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Li F, Xu J, Zhu Y. MiR-6839-5p inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion; a possible correlation with the suppressing VEGFA expression in human chondrosarcoma cells. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:175. [PMID: 38762695 PMCID: PMC11102412 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play an important role in the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of malignancy. In previous studies (detailed in our previous paper), the expression of miR-6839-5p was significantly increased in SW1353 cells after 125I seed 6 Gy irradiation, which indicated miR-6839-5p may play a tumor suppression function in chondrosarcoma cells. This study aimed to identify the effects of miR-6839-5p on the human chondrosarcoma cells, and investigate the potential target genes of miR-6839-5p. Firstly, chondrosarcoma cells (SW1353 and CAL78) were transfected with hsa-miR-6839-5p specific mimic. Secondly, Cell viability assay (MTT assay), Colony formation assay, Wound healing assay, Transwell assay, TUNEL staining and Western blotting experiments were performed, and the results proved miR-6839-5p can inhibit chondrosarcoma cells proliferation, migration and invasion. Meanwhile, miR-6839-5p significantly down-regulated apoptosis facilitator Bcl-2 expression, and promoted apoptosis of chondrosarcoma cells. It is reasonable to speculate miR-6839-5p might downregulate Bcl-2 expression to induce apoptosis in SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cells. Lastly, RNA extraction and bioinformatic analysis was performed on SW1353 cells transfected with hsa-miR-6839-5p specific mimic to investigate the potential target genes of miR-6839-5p. A total of 253 differentially expressed mRNA genes (105 up-regulated genes and 148 down-regulated genes) were found, and 23 differentially expressed downregulated genes were identified. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was conducted to validate the results, which demonstrated the expression of BST2, VEGFA, FPR3 and PPARA was significantly downregulated by miR-6839-5p mimic. Furthermore, miR-6839-5p inhibitor can restore or partially restore the expression value of the above four genes. The analysis results of miRNA target gene prediction database indicated VEGFA was the most likely direct target gene of miR-6839-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nan Jing Bei Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics Oncology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nan Jing Bei Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Armstrong L, Willoughby CE, McKenna DJ. The Suppression of the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer through the Targeting of MYO6 Using MiR-145-5p. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4301. [PMID: 38673886 PMCID: PMC11050364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of miR-145-5p has been observed in prostate cancer where is has been suggested to play a tumor suppressor role. In other cancers, miR-145-5p acts as an inhibitor of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key molecular process for tumor progression. However, the interaction between miR-145-5p and EMT remains to be elucidated in prostate cancer. In this paper the link between miR-145-5p and EMT in prostate cancer was investigated using a combination of in silico and in vitro analyses. miR-145-5p expression was significantly lower in prostate cancer cell lines compared to normal prostate cells. Bioinformatic analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas prostate adenocarcinoma (TCGA PRAD) data showed significant downregulation of miR-145-5p in prostate cancer, correlating with disease progression. Functional enrichment analysis significantly associated miR-145-5p and its target genes with EMT. MYO6, an EMT-associated gene, was identified and validated as a novel target of miR-145-5p in prostate cancer cells. In vitro manipulation of miR-145-5p levels significantly altered cell proliferation, clonogenicity, migration and expression of EMT-associated markers. Additional TCGA PRAD analysis suggested miR-145-5p tumor expression may be useful predictor of disease recurrence. In summary, this is the first study to report that miR-145-5p may inhibit EMT by targeting MYO6 in prostate cancer cells. The findings suggest miR-145-5p could be a useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Declan J. McKenna
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK; (L.A.); (C.E.W.)
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Piechka A, Sparanese S, Witherspoon L, Hach F, Flannigan R. Molecular mechanisms of cellular dysfunction in testes from men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:67-90. [PMID: 38110528 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Male factor infertility affects 50% of infertile couples worldwide; the most severe form, non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), affects 10-15% of infertile males. Treatment for individuals with NOA is limited to microsurgical sperm extraction paired with in vitro fertilization intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Unfortunately, spermatozoa are only retrieved in ~50% of patients, resulting in live birth rates of 21-46%. Regenerative therapies could provide a solution; however, understanding the cell-type-specific mechanisms of cellular dysfunction is a fundamental necessity to develop precision medicine strategies that could overcome these abnormalities and promote regeneration of spermatogenesis. A number of mechanisms of cellular dysfunction have been elucidated in NOA testicular cells. These mechanisms include abnormalities in both somatic cells and germ cells in NOA testes, such as somatic cell immaturity, aberrant growth factor signalling, increased inflammation, increased apoptosis and abnormal extracellular matrix regulation. Future cell-type-specific investigations in identifying modulators of cellular transcription and translation will be key to understanding upstream dysregulation, and these studies will require development of in vitro models to functionally interrogate spermatogenic niche dysfunction in both somatic and germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Piechka
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sydney Sparanese
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Luke Witherspoon
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faraz Hach
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan Flannigan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Zając W, Dróżdż J, Kisielewska W, Karwowska W, Dudzisz-Śledź M, Zając AE, Borkowska A, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Szostakowski B, Rutkowski P, Czarnecka AM. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma from Molecular Pathology to Current Treatment and Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3924. [PMID: 37568740 PMCID: PMC10417069 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a rare subtype of chondrosarcoma, a primary cartilaginous malignant neoplasm. It accounts for up to 1-2% of all chondrosarcomas and is generally associated with one of the poorest prognoses among all chondrosarcomas with the highest risk of metastasis. The 5-year survival rates range from 7% to 24%. DDCS may develop at any age, but the average presentation age is over 50. The most common locations are the femur, pelvis humerus, scapula, rib, and tibia. The standard treatment for localised disease is surgical resection. Most patients are diagnosed in unresectable and advanced stages, and chemotherapy for localised and metastatic dedifferentiated DDCS follows protocols used for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Dróżdż
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Kisielewska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Karwowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dudzisz-Śledź
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Agnieszka E. Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Aneta Borkowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Szostakowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland (M.D.-Ś.); (A.E.Z.); (A.B.); (B.S.); (P.R.)
