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Botto L, Bulbarelli A, Lonati E, Cazzaniga E, Tassotti M, Mena P, Del Rio D, Palestini P. Study of the Antioxidant Effects of Coffee Phenolic Metabolites on C6 Glioma Cells Exposed to Diesel Exhaust Particles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081169. [PMID: 34439417 PMCID: PMC8388867 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The contributing role of environmental factors to the development of neurodegenerative diseases has become increasingly evident. Here, we report that exposure of C6 glioma cells to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), a major constituent of urban air pollution, causes intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this scenario, we suggest employing the possible protective role that coffee phenolic metabolites may have. Coffee is a commonly consumed hot beverage and a major contributor to the dietary intake of (poly) phenols. Taking into account physiological concentrations, we analysed the effects of two different coffee phenolic metabolites mixes consisting of compounds derived from bacterial metabolization reactions or phase II conjugations, as well as caffeic acid. The results showed that these mixes were able to counteract DEP-induced oxidative stress. The cellular components mediating the downregulation of ROS included extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). Contrary to coffee phenolic metabolites, the treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a known antioxidant, was found to be ineffective in preventing the DEP exposure oxidant effect. These results revealed that coffee phenolic metabolites could be promising candidates to protect against some adverse health effects of daily exposure to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Botto
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.B.); (A.B.); (E.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Alessandra Bulbarelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.B.); (A.B.); (E.L.); (E.C.)
- POLARIS Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Lonati
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.B.); (A.B.); (E.L.); (E.C.)
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Cazzaniga
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.B.); (A.B.); (E.L.); (E.C.)
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Tassotti
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.T.); (P.M.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.T.); (P.M.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.T.); (P.M.); (D.D.R.)
- School of Advanced Studies on Food and Nutrition, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Palestini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.B.); (A.B.); (E.L.); (E.C.)
- POLARIS Centre, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Bicocca Center of Science and Technology for Food, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Jeoung NH, Jeong JY, Kang BS. Cryptotanshinone Prevents the Binding of S6K1 to mTOR/Raptor Leading to the Suppression of mTORC1-S6K1 Signaling Activity and Neoplastic Cell Transformation. J Cancer Prev 2021; 26:145-152. [PMID: 34258253 PMCID: PMC8249204 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2021.26.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptotanshinone is known for its inhibitory activity against tumorigenesis in various human cancer cells. However, exact mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of cryptotanshinone are not fully elucidated. Here, we propose a plausible molecular mechanism, wherein cryptotanshinone represses rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1/S6K1 mediated cancer cell growth and cell transformation. We investigated the various effects of cryptotanshinone on the mTORC1/S6K1 axis, which is associated with the regulation of cell growth in response to nutritional and growth factor signals. We found that cryptotanshinone specifically inhibited the mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of S6K1, which consequently suppressed the clonogenicity of SK-Hep1 cells and the neoplastic transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells induced by insulin-like growth factor-1. Finally, we observed that cryptotanshinone prevented S6K1 from binding to the Raptor/mTOR complex, rather than regulating mTOR and its upstream pathway. Overall, our findings provide a novel mechanism underlying anti-cancer effects cryptotanshinone targeting mTORC1 signaling, contributing to the development of anticancer agents involving metabolic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ho Jeoung
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jeong
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Gumi Hospital, Gumi, Korea
| | - Bong Seok Kang
- Bio-Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Crowe MS, Zavorotinskaya T, Voliva CF, Shirley MD, Wang Y, Ruddy DA, Rakiec DP, Engelman JA, Stuart DD, Freeman AK. RAF-Mutant Melanomas Differentially Depend on ERK2 Over ERK1 to Support Aberrant MAPK Pathway Activation and Cell Proliferation. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1063-1075. [PMID: 33707308 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Half of advanced human melanomas are driven by mutant BRAF and dependent on MAPK signaling. Interestingly, the results of three independent genetic screens highlight a dependency of BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines on BRAF and ERK2, but not ERK1. ERK2 is expressed higher in melanoma compared with other cancer types and higher than ERK1 within melanoma. However, ERK1 and ERK2 are similarly required in primary human melanocytes transformed with mutant BRAF and are expressed at a similar, lower amount compared with established cancer cell lines. ERK1 can compensate for ERK2 loss as seen by expression of ERK1 rescuing the proliferation arrest mediated by ERK2 loss (both by shRNA or inhibition by an ERK inhibitor). ERK2 knockdown, as opposed to ERK1 knockdown, led to more robust suppression of MAPK signaling as seen by RNA-sequencing, qRT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. In addition, treatment with MAPK pathway inhibitors led to gene expression changes that closely resembled those seen upon knockdown of ERK2 but not ERK1. Together, these data demonstrate that ERK2 drives BRAF-mutant melanoma gene expression and proliferation as a function of its higher expression compared with ERK1. Selective inhibition of ERK2 for the treatment of melanomas may spare the toxicity associated with pan-ERK inhibition in normal tissues. IMPLICATIONS: BRAF-mutant melanomas overexpress and depend on ERK2 but not ERK1, suggesting that ERK2-selective inhibition may be toxicity sparing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Crowe
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Charles F Voliva
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, California
| | - Matthew D Shirley
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yanqun Wang
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Ruddy
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Rakiec
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffery A Engelman
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Darrin D Stuart
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alyson K Freeman
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Furlan T, Khalid S, Nguyen AV, Günther J, Troppmair J. The oxidoreductase p66Shc acts as tumor suppressor in BRAFV600E-transformed cells. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:869-882. [PMID: 29624862 PMCID: PMC5983121 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, as exemplified by the shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, is a common feature of transformed cells. In many tumors, altered metabolism is also reflected in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which contribute to proliferation and survival signaling. However, despite high ROS levels, cancer cells can be efficiently killed by further increasing ROS production. We have shown previously that both wild‐type and oncogenic CRAF and BRAF prevent excessive mitochondrial ROS production. Subsequently, it has been demonstrated that raising ROS levels in BRAFV600E‐transformed melanoma cells by inhibiting BRAF or MEK rendered them susceptible to cell death induction. To understand how oncogenic BRAF affects mitochondrial ROS production in melanoma, we studied the mitochondrial ROS‐producing oxidoreductase p66Shc, which is frequently overexpressed in tumors. Using NIH 3T3 BRAFV600E fibroblasts and the melanoma cell lines A375 and M238 carrying the same BRAF mutation, we show that under treatment with the ROS‐inducing agent phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), oncogenic BRAF renders cells refractory to p66ShcS36 phosphorylation, which is essential for p66Shc activation and mitochondrial ROS production. Consistent with this, the activation of JNK1/2, which phosphorylate S36, was blunted, while other mitogen‐activated protein kinases were not affected. Inhibition of JNK1/2 efficiently prevented ROS production, while BRAF and MEK inhibitors increased ROS levels. Vemurafenib‐resistant M238R melanoma cells were impaired in S36 phosphorylation and ROS production following PEITC treatment. Moreover, they failed to increase ROS levels after MEK/BRAF inhibition. Finally, shRNA‐mediated knockdown of p66Shc led to increased growth of BRAFV600E‐transformed NIH 3T3 cells in soft agar assay. Taken together, these data suggest that phosphorylation‐activated p66Shc functions as a tumor suppressor in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Furlan
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
| | - Sana Khalid
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
| | - Anh-Vu Nguyen
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
| | - Julia Günther
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
| | - Jakob Troppmair
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
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