senescence, respectively. Results PIG3 expression levels negatively correlated with overall survival and disease-free survival of NSCLC patients. Knock down of PIG3 resulted in repressed proliferation of NSCLC cells and increased aberrant mitosis, which included misaligning and lagging chromosomes, and bi- or multi-nucleated giant cells. In addition, PIG3 contributed to mitotic spindle assembly by promoting microtubule growth. Furthermore, loss of PIG3 sensitized NSCLC cells to docetaxel by enhancing docetaxel-induced apoptosis and senescence. Conclusions Our results indicate that PIG3 promotes NSCLC progression and therefore suggest that PIG3 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and novel therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0508-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanhu Li
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Liu
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215001, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Meng Gu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Xiao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center at UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center at UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, TX, USA.
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18
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Yu ZJ, Luo HH, Shang ZF, Guan H, Xiao BB, Liu XD, Wang Y, Huang B, Zhou PK. Stabilization of 4E-BP1 by PI3K kinase and its involvement in CHK2 phosphorylation in the cellular response to radiation. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:452-461. [PMID: 28539821 PMCID: PMC5441037 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.18329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: 4E-BP1 is a family member of eIF4E binding proteins (4E-BPs) which act as the suppressors of cap-dependent translation of RNA via competitively associating with cap-bound eIF4E. RNA translation regulation is an important manner to control the cellular responses to a series of stress conditions such as ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage response and cell cycle controlling. This study aimed to determine the mechanism of 4E-BP1 stabilization and its potential downstream target(s) in the response to IR. Methods: PI3Ks kinase inhibitors were used to determine the signaling control of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and protein stability. shRNA strategy was employed to silence the expression of 4E-BP1 in HeLa and HepG2 cells, and determine its effect on the irradiation-induced CHK2 phosphorylation. The protein degradation/stability was investigated by western blotting on the condition of blocking novel protein synthesis by cycloheximide (CHX). Results: The phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 at Thr37/46 was significantly increased in both HepG2 and HeLa cells by ionizing radiation. Depression of 4E-BP1 by shRNA strategy resulted in an incomplete G2 arrest at the early stage of 2 hours post-irradiation, as well as a higher accumulation of mitotic cells at 10 and 12 hours post-irradiation as compared to the control cells. Consistently, the CHK2 phosphorylation at Thr68 induced by IR was also attenuated by silencing 4E-BP1 expression. Both PI3K and DNA-PKcs kinase inhibitors significantly decreased the protein level of 4E-BP1, which was associated with the accelerated degradation mediated by ubiquitination-proteasome pathway. Conclusion: PI3K kinase activity is necessary for maintaining 4E-BP1 stability. Our results also suggest 4E-BP1 a novel biological role of regulating cell cycle G2 checkpoint in responding to IR stress in association with controlling CHK2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Hui Luo
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Radiation Health, the College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hua Guan
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Xiao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Radiation Health, the College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Radiation Health, the College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421001, P.R. China.,Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 100850 Beijing, P.R. China
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19
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Chen J, Zhao M, Jiang X, Sizovs A, Wang MC, Provost CR, Huang J, Wang J. Genetically anchored fluorescent probes for subcellular specific imaging of hydrogen sulfide. Analyst 2016; 141:1209-1213. [PMID: 26806071 PMCID: PMC4747831 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02497h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Imaging hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at the subcellular resolution will greatly improve the understanding of functions of this signaling molecule. Taking advantage of the protein labeling technologies, we report a general strategy for the development of organelle specific H2S probes, which enables sub-cellular H2S imaging essentially in any organelles of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Mingkun Zhao
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Antons Sizovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Meng C Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Huffington Centre on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | | | - Jia Huang
- Sciclotron LLC., Sugar Land, TX 77479, U.S.A
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Centre for Drug Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Centre, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
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20