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Wei Y, Han S, Wen J, Liao J, Liang J, Yu J, Chen X, Xiang S, Huang Z, Zhang B. E26 transformation-specific transcription variant 5 in development and cancer: modification, regulation and function. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:17. [PMID: 36872348 PMCID: PMC9987099 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription variant 5 (ETV5), also known as ETS-related molecule (ERM), exerts versatile functions in normal physiological processes, including branching morphogenesis, neural system development, fertility, embryonic development, immune regulation, and cell metabolism. In addition, ETV5 is repeatedly found to be overexpressed in multiple malignant tumors, where it is involved in cancer progression as an oncogenic transcription factor. Its roles in cancer metastasis, proliferation, oxidative stress response and drug resistance indicate that it is a potential prognostic biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Post-translational modifications, gene fusion events, sophisticated cellular signaling crosstalk and non-coding RNAs contribute to the dysregulation and abnormal activities of ETV5. However, few studies to date systematically summarized the role and molecular mechanisms of ETV5 in benign diseases and in oncogenic progression. In this review, we specify the molecular structure and post-translational modifications of ETV5. In addition, its critical roles in benign and malignant diseases are summarized to draw a panorama for specialists and clinicians. The updated molecular mechanisms of ETV5 in cancer biology and tumor progression are delineated. Finally, we prospect the further direction of ETV5 research in oncology and its potential translational applications in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenqi Han
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Liao
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junnan Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, National Health Commission, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Xiang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhao Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, National Health Commission, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Ball HC, Ansari MY, Ahmad N, Novak K, Haqqi TM. A retrotransposon gag-like-3 gene RTL3 and SOX-9 co-regulate the expression of COL2A1 in chondrocytes. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:615-628. [PMID: 33043724 PMCID: PMC8404968 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1828380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transposable elements are known to remodel gene structure and provide a known source of genetic variation. Retrotransposon gag-like-3 (RTL3) is a mammalian retrotransposon-derived transcript (MART) whose function in the skeletal tissue is unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the biological significance of RTL3 in chondrogenesis and type-II collagen (COL2A1) gene expression in chondrocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of RTL3, SOX-9 and COL2A1 mRNAs was determined by TaqMan assays and the protein expression by immunoblotting. RTL3 and Sox-9 depletion in human chondrocytes was achieved using validated siRNAs. An RTL3 mutant (∆RTL3) lacking the zinc finger domain was created using in vitro mutagenesis. Forced expression of RTL3, ∆RTL3, and SOX-9 was achieved using CMV promoter containing expression plasmids. CRISPR-Cas9 was utilized to delete Rtl3 and create a stable ATDC5Rlt3-/- cell line. Matrix deposition and Col2a1 quantification during chondrogenesis were determined by Alcian blue staining and Sircol™ Soluble Collagen Assay, respectively. RESULTS RTL3 is not ubiquitously expressed but showed strong expression in cartilage, chondrocytes and synoviocytes but not in muscle, brain, or other tissues analyzed. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies demonstrated a critical role of RTL3 in the regulation of SOX-9 and COL2A1 expression and matrix synthesis during chondrogenesis. Both RTL3 and SOX-9 displayed co-regulated expression in chondrocytes. Gene regulatory activity of RTL3 requires the c-terminal CCHC zinc-finger binding domain. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify a novel regulatory mechanism of COL2A1 expression in chondrocytes that may help to further understand the skeletal development and the pathogenesis of diseases with altered COL2A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope. C. Ball
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, USA
| | - Mohammad Y. Ansari
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, USA
| | - Nashrah Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, USA.,Department of Biomedical Science, Kent State University, Kent, USA
| | - Kimberly Novak
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, USA
| | - Tariq M. Haqqi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Prof. Tariq M. Haqqi: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown OH 44272; ; Tel (330) 325-6704
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Conservation of Zebrafish MicroRNA-145 and Its Role during Neural Crest Cell Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071023. [PMID: 34209401 PMCID: PMC8306979 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is a multipotent cell population that develops from the dorsal neural fold of vertebrate embryos in order to migrate extensively and differentiate into a variety of tissues. A number of gene regulatory networks coordinating neural crest cell specification and differentiation have been extensively studied to date. Although several publications suggest a common role for microRNA-145 (miR-145) in molecular reprogramming for cell cycle regulation and/or cellular differentiation, little is known about its role during in vivo cranial neural crest development. By modifying miR-145 levels in zebrafish embryos, abnormal craniofacial development and aberrant pigmentation phenotypes were detected. By whole-mount in situ hybridization, changes in expression patterns of col2a1a and Sry-related HMG box (Sox) transcription factors sox9a and sox9b were observed in overexpressed miR-145 embryos. In agreement, zebrafish sox9b expression was downregulated by miR-145 overexpression. In silico and in vivo analysis of the sox9b 3′UTR revealed a conserved potential miR-145 binding site likely involved in its post-transcriptional regulation. Based on these findings, we speculate that miR-145 participates in the gene regulatory network governing zebrafish chondrocyte differentiation by controlling sox9b expression.
