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Mackay CDA, Jadli AS, Fedak PWM, Patel VB. Adventitial Fibroblasts in Aortic Aneurysm: Unraveling Pathogenic Contributions to Vascular Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040871. [PMID: 35453919 PMCID: PMC9025866 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm (AA) is a degenerative vascular disease that involves aortic dilatation, and, if untreated, it can lead to rupture. Despite its significant impact on the healthcare system, its multifactorial nature and elusive pathophysiology contribute to limited therapeutic interventions that prevent the progression of AA. Thus, further research into the mechanisms underlying AA is paramount. Adventitial fibroblasts are one of the key constituents of the aortic wall, and they play an essential role in maintaining vessel structure and function. However, adventitial fibroblasts remain understudied when compared with endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Adventitial fibroblasts facilitate the production of extracellular matrix (ECM), providing structural integrity. However, during biomechanical stress and/or injury, adventitial fibroblasts can be activated into myofibroblasts, which move to the site of injury and secrete collagen and cytokines, thereby enhancing the inflammatory response. The overactivation or persistence of myofibroblasts has been shown to initiate pathological vascular remodeling. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in the activation of fibroblasts and in regulating myofibroblast activation may provide a potential therapeutic target to prevent or delay the progression of AA. This review discusses mechanistic insights into myofibroblast activation and associated vascular remodeling, thus illustrating the contribution of fibroblasts to the pathogenesis of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D. A. Mackay
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.D.A.M.); (A.S.J.)
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW HMRB-G71, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Anshul S. Jadli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.D.A.M.); (A.S.J.)
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW HMRB-G71, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Paul W. M. Fedak
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW HMRB-G71, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Vaibhav B. Patel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.D.A.M.); (A.S.J.)
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW HMRB-G71, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-(403)-220-3446
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Extracellular vesicle-mediated miR135a-5p transfer in hypertensive rat contributes to vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via targeting FNDC5. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 140:106864. [PMID: 33865997 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from vascular adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) contribute to the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). This study shows the crucial roles of EVs-mediated miR135a-5p transfer in VSMC proliferation and the underlying mechanisms in hypertension. Methods AFs and VSMCs were obtained from the aorta of Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) and SHR. EVs were isolated from the culture of AFs with ultracentrifugation method. Results MiR135a-5p level in SHR-EVs was significantly increased. MiR135a-5p inhibitor prevented the SHR-EVs-induced VSMC proliferation. Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) was a target gene of miR135a-5p. FNDC5 level was lower in VSMCs of SHR. MiR135a-5p inhibitor not only increased FNDC5 expression, but reversed the SHR-EVs-induced FNDC5 downregulation in VSMCs of SHR. MiR135a-5p mimic inhibited FNDC5 expression, but failed to promote the SHR-EVs-induced FNDC5 downregulation in VSMCs of SHR. Exogenous FNDC5 prevented the SHR-EVs-induced VSMC proliferation of both WKY and SHR. Knockdown of miR135a-5p in fibroblasts completely prevented the upregulation of miR135a-5p in the EVs. The SHR-EVs from the miR135a-5p knockdown-treated fibroblasts lost their roles in inhibiting FNDC5 expression and promoting proliferation in VSMCs of both WKY and SHR. Conclusions Increased miR135a-5p in the SHR-EVs promoted VSMC proliferation of WKY and SHR via inhibiting FNDC5 expression. MiR135a-5p and FNDC5 are crucial targets for intervention of VSMC proliferation in hypertension.