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Pinder A, Loo D, Harrington B, Oakes V, Hill MM, Gabrielli B. JIP4 is a PLK1 binding protein that regulates p38MAPK activity in G2 phase. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2296-303. [PMID: 26291670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression from G2 phase into mitosis is regulated by a complex network of mechanisms, all of which finally control the timing of Cyclin B/CDK1 activation. PLK1 regulates a network of events that contribute to regulating G2/M phase progression. Here we have used a proteomics approach to identify proteins that specifically bind to the Polobox domain of PLK1. This identified a panel of proteins that were either associated with PLK1 in G2 phase and/or mitosis, the strongest interaction being with the MAPK scaffold protein JIP4. PLK1 binding to JIP4 was found in G2 phase and mitosis, and PLK1 binding was self-primed by PLK1 phosphorylation of JIP4. PLK1 binding is required for JIP4-dependent p38MAPK activation in G2 phase during normal cell cycle progression, but not in either G2 phase or mitotic stress response. Finally, JIP4 is a target for caspase-dependent cleavage in mitotically arrested cells. The role for the PLK1-JIP4 regulated p38MAPK activation in G2 phase is unclear, but it does not affect either progression into or through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pinder
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dorothy Loo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brittney Harrington
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vanessa Oakes
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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21
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Solovjeva L, Firsanov D, Vasilishina A, Chagin V, Pleskach N, Kropotov A, Svetlova M. DNA double-strand break repair is impaired in presenescent Syrian hamster fibroblasts. BMC Mol Biol 2015; 16:18. [PMID: 26458748 PMCID: PMC4601148 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-015-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of DNA damage response are critical for the comprehensive understanding of age-related changes in cells, tissues and organisms. Syrian hamster cells halt proliferation and become presenescent after several passages in standard conditions of cultivation due to what is known as «culture stress». Using proliferating young and non-dividing presenescent cells in primary cultures of Syrian hamster fibroblasts, we defined their response to the action of radiomimetic drug bleomycin (BL) that induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Results The effect of the drug was estimated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy using the antibody to phosphorylated histone H2AX (gH2AX), which is generally accepted as a DSB marker. At all stages of the cell cycle, both presenescent and young cells demonstrated variability of the number of gH2AX foci per nucleus. gH2AX focus induction was found to be independent from BL-hydrolase expression. Some differences in DSB repair process between BL-treated young and presenescent Syrian hamster cells were observed: (1) the kinetics of gH2AX focus loss in G0 fibroblasts of young culture was faster than in cells that prematurely stopped dividing; (2) presenescent cells were characterized by a slower recruitment of DSB repair proteins 53BP1, phospho-DNA-PK and phospho-ATM to gH2AX focal sites, while the rate of phosphorylated ATM/ATR substrate accumulation was the same as that in young cells. Conclusions Our results demonstrate an impairment of DSB repair in prematurely aged Syrian hamster fibroblasts in comparison with young fibroblasts, suggesting age-related differences in response to BL therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12867-015-0046-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljudmila Solovjeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Denis Firsanov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Saint-Petersburg's State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 2 Litovskaya st., Saint Petersburg, 194100, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Vasilishina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Vadim Chagin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda Pleskach
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Andrey Kropotov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Maria Svetlova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretski ave., Saint Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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22
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Douglas P, Ye R, Morrice N, Britton S, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Lees-Miller SP. Phosphorylation of SAF-A/hnRNP-U Serine 59 by Polo-Like Kinase 1 Is Required for Mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2699-713. [PMID: 25986610 PMCID: PMC4524121 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01312-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A), also called heterogenous nuclear ribonuclear protein U (hnRNP-U), is phosphorylated on serine 59 by the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in response to DNA damage. Since SAF-A, DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), and protein phosphatase 6 (PP6), which interacts with DNA-PKcs, have all been shown to have roles in mitosis, we asked whether DNA-PKcs phosphorylates SAF-A in mitosis. We show that SAF-A is phosphorylated on serine 59 in mitosis, that phosphorylation requires polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) rather than DNA-PKcs, that SAF-A interacts with PLK1 in nocodazole-treated cells, and that serine 59 is dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in mitosis. Moreover, cells expressing SAF-A in which serine 59 is mutated to alanine have multiple characteristics of aberrant mitoses, including misaligned chromosomes, lagging chromosomes, polylobed nuclei, and delayed passage through mitosis. Our findings identify serine 59 of SAF-A as a new target of both PLK1 and PP2A in mitosis and reveal that both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of SAF-A serine 59 by PLK1 and PP2A, respectively, are required for accurate and timely exit from mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Douglas