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8
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Interplay between SOX9 transcription factor and microRNAs in cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:681-694. [PMID: 33957202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SOX transcription factors are critical regulators of development, homeostasis and disease progression and their dysregulation is a common finding in various cancers. SOX9 belongs to SOXE family located on chromosome 17. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) possess the capacity of regulating different transcription factors in cancer cells by binding to 3'-UTR. Since miRNAs can affect differentiation, migration, proliferation and other physiological mechanisms, disturbances in their expression have been associated with cancer development. In this review, we evaluate the relationship between miRNAs and SOX9 in different cancers to reveal how this interaction can affect proliferation, metastasis and therapy response of cancer cells. The tumor-suppressor miRNAs can decrease the expression of SOX9 by binding to the 3'-UTR of mRNAs. Furthermore, the expression of downstream targets of SOX9, such as c-Myc, Wnt, PI3K/Akt can be affected by miRNAs. It is noteworthy that other non-coding RNAs including lncRNAs and circRNAs regulate miRNA/SOX9 expression to promote/inhibit cancer progression and malignancy. The pre-clinical findings can be applied as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients.
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9
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SOX9 Knockout Induces Polyploidy and Changes Sensitivity to Tumor Treatment Strategies in a Chondrosarcoma Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207627. [PMID: 33076370 PMCID: PMC7589851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As most chemotherapeutic drugs are ineffective in the treatment of chondrosarcoma, we studied the expression pattern and function of SOX9, the master transcription factor for chondrogenesis, in chondrosarcoma, to understand the basic molecular principles needed for engineering new targeted therapies. Our study shows an increase in SOX9 expression in chondrosarcoma compared to normal cartilage, but a decrease when the tumors are finally defined as dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS). In DDCS, SOX9 is almost completely absent in the non-chondroid, dedifferentiated compartments. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SOX9 in a human chondrosarcoma cell line (HTB94) results in reduced proliferation, clonogenicity and migration, accompanied by an inability to activate MMP13. In contrast, adhesion, apoptosis and polyploidy formation are favored after SOX9 deletion, probably involving BCL2 and survivin. The siRNA-mediated SOX9 knockdown partially confirmed these results, suggesting the need for a certain SOX9 threshold for particular cancer-related events. To increase the efficacy of chondrosarcoma therapies, potential therapeutic approaches were analyzed in SOX9 knockout cells. Here, we found an increased impact of doxorubicin, but a reduced sensitivity for oncolytic virus treatment. Our observations present novel insight into the role of SOX9 in chondrosarcoma biology and could thereby help to overcome the obstacle of drug resistance and limited therapy options.
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Song H, Park KH. Regulation and function of SOX9 during cartilage development and regeneration. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:12-23. [PMID: 32380234 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is a highly coordinated event in embryo development, adult homeostasis, and repair of the vertebrate cartilage. Fate decisions and differentiation of chondrocytes accompany differential expression of genes critical for each step of chondrogenesis. SOX9 is a master transcription factor that participates in sequential events in chondrogenesis by regulating a series of downstream factors in a stage-specific manner. SOX9 either works alone or in combination with downstream SOX transcription factors, SOX5 and SOX6 as chondrogenic SOX Trio. SOX9 is reduced in the articular cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis while highly maintained during tumorigenesis of cartilage and bone. Gene therapy using viral and non-viral vectors accompanied by tissue engineering (scaffolds) is a promising tool to regenerate impaired cartilage. Delivery of SOX9 or chondrogenic SOX Trio into cells produces efficient therapeutic effects on chondrogenesis and this event is facilitated by scaffolds. Non-viral vector-guided delivery systems encapsulated or loaded in mechanically stable solid scaffolds are useful for the regeneration of articular cartilage. Here we review major milestones and most recent studies focusing on regulation and function of chondrogenic SOX Trio, during chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration, and on the development of advanced technologies in gene delivery with tissue engineering to improve efficiency of cartilage repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haengseok Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Nouri M, Massah S, Caradec J, Lubik AA, Li N, Truong S, Lee AR, Fazli L, Ramnarine VR, Lovnicki JM, Moore J, Wang M, Foo J, Gleave ME, Hollier BG, Nelson C, Collins C, Dong X, Buttyan R. Transient Sox9 Expression Facilitates Resistance to Androgen-Targeted Therapy in Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:1678-1689. [PMID: 31919137 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with metastatic prostate cancer are increasingly presenting with treatment-resistant, androgen receptor-negative/low (AR-/Low) tumors, with or without neuroendocrine characteristics, in processes attributed to tumor cell plasticity. This plasticity has been modeled by Rb1/p53 knockdown/knockout and is accompanied by overexpression of the pluripotency factor, Sox2. Here, we explore the role of the developmental transcription factor Sox9 in the process of prostate cancer therapy response and tumor progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Unique prostate cancer cell models that capture AR-/Low stem cell-like intermediates were analyzed for features of plasticity and the functional role of Sox9. Human prostate cancer xenografts and tissue microarrays were evaluated for temporal alterations in Sox9 expression. The role of NF-κB pathway activity in Sox9 overexpression was explored. RESULTS Prostate cancer stem cell-like intermediates have reduced Rb1 and p53 protein expression and overexpress Sox2 as well as Sox9. Sox9 was required for spheroid growth, and overexpression increased invasiveness and neural features of prostate cancer cells. Sox9 was transiently upregulated in castration-induced progression of prostate cancer xenografts and was specifically overexpressed in neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT)-treated patient tumors. High Sox9 expression in NHT-treated patients predicts biochemical recurrence. Finally, we link Sox9 induction to NF-κB dimer activation in prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Developmentally reprogrammed prostate cancer cell models recapitulate features of clinically advanced prostate tumors, including downregulated Rb1/p53 and overexpression of Sox2 with Sox9. Sox9 is a marker of a transitional state that identifies prostate cancer cells under the stress of therapeutic assault and facilitates progression to therapy resistance. Its expression may index the relative activity of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannan Nouri
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shabnam Massah
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Josselin Caradec
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy A Lubik
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Na Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Truong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ahn R Lee
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Varune R Ramnarine
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica M Lovnicki
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jackson Moore
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mike Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jane Foo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brett G Hollier
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colleen Nelson
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ralph Buttyan
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Lv R, Zhang QW. The long noncoding RNA FTH1P3 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of cervical cancer through microRNA‑145. Oncol Rep 2019; 43:31-40. [PMID: 31789421 PMCID: PMC6908927 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has revealed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in the development and progression of tumors. The present study aimed to examine the roles and illustrate the underlying mechanisms of lncRNA ferritin heavy chain 1 pseudogene 3 (FTH1P3) in cervical cancer. The expression of lncRNA FTH1P3 and microRNA-145 (miRNA-145 or miR-145) in human cervical cancer samples and cervical cancer cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR (reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction). FTH1P3 overexpression, siRNA plasmid, hsa-miR-145 mimic or hsa-miR-145 inhibitor were transfected. The target of FTH1P3 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and validated by luciferase assay. Statistical significance analysis was performed by SPSS software. The results revealed that FTH1P3 was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. Increased expression of FTH1P3 was revealed in human cervical cancer cell lines compared with cervical normal epithelial cells. Downregulation of FTH1P3 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and promoted apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. miR-145 was predicted and validated as a direct target of FTH1P3. Moreover, FTH1P3 siRNA partially attenuated the effects of the miR-145 inhibitor on cell viability and mobility in cervical cancer cells. The present results demonstrated that lncRNA FTH1P3 functioned as a promoting factor in cervical cancer by targeting miR-145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lv
- Department of Gynecological Oncology Ward, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wen Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology Ward, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
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13
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Kohama I, Kosaka N, Chikuda H, Ochiya T. An Insight into the Roles of MicroRNAs and Exosomes in Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030428. [PMID: 30917542 PMCID: PMC6468388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare solid tumors, but at least one-third of patients with sarcoma die from tumor-related disease. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a noncoding RNA that regulates gene expression in all cells and plays a key role in the progression of cancers. Recently, it was identified that miRNAs are transferred between cells by enclosure in extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes. The exosome is a 100 nm-sized membraned vesicle that is secreted by many kinds of cells and contains miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and proteins. Cancer uses exosomes to influence not only the tumor microenvironment but also the distant organ to create a premetastatic niche. The progression of sarcoma is also regulated by miRNAs and exosomes. These miRNAs and exosomes can be targeted as biomarkers and treatments. In this review, we summarize the studies of miRNA and exosomes in sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaku Kohama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
- Department of Translational Research for Extracellular Vesicles, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showamachi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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14
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Ye D, Shen Z, Zhou S. Function of microRNA-145 and mechanisms underlying its role in malignant tumor diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:969-979. [PMID: 30774425 PMCID: PMC6349084 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s191696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are single-stranded small RNAs that do not encode proteins. They can combine complementarily with the 3′-UTRs of target gene mRNA molecules to promote targeted mRNA degradation or inhibit mRNA translation, thereby regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs participate in regulation of cell cycling, growth, apoptosis, differentiation, and stress responses. MiRNA-145 (miR-145) is a tumor suppressor that targets various tumor-specific genes and proteins, thereby influencing related signaling pathways. MiR-145 not only regulates tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, but is also important for tumor angiogenesis and tumor stem cell proliferation. Here, we review the roles and mechanisms of miR-145 in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors. Published data confirm that miR-145 expression in various tumors is significantly lower than that in normal tissues and that overexpression of miR-145 inhibits the growth of different tumor cells, significantly reduces the ability of tumors to spread, and improves sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. We conclude that miR-145 is a potential marker for use in the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of patients with cancer, has a role as a tumor suppressor, and is a promising cancer treatment target candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuihong Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,
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15
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Sui J, Liu Q, Zhang H, Kong Y. Retracted
: Deep integrative analysis of microRNA‐mRNA regulatory networks for biomarker and target discovery in chondrosarcoma. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9631-9638. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinpo Sui
- Department of Joint Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Shandong China
| | - Qingkuan Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Shandong China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Maternal and Child Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Shandong China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Joint Surgery The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Shandong China
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16
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Regulatory mechanisms of miR-145 expression and the importance of its function in cancer metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:195-207. [PMID: 30396077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional mediators of gene expression and regulation, which play influential roles in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. The expression of tumor suppressor miR-145 is reduced in various cancer cell lines, containing both solid tumors and blood malignancies. However, the responsible mechanisms of its down-regulation are a complicated network. miR-145 is potentially able to inhbit tumor cell metastasis by targeting of multiple oncogenes, including MUC1, FSCN1, Vimentin, Cadherin, Fibronectin, Metadherin, GOLM1, ARF6, SMAD3, MMP11, Snail1, ZEB1/2, HIF-1α and Rock-1. This distinctive role of miR-145 in the regulation of metastasis-related gene expression may introduce miR-145 as an ideal candidate for controlling of cancer metastasis by miRNA replacement therapy. The present review aims to discuss the current understanding of the different aspects of molecular mechanisms of miR-145 regulation as well as its role in r metastasis regulation.
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17
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Nazeri E, Gouran Savadkoohi M, Majidzadeh-A K, Esmaeili R. Chondrosarcoma: An overview of clinical behavior, molecular mechanisms mediated drug resistance and potential therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 131:102-109. [PMID: 30293700 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are known as a heterogeneous class of cancers arisen in the connective tissues and demonstrated various histological subtypes including both soft tissue and bone origin. Chondrosarcoma is one of the main types of bone sarcoma that shows a considerable deficiency in response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While conventional treatment based on surgery, chemo-and radiotherapy are used in this tumor, high rate of death especially among children and adolescents are reported. Due to high resistance to current conventional therapies in chondrosarcoma, there is an urgent requirement to recognize factors causing resistance and discover new strategies for optimal treatment. In the past decade, dysregulation of genes associated with tumor development and therapy resistance has been studied to find potential therapeutic targets to overcome resistance. In this review, clinical aspects of chondrosarcoma are summarized. Moreover, it gives a summary of gene dysregulation, mutation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs associated with tumor development and therapeutic response modulation. Finally, the probable role of tumor microenvironment in chondrosarcoma drug resistance and targeted therapies as a promising molecular therapeutic approach are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Nazeri
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rezvan Esmaeili
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Abstract
Owing to the development of new technologies, the epigenome, a second dimensional method for genome analysis has emerged. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs, regulate gene expression without changing the genetic sequence. These epigenetic mechanisms normally modulate gene expression, trans-generational effects and inherited expression states in various biological processes. Abnormal epigenetic patterns typically cause pathological conditions, including cancers, age-related diseases, and specific cartilage and bone diseases. Facing the rapidly developing epigenetic field, we reviewed epigenetic mechanisms and their involvement with the skeletal system and their role in skeletal development, homeostasis and degeneration. Finally, we discuss the prospects for the future of epigenetics.