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruiqiong Ye
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas Morrice
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse-Université Paul Sabatier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Shang ZF, Tan W, Liu XD, Yu L, Li B, Li M, Song M, Wang Y, Xiao BB, Zhong CG, Guan H, Zhou PK. DNA-PKcs Negatively Regulates Cyclin B1 Protein Stability through Facilitating Its Ubiquitination Mediated by Cdh1-APC/C Pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221070 PMCID: PMC4515814 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is a critical component of the non-homologous end-joining pathway of DNA double-stranded break repair. DNA-PKcs has also been shown recently functioning in mitotic regulation. Here, we report that DNA-PKcs negatively regulates the stability of Cyclin B1 protein through facilitating its ubiquitination mediated by Cdh1 / E 3 ubiquitin ligase APC/C pathway. Loss of DNA-PKcs causes abnormal accumulation of Cyclin B1 protein. Cyclin B1 degradation is delayed in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells as result of attenuated ubiquitination. The impact of DNA-PKcs on Cyclin B1 stability relies on its kinase activity. Our study further reveals that DNA-PKcs interacts with APC/C core component APC2 and its co-activator Cdh1. The destruction of Cdh1 is accelerated in the absence of DNA-PKcs. Moreover, overexpression of exogenous Cdh1 can reverse the increase of Cyclin B1 protein in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells. Thus, DNA-PKcs, in addition to its direct role in DNA damage repair, functions in mitotic progression at least partially through regulating the stability of Cyclin B1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Fu Shang
- 1. School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China ; 2. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Wei Tan
- 2. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China ; 3. School of Public Heath, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- 2. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Lan Yu
- 4. Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Bing Li
- 2. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- 1. School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Man Song
- 1. School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China ; 2. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- 2. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Xiao
- 1. School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Gao Zhong
- 3. School of Public Heath, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
| | - Hua Guan
- 2. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- 1. School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China ; 2. Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology (BKLRB), Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
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24
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Lee KJ, Shang ZF, Lin YF, Sun J, Morotomi-Yano K, Saha D, Chen BPC. The Catalytic Subunit of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Coordinates with Polo-Like Kinase 1 to Facilitate Mitotic Entry. Neoplasia 2015; 17:329-38. [PMID: 25925375 PMCID: PMC4415140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is the key regulator of the non-homologous end joining pathway of DNA double-strand break repair. We have previously reported that DNA-PKcs is required for maintaining chromosomal stability and mitosis progression. Our further investigations reveal that deficiency in DNA-PKcs activity caused a delay in mitotic entry due to dysregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1), the key driving force for cell cycle progression through G2/M transition. Timely activation of Cdk1 requires polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), which affects modulators of Cdk1. We found that DNA-PKcs physically interacts with Plk1 and could facilitate Plk1 activation both in vitro and in vivo. Further, DNA-PKcs-deficient cells are highly sensitive to Plk1 inhibitor BI2536, suggesting that the coordination between DNA-PKcs and Plk1 is not only crucial to ensure normal cell cycle progression through G2/M phases but also required for cellular resistance to mitotic stress. On the basis of the current study, it is predictable that combined inhibition of DNA-PKcs and Plk1 can be employed in cancer therapy strategy for synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jong Lee
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zeng-Fu Shang
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Radiobiology, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Fen Lin
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jingxin Sun
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Keiko Morotomi-Yano
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Debabrata Saha
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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25
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Jiang X, Yu Y, Chen J, Zhao M, Chen H, Song X, Matzuk AJ, Carroll SL, Tan X, Sizovs A, Cheng N, Wang MC, Wang J. Quantitative imaging of glutathione in live cells using a reversible reaction-based ratiometric fluorescent probe. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:864-74. [PMID: 25531746 PMCID: PMC4371605 DOI: 10.1021/cb500986w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Glutathione
(GSH) plays an important role in maintaining redox
homeostasis inside cells. Currently, there are no methods available
to quantitatively assess the GSH concentration in live cells. Live
cell fluorescence imaging revolutionized the field of cell biology
and has become an indispensable tool in current biological studies.