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19
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Bellavia D, Raimondi L, Costa V, De Luca A, Carina V, Maglio M, Fini M, Alessandro R, Giavaresi G. Engineered exosomes: A new promise for the management of musculoskeletal diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1893-1901. [PMID: 29885361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are nanovesicles actively secreted by potentially all cell types, including tumour cells, with the primary role of extracellular systemic communication mediators, both at autocrine and paracrine levels, at short and long distances. Recently, different studies have used exosomes as a delivery system for a plethora of different molecules, such as drugs, microRNAs and proteins. This has been made possible thanks to the simplicity in exosomes engineering, their great stability and versatility for applications in oncology as well as in regenerative medicine. SCOPE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide information on the state-of-the-art and possible applications of engineered exosomes, both for cargo and specific cell-targeting, in different pathologies related to the musculoskeletal system. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The use of exosomes as therapeutic agents is rapidly evolving, different studies explore drug delivery with exosomes using different molecules, showing an enormous potential in various research fields such as oncology and regenerative medicine. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE However, despite the significant progress made by the different studies carried out, currently, the use of exosomes is not a therapeutic reality for the considerable difficulties to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bellavia
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - L Raimondi
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Costa
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Carina
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Maglio
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Fini
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Alessandro
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy; Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Jeong W, Kim HJ. Biomarkers of chondrosarcoma. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:579-583. [PMID: 29593061 PMCID: PMC6204964 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical outcome prediction is major concern to patients with cancer. Various molecular markers in various carcinomas have been identified in the past few decades. However, accurate predictors in chondrosarcoma have not been developed, even though chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary bone tumour. Chondrosarcoma is the cartilage-forming malignancy and shows a wide spectrum of clinicopathological behaviours. The majority of chondrosarcoma grows slowly and rarely metastasises, and adequate surgery leads to a good prognosis. However, wide surgical excision is acquired in high-grade chondrosarcoma, because this tumour is highly resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To decide best therapy, accurate diagnostic markers are also necessary in chondrosarcoma. It is reported that angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis increase by chondrosarcoma staging, and they are promoted by leptin and adiponectin. Several microRNAs to regulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C are also reported. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase and periostin are proposed as new biomarkers for differential diagnosis of enchondroma and chondrosarcoma. This review summarises that chondrosarcoma diagnostic markers are currently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonju Jeong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daegu Top Hospital, Daegu, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, The Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, The Republic of Korea
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21
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Das KK, Heeg S, Pitarresi JR, Reichert M, Bakir B, Takano S, Kopp JL, Wahl-Feuerstein A, Hicks P, Sander M, Rustgi AK. ETV5 regulates ductal morphogenesis with Sox9 and is critical for regeneration from pancreatitis. Dev Dyn 2018. [PMID: 29532564 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasticity of pancreatic acinar cells to undergo acinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM) has been demonstrated to contribute to the regeneration of the pancreas in response to injury. Sox9 is critical for ductal cell fate and important in the formation of ADM, most likely in concert with a complex hierarchy of, as yet, not fully elucidated transcription factors. RESULTS By using a mouse model of acute pancreatitis and three dimensional organoid culture of primary pancreatic ductal cells, we herein characterize the Ets-transcription factor Etv5 as a pivotal regulator of ductal cell identity and ADM that acts upstream of Sox9 and is essential for Sox9 expression in ADM. Loss of Etv5 is associated with increased severity of acute pancreatitis and impaired ADM formation leading to delayed tissue regeneration and recovery in response to injury. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights in the regulation of ADM with implications in our understanding of pancreatic homeostasis, pancreatitis and epithelial plasticity. Developmental Dynamics 247:854-866, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik K Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steffen Heeg
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine II, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,II. Medizinische Klinik, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Basil Bakir
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shigetsugu Takano
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anja Wahl-Feuerstein
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philip Hicks
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maike Sander
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Boehme KA, Schleicher SB, Traub F, Rolauffs B. Chondrosarcoma: A Rare Misfortune in Aging Human Cartilage? The Role of Stem and Progenitor Cells in Proliferation, Malignant Degeneration and Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010311. [PMID: 29361725 PMCID: PMC5796255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other malignant bone tumors including osteosarcomas and Ewing sarcomas with a peak incidence in adolescents and young adults, conventional and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas mainly affect people in the 4th to 7th decade of life. To date, the cell type of chondrosarcoma origin is not clearly defined. However, it seems that mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPC) in the bone marrow facing a pro-proliferative as well as predominantly chondrogenic differentiation milieu, as is implicated in early stage osteoarthritis (OA) at that age, are the source of chondrosarcoma genesis. But how can MSPC become malignant? Indeed, only one person in 1,000,000 will develop a chondrosarcoma, whereas the incidence of OA is a thousandfold higher. This means a rare coincidence of factors allowing escape from senescence and apoptosis together with induction of angiogenesis and migration is needed to generate a chondrosarcoma. At early stages, chondrosarcomas are still assumed to be an intermediate type of tumor which rarely metastasizes. Unfortunately, advanced stages show a pronounced resistance both against chemo- and radiation-therapy and frequently metastasize. In this review, we elucidate signaling pathways involved in the genesis and therapeutic resistance of chondrosarcomas with a focus on MSPC compared to signaling in articular cartilage (AC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Boehme
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine B Schleicher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Children's Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Traub