In order to minimize the disturbance to the biological system in live
cell imaging, the probe concentration needs to be significantly lower
than the analyte concentration. Because of this, any irreversible
reaction-based GSH probe can only provide qualitative results within
a short reaction time and will exhibit maximum response regardless
of the GSH concentration if the reaction is completed. A reversible
reaction-based probe with an appropriate equilibrium constant allows
measurement of an analyte at much higher concentrations and, thus,
is a prerequisite for GSH quantification inside cells. In this contribution,
we report the first fluorescent probe—ThiolQuant Green (TQ
Green)—for quantitative imaging of GSH in live cells. Due to
the reversible nature of the reaction between the probe and GSH, we
are able to quantify mM concentrations of GSH with TQ Green concentrations
as low as 20 nM. Furthermore, the GSH concentrations measured using
TQ Green in 3T3-L1, HeLa, HepG2, PANC-1, and PANC-28 cells are reproducible
and well correlated with the values obtained from cell lysates. TQ
Green imaging can also resolve the changes in GSH concentration in
PANC-1 cells upon diethylmaleate (DEM) treatment. In addition, TQ
Green can be conveniently applied in fluorescence activated cell sorting
(FACS) to measure GSH level changes. Through this study, we not only
demonstrate the importance of reaction reversibility in designing
quantitative reaction-based fluorescent probes but also provide a
practical tool to facilitate redox biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Mingkun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xianzhou Song
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Alexander J. Matzuk
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shaina L. Carroll
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xiao Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Antons Sizovs
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ninghui Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Molecular and Human
Genetics
and Huffington Center on Aging, §Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
Graduate Program, ∥USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, ⊥Center for Drug
Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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26
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The DNA-dependent protein kinase: A multifunctional protein kinase with roles in DNA double strand break repair and mitosis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 117:194-205. [PMID: 25550082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase composed of a large catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the Ku70/80 heterodimer. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in elucidating the role of DNA-PK in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), the major pathway for repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks in human cells and recently, additional roles for DNA-PK have been reported. In this review, we will describe the biochemistry, structure and function of DNA-PK, its roles in DNA double strand break repair and its newly described roles in mitosis and other cellular processes.
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27
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Gustafsson AS, Abramenkovs A, Stenerlöw B. Suppression of DNA-dependent protein kinase sensitize cells to radiation without affecting DSB repair. Mutat Res 2014; 769:1-10. [PMID: 25771720 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and correct repair of DNA double-strand break (DSB) is critical for cell survival. Defects in the DNA repair may lead to cell death, genomic instability and development of cancer. The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is an essential component of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) which is the major DSB repair pathway in mammalian cells. In the present study, by using siRNA against DNA-PKcs in four human cell lines, we examined how low levels of DNA-PKcs affected cellular response to ionizing radiation. Decrease of DNA-PKcs levels by 80-95%, induced by siRNA treatment, lead to extreme radiosensitivity, similar to that seen in cells completely lacking DNA-PKcs and low levels of DNA-PKcs promoted cell accumulation in G2/M phase after irradiation and blocked progression of mitosis. Surprisingly, low levels of DNA-PKcs did not affect the repair capacity and the removal of 53BP1 or γ-H2AX foci and rejoining of DSB appeared normal. This was in strong contrast to cells completely lacking DNA-PKcs and cells treated with the DNA-PKcs inhibitor NU7441, in which DSB repair were severely compromised. This suggests that there are different mechanisms by which loss of DNA-PKcs functions can sensitize cells to ionizing radiation. Further, foci of phosphorylated DNA-PKcs (T2609 and S2056) co-localized with DSB and this was independent of the amount of DNA-PKcs but foci of DNA-PKcs was only seen in siRNA-treated cells. Our study emphasizes on the critical role of DNA-PKcs for maintaining survival after radiation exposure which is uncoupled from its essential function in DSB repair. This could have implications for the development of therapeutic strategies aiming to radiosensitize tumors by affecting the DNA-PKcs function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sofie Gustafsson
- Section of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andris Abramenkovs
- Section of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Stenerlöw