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Zhang H, Yang J, Liang G, Gao X, Sang Y, Gui T, Liang Z, Tam M, Zha Z. Andrographolide Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis of Chondrosarcoma by Targeting TCF‐1/SOX9 Axis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4575-4586. [PMID: 28485543 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan‐Tian Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesCollege of Life Science and Technology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Gui‐Hong Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPR China
| | - Xue‐Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesCollege of Life Science and Technology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Yuan Sang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Tao Gui
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Zu‐Jian Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPR China
| | - Man‐Seng Tam
- Macau Medical Science and Technology AssociationMacao Special Administrative RegionPR China
- IAN WO Medical CenterMacao Special Administrative RegionPR China
| | - Zhen‐Gang Zha
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
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24
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Genetic aberrations and molecular biology of skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2017; 34:78-90. [PMID: 28432450 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-017-0283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chordomas and chondrosarcomas are two major malignant bone neoplasms located at the skull base. These tumors are rarely metastatic, but can be locally invasive and resistant to conventional chemotherapies and radiotherapies. Accordingly, therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these tumors can be difficult. Additionally, their location at the skull base makes them problematic. Although accurate diagnosis of these tumors is important because of their distinct prognoses, distinguishing between these tumor types is difficult due to overlapping radiological and histopathological findings. However, recent accumulation of molecular and genetic studies, including extracranial location analysis, has provided us clues for accurate diagnosis. In this report, we review the genetic aberrations and molecular biology of these two tumor types. Among the abundant genetic features of these tumors, brachyury immunohistochemistry and direct sequencing of IDH1/2 are simple and useful techniques that can be used to distinguish between these tumors. Although it is still unclear why these tumors, which have such distinct genetic backgrounds, show similar histopathological findings, comparison of their genetic backgrounds could provide essential information.
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Palmini G, Marini F, Brandi ML. What Is New in the miRNA World Regarding Osteosarcoma and Chondrosarcoma? Molecules 2017; 22:E417. [PMID: 28272374 PMCID: PMC6155266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of multimodal and aggressive therapies, currently patients with skeletal sarcomas, including osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma, often have a poor prognosis. In recent decades, advances in sequencing technology have revealed the presence of RNAs without coding potential known as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which provides evidence that protein-coding genes account for only a small percentage of the entire genome. This has suggested the influence of ncRNAs during development, apoptosis and cell proliferation. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 1993 underscored the importance of these molecules in pathological diseases such as cancer. Increasing interest in this field has allowed researchers to study the role of miRNAs in cancer progression. Regarding skeletal sarcomas, the research surrounding which miRNAs are involved in the tumourigenesis of osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma has rapidly gained traction, including the identification of which miRNAs act as tumour suppressors and which act as oncogenes. In this review, we will summarize what is new regarding the roles of miRNAs in chondrosarcoma as well as the latest discoveries of identified miRNAs in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Palmini
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy.
| | - Francesca Marini
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy.
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Abstract
SOX9 is a pivotal transcription factor in developing and adult cartilage. Its gene is expressed from the multipotent skeletal progenitor stage and is active throughout chondrocyte differentiation. While it is repressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes in cartilage growth plates, it remains expressed throughout life in permanent chondrocytes of healthy articular cartilage. SOX9 is required for chondrogenesis: it secures chondrocyte lineage commitment, promotes cell survival, and transcriptionally activates the genes for many cartilage-specific structural components and regulatory factors. Since heterozygous mutations within and around SOX9 were shown to cause the severe skeletal malformation syndrome called campomelic dysplasia, researchers around the world have worked assiduously to decipher the many facets of SOX9 actions and regulation in chondrogenesis. The more we learn, the more we realize the complexity of the molecular networks in which SOX9 fulfills its functions and is regulated at the levels of its gene, RNA, and protein, and the more we measure the many gaps remaining in knowledge. At the same time, new technologies keep giving us more means to push further the frontiers of knowledge. Research efforts must be pursued to fill these gaps and to better understand and treat many types of cartilage diseases in which SOX9 has or could have a critical role. These diseases include chondrodysplasias and cartilage degeneration diseases, namely osteoarthritis, a prevalent and still incurable joint disease. We here review the current state of knowledge of SOX9 actions and regulation in the chondrocyte lineage, and propose new directions for future fundamental and translational research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Lu Y, Li F, Xu T, Sun J. miRNA-497 Negatively Regulates the Growth and Motility of Chondrosarcoma Cells by Targeting Cdc25A. Oncol Res 2016; 23:155-63. [PMID: 27053344 PMCID: PMC7838736 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14519157902681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (CHS) is the second most common malignant bone sarcoma with increased risk of invasion and metastasis. However, the regulatory mechanisms of CHS tumorigenesis remain unknown. Here we investigated the novel role of miR-497 in regulating chondrosarcoma cell growth and cell cycle arrest. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of miR-497 is aberrantly downregulated in human chondrosarcoma samples and cells. After transfection with miR-497 mimic or antagomir, the proliferation and apoptosis of JJ012 and OUMS-27 chondrosarcoma cells were determined by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Results showed that the proliferation capacity of JJ012 and OUMS-27 cells was significantly decreased by miR-497 overexpression but increased by miR-497 repression. Apoptosis in both cell types was remarkably enhanced by miR-497 mimic but inhibited by miR-497 antagomir. By bioinformatics and luciferase reporter analysis, Cdc25A was proven to be a direct target of miR-497 in chondrosarcoma cells. Further studies indicated that miR-497 modulates the growth of chondrosarcoma cells by targeting Cdc25A, in which the cell cycle inhibitor p21 is involved through a p53-independent pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrated that miR-497 represents a potential tumor suppressor in human chondrosarcoma that regulates the growth of chondrosarcoma cells by targeting Cdc25A. This may provide a novel therapeutic target for chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Traumatology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
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28