- Section of Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Chen T, Sun Y, Ji P, Kopetz S, Zhang W. Topoisomerase IIα in chromosome instability and personalized cancer therapy. Oncogene 2014; 34:4019-31. [PMID: 25328138 PMCID: PMC4404185 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genome instability is a hallmark of cancer cells. Chromosome instability (CIN), which is often mutually exclusive from hypermutation genotypes, represents a distinct subtype of genome instability. Hypermutations in cancer cells are due to defects in DNA repair genes, but the cause of CIN is still elusive. However, because of the extensive chromosomal abnormalities associated with CIN, its cause is likely a defect in a network of genes that regulate mitotic checkpoints and chromosomal organization and segregation. Emerging evidence has shown that the chromosomal decatenation checkpoint, which is critical for chromatin untangling and packing during genetic material duplication, is defective in cancer cells with CIN. The decatenation checkpoint is known to be regulated by a family of enzymes called topoisomerases. Among them, the gene encoding topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) is commonly altered at both gene copy number and gene expression level in cancer cells. Thus, abnormal alterations of TOP2A, its interacting proteins, and its modifications may play a critical role in CIN in human cancers. Clinically, a large arsenal of topoisomerase inhibitors have been used to suppress DNA replication in cancer. However, they often lead to the secondary development of leukemia because of their effect on the chromosomal decatenation checkpoint. Therefore, topoisomerase drugs must be used judiciously and administered on an individual basis. In this review, we highlight the biological function of TOP2A in chromosome segregation and the mechanisms that regulate this enzyme's expression and activity. We also review the roles of TOP2A and related proteins in human cancers, and raise a perspective for how to target TOP2A in personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chen
- 1] Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA [2] Department of Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - P Ji
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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29
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Douglas P, Ye R, Trinkle-Mulcahy L, Neal J, De Wever V, Morrice N, Meek K, Lees-Miller S. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) regulate DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) phosphorylation in mitosis. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:e00113. [PMID: 24844881 PMCID: PMC4069685 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase activity of the DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit) and its autophosphorylation are critical for DBS (DNA double-strand break) repair via NHEJ (non-homologous end-joining). Recent studies have shown that depletion or inactivation of DNA-PKcs kinase activity also results in mitotic defects. DNA-PKcs is autophosphorylated on Ser2056, Thr2647 and Thr2609 in mitosis and phosphorylated DNA-PKcs localize to centrosomes, mitotic spindles and the midbody. DNA-PKcs also interacts with PP6 (protein phosphatase 6), and PP6 has been shown to dephosphorylate Aurora A kinase in mitosis. Here we report that DNA-PKcs is phosphorylated on Ser3205 and Thr3950 in mitosis. Phosphorylation of Thr3950 is DNA-PK-dependent, whereas phosphorylation of Ser3205 requires PLK1 (polo-like kinase 1). Moreover, PLK1 phosphorylates DNA-PKcs on Ser3205 in vitro and interacts with DNA-PKcs in mitosis. In addition, PP6 dephosphorylates DNA-PKcs at Ser3205 in mitosis and after IR (ionizing radiation). DNA-PKcs also phosphorylates Chk2 on Thr68 in mitosis and both phosphorylation of Chk2 and autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs in mitosis occur in the apparent absence of Ku and DNA damage. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into the roles of DNA-PKcs and PP6 in mitosis and suggest that DNA-PKcs' role in mitosis may be mechanistically distinct from its well-established role in NHEJ.
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Key Words
- dna-dependent protein kinase
- midbody
- mitosis
- polo-like protein kinase 1
- protein phosphatase 6
- atm, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- chk2, checkpoint kinase 2
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- dna-pkcs, dna-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit
- dapi, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- dsb, dna double-strand break
- fha, forkhead associated
- gfp, green fluorescent protein
- ir, ionizing radiation
- mem, minimum essential medium alpha
- nhej, non-homologous end-joining
- pipes, 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid
- plk1, polo-like kinase-1
- pp6, protein phosphatase 6
- sirna, small interfering rna
- tpx2, targeting protein for xklp2
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Douglas
- *Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Ruiqiong Ye
- *Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Laura Trinkle-Mulcahy
- †Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M5
| | - Jessica A. Neal
- ‡Departments of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Veerle De Wever
- §Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Nick A. Morrice
- ∥Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD Scotland, U.K
| | - Katheryn Meek
- ‡Departments of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Susan P. Lees-Miller
- *Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
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