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Pu F, Chen F, Shao Z. MicroRNAs as biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of chondrosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5468-1. [PMID: 27730542 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a group of small non-coding RNAs that play a complex role in post-transcriptional gene expression and can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of chondrosarcoma, its underpinning molecular mechanisms still remain elusive. Given the recent increasing knowledge base of micro RNA (miRNA) roles in neoplasia, both as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, this review will focus on discussing the available data on expression profiles and potential roles of miRNA in chondrosarcoma. Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs have the potential to be used in the future for clinical management of chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Pu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of The Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Liu P, Shen JK, Xu J, Trahan CA, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. Aberrant DNA methylations in chondrosarcoma. Epigenomics 2016; 8:1519-1525. [PMID: 27686001 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (CS) is the second most common primary malignant bone tumor. Unlike other bone tumors, CS is highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, thus resulting in poor patient outcomes. There is an urgent need to establish alternative therapies for CS. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of CS still remain elusive. Recently, DNA methylation-associated epigenetic changes have been found to play a pivotal role in the initiation and development of human cancers, including CS, by regulating target gene expression in different cellular pathways. Elucidating the mechanisms of DNA methylation alteration may provide biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as novel treatment options for CS. We have conducted a critical review to summarize the evidence regarding aberrant DNA methylation patterns as diagnostic biomarkers, predictors of progression and potential treatment strategies in CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jacson K Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Carol A Trahan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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30
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Liu JF, Chen CY, Chen HT, Chang CS, Tang CH. BL-038, a Benzofuran Derivative, Induces Cell Apoptosis in Human Chondrosarcoma Cells through Reactive Oxygen Species/Mitochondrial Dysfunction and the Caspases Dependent Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091491. [PMID: 27618007 PMCID: PMC5037769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a highly malignant cartilage-forming bone tumor that has the capacity to invade locally and cause distant metastasis. Moreover, chondrosarcoma is intrinsically resistant to conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The novel benzofuran derivative, BL-038 (2-amino-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzofuran-4-yl acetate), has been evaluated for its anticancer effects in human chondrosarcoma cells. BL-038 caused cell apoptosis in two human chondrosarcoma cell lines, JJ012 and SW1353, but not in primary chondrocytes. Treatment of chondrosarcoma with BL-038 also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, BL-038 decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and changed mitochondrial-related apoptosis, by downregulating the anti-apoptotic activity members (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) and upregulating pro-apoptotic members (Bax, Bak) of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins, key regulators of the apoptotic machinery in cells. These results demonstrate that in human chondrosarcoma cells, the apoptotic and cytotoxic effects of BL-038 are mediated by the intrinsic mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway, which in turn causes the release of cytochrome c, the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), to elicit apoptosis response. Our results show that the benzofuran derivative BL-038 induces apoptosis in chondrosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Fang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Te Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Shiang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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31
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Li J, Wang L, Liu Z, Zu C, Xing F, Yang P, Yang Y, Dang X, Wang K. MicroRNA-494 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion of chondrosarcoma cells in vivo and in vitro by directly targeting SOX9. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26216-29. [PMID: 26317788 PMCID: PMC4694896 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that dysregulation of miRNAs could contribute to tumor growth and metastasis of chondrosarcoma by infuencing cell proliferation and invasion. In the current study, we are interested to examine the role of miRNAs in the carcinogenesis and progression of chondrosarcoma. Here, using comparative miRNA profiling of tissues and cells of chondrosarcoma and cartilage, we identified miR-494 as a commonly downregulated miRNA in the tissues of patients with chondrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma cancer cell line, and upregulation of miR-494 could inhibit proliferation and invasion of chondrosarcoma cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, our data demonstrated that SOX9, the essential regulator of the process of cartilage differentiation, was the direct target and functional mediator of miR-494 in chondrosarcoma cells. And downregulation of SOX9 could also inhibit migration and invasion of chondrosarcoma cells. In the last, we identified low expression of miR-494 was significantly correlated with poor overall survival and prognosis of chondrosarcoma patients. Thus, miR-494 may be a new common therapeutic target and prognosis biomarker for chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Fanfan Xing
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yongkang Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Dang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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32
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Diederichs S, Gabler J, Autenrieth J, Kynast KL, Merle C, Walles H, Utikal J, Richter W. Differential Regulation of SOX9 Protein During Chondrogenesis of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Versus Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Shortcoming for Cartilage Formation. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:598-609. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Gabler
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Autenrieth
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina L. Kynast
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Merle
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Translational Center Würzburg ‘Regenerative Therapies in Oncology and Musculoskeletal Diseases’–Würzburg Branch, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopedics, Orthopedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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WANG XIAOYING, LIU YANLI, LIU XIAOLI, YANG JINGYAN, TENG GUOXIN, ZHANG LULU, ZHOU CHENGJUN. miR-124 inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion by directly targeting SOX9 in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3115-21. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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34
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Ravid Y, Formanski M, Smith Y, Reich R, Davidson B. Uterine leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma have unique miRNA signatures. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 140:512-7. [PMID: 26768834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) and leiomyosarcoma (LMS), and to compare the miRNA signatures of primary and metastatic uterine LMS. METHODS Eight primary LMS, 9 primary ESS and 8 metastatic LMS were analyzed for miRNA profiles using TaqMan Human miRNA Array Cards. Findings for 20 differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in a series of 44 uterine sarcomas (9 primary uterine ESS, 17 primary uterine LMS, 18 metastatic LMS) using qPCR. Frizzled-6 protein expression was analyzed in 30 LMS (15 primary, 15 metastases). Frizzled-6 was silenced in SK-LMS-1 uterine LMS cells using siRNA and the effect on invasion, wound healing and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) activity was assessed. RESULTS Ninety-four miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in ESS and LMS, of which 76 were overexpressed in ESS and 18 overexpressed in LMS. Forty-nine miRNAs were differentially expressed in primary and metastatic LMS, of which 45 were overexpressed in primary LMS and 4 in metastases. Differential expression was confirmed for 10/20 miRNA analyzed using qPCR. Frizzled-6 silencing in SK-LMS-1 cells significantly inhibited cellular invasion, wound healing and MMP-2 activity. CONCLUSIONS Differential miRNA signatures of ESS and LMS provide novel data regarding transcriptional regulation in these cancers, based on which new potential diagnostic markers, prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets may be explored. Differences in miRNA profiles of primary and metastatic LMS may improve our understanding of disease progression in this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeheli Ravid
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Malka Formanski
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yoav Smith
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Reuven Reich
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; The Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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35
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Abstract
Bone is increasingly viewed as an endocrine organ with key biological functions. The skeleton produces hormones and cytokines, such as FGF23 and osteocalcin, which regulate an extensive list of homoeostatic functions. Some of these functions include glucose metabolism, male fertility, blood cell production and calcium/phosphate metabolism. Many of the genes regulating these functions are specific to bone cells. Some of these genes can be wrongly expressed by other malfunctioning cells, driving the generation of disease. The miRNAs are a class of non-coding RNA molecules that are powerful regulators of gene expression by suppressing and fine-tuning target mRNAs. Expression of one such miRNA, miR-140, is ubiquitous in chondrocyte cells during embryonic bone development. Activity in cells found in the adult breast, colon and lung tissue can silence genes required for tumour suppression. The realization that the same miRNA can be both normal and detrimental, depending on the cell, tissue and time point, provides a captivating twist to the study of whole-organism functional genomics. With the recent interest in miRNAs in bone biology and RNA-based therapeutics on the horizon, we present a review on the role of miR-140 in the molecular events that govern bone formation in the embryo. Cellular pathways involving miR-140 may be reactivated or inhibited when treating skeletal injury or disorder in adulthood. These pathways may also provide a novel model system when studying cancer biology of other cells and tissues.
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36
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MicroRNAs in the pathobiology of sarcomas. J Transl Med 2015; 95:987-94. [PMID: 26121318 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors. The last decade has witnessed extensive efforts to understand the pathobiology of many aggressive sarcoma types. In parallel, we have also begun to unravel the complex gene regulation processes mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) in sarcomas and other cancers, discovering that microRNAs have critical roles in the majority of both oncogenic and tumor suppressor signaling networks. Expression profiles and a greater understanding of the biologic roles of microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs have considerably expanded our current knowledge and provided key pathobiological insights into many sarcomas, and helped identify novel therapeutic targets. The limited number of sarcoma patients in each sarcoma type and their heterogeneity pose distinct challenges in translating this knowledge into the clinic. It will be critical to prioritize these novel targets and choose those that have a broad applicability. A small group of microRNAs have conserved roles across many types of sarcomas and other cancers. Therapies that target these key microRNA-gene signaling and regulatory networks, in combination with standard of care treatment, may be the pivotal component in significantly improving treatment outcomes in patients with sarcoma or other cancers.
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37
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Zhang M, Egan B, Wang J. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the aberrant catabolic and anabolic activities of osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:101-9. [PMID: 25975825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of disease-modifying pharmacologic therapy for osteoarthritis currently faces major obstacles largely because the pathogenetic mechanisms for the development of osteoarthritis remain unclear. Previous studies suggest that the alterations in expression of catabolic and anabolic genes in articular chondrocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. However, the regulatory mechanisms for gene expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes are largely unknown. The objective of this review is to highlight the recent studies on epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the development of osteoarthritis. The review will begin with current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms, especially the newly emerging areas including the regulatory role of non-coding RNAs in gene expression and crosstalk among the epigenetic mechanisms. The main content of this review focuses on the significance of epigenetic regulation of the expression of catabolic and anabolic genes in osteoarthritic chondrocytes, including the regulatory roles of various epigenetic mechanisms in the expression of genes for specific matrix-degrading proteinases, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins. Recent novel findings on the epigenetic regulation of specific transcription factor genes are particularly important for the understanding of osteoarthritis pathogenesis, as these transcription factors may act as upstream regulators of multiple catabolic and anabolic genes. In conclusion, these recent advances in epigenetic studies have shed light on the importance of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the development of osteoarthritis, leading to a better understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. This may promote the development of new epigenetics-based strategies for the treatment of osteoarthritis. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Epigenetics dynamics in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcai Zhang
- Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Brian Egan
- Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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38
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Chang L, Shrestha S, LaChaud G, Scott MA, James AW. Review of microRNA in osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Med Oncol 2015; 32:613. [PMID: 25920607 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, which play a complex role in posttranscriptional gene expression and can theoretically be used as a diagnostic or prognostic tool, or therapeutic target for neoplasia. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of skeletal sarcomas, including osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma, much remains unknown regarding their underpinning molecular mechanisms. Given the recent increasing knowledge base of miRNA roles in neoplasia, both as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, this review will focus on the available literature regarding the expression profiles and potential roles of miRNA in skeletal sarcomas. Although this is an emerging field, miRNA profiling may be of use in clarifying competing diagnoses of skeletal sarcomas and possibly indicate patient risk of resistance to traditional chemotherapeutic agents. While detecting and targeting miRNAs is currently limited to experimental investigations, miRNA may be utilized for future clinical management of skeletal sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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