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Zhu XL, Li T, Cao Y, Yao QP, Liu X, Li Y, Guan YY, Deng JJ, Jiang R, Jiang J. tRNA-derived fragments tRF GlnCTG induced by arterial injury promote vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 23:603-613. [PMID: 33552681 PMCID: PMC7819823 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) and tRNA halves (tiRNAs) are originated from the specific cleavage of endogenous tRNAs or their precursors and regulate gene expression when the cells are in stressful circumstances. Here, we replicated the rat common carotid artery (CCA) intimal hyperplasia model and investigated the expression of tRFs/tiRNAs in the artery. The normal and the balloon-injured rat CCAs were subjected to small RNA sequencing, and then the differentially expressed tRFs/tiRNAs were identified and analyzed. The expression profiles of tRFs/tiRNAs in the healthy and injured CCAs were remarkably different. tRNAGlnCTG-derived fragments (tRFGlnCTG) were found to be overexpressed with a high abundance in the injured CCA. In in vitro experiments, the synthetic tRFGlnCTG mimetics elevated the proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Through bioinformatics analysis and an overexpression experiment, tRFGlnCTG was found to negatively regulate the expression of FAS cell surface death receptor (FAS). This study revealed that tRFGlnCTG is a crucial regulator in promoting VSMC proliferation. The investigation of the roles of tRFs/tiRNAs is of significance for understanding the mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Zhu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qing-Ping Yao
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang-Yang Guan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ji-Jun Deng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Corresponding author: Rui Jiang, Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Corresponding author: Jun Jiang, Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan Province, China.
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Bruijn LE, van den Akker BEWM, van Rhijn CM, Hamming JF, Lindeman JHN. Extreme Diversity of the Human Vascular Mesenchymal Cell Landscape. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017094. [PMID: 33190596 PMCID: PMC7763765 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal cells are culprit factors in vascular (patho)physiology and are hallmarked by phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. At present, they are subdivided by classic umbrella terms, such as "fibroblasts," "myofibroblasts," "smooth muscle cells," "fibrocytes," "mesangial cells," and "pericytes." However, a discriminative marker-based subclassification has to date not been established. Methods and Results As a first effort toward a classification scheme, a systematic literature search was performed to identify the most commonly used phenotypical and functional protein markers for characterizing and classifying vascular mesenchymal cell subpopulation(s). We next applied immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to inventory the expression pattern of identified markers on human aorta specimens representing early, intermediate, and end stages of human atherosclerotic disease. Included markers comprise markers for mesenchymal lineage (vimentin, FSP-1 [fibroblast-specific protein-1]/S100A4, cluster of differentiation (CD) 90/thymocyte differentiation antigen 1, and FAP [fibroblast activation protein]), contractile/non-contractile phenotype (α-smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain), and auxiliary contractile markers (h1-Calponin, h-Caldesmon, Desmin, SM22α [smooth muscle protein 22α], non-muscle myosin heavy chain, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, Smoothelin-B, α-Tropomyosin, and Telokin) or adhesion proteins (Paxillin and Vinculin). Vimentin classified as the most inclusive lineage marker. Subset markers did not separate along classic lines of smooth muscle cell, myofibroblast, or fibroblast, but showed clear temporal and spatial diversity. Strong indications were found for presence of stem cells/Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal cell Transition and fibrocytes in specific aspects of the human atherosclerotic process. Conclusions This systematic evaluation shows a highly diverse and dynamic landscape for the human vascular mesenchymal cell population that is not captured by the classic nomenclature. Our observations stress the need for a consensus multiparameter subclass designation along the lines of the cluster of differentiation classification for leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Bruijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Connie M. van Rhijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap F. Hamming
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan H. N. Lindeman
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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Rong ZH, Chang NB, Yao QP, Li T, Zhu XL, Cao Y, Jiang MJ, Cheng YS, Jiang R, Jiang J. Suppression of circDcbld1 Alleviates Intimal Hyperplasia in Rat Carotid Artery by Targeting miR-145-3p/Neuropilin-1. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:999-1008. [PMID: 31778958 PMCID: PMC6889766 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We replicated the rat common carotid artery (CCA) intima hyperplasia model and found the expression of a circular RNA, circRNA_009723 (circDcbld1), was markedly increased in the CCA with intimal hyperplasia. In vitro, the suppression of circDcbld1 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) led the increase of contractile smooth muscle cell markers and the decrease of cell migration. In vivo, the injection of chemically modified circDcbld1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) lessened the formation of neointima in rat CCA after balloon injury. Further experiments proved that circDcbld1, as a competing endogenous RNA, interacted with miR-145-3p and upregulated the level of neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), thereby regulating the migration of VSMCs. In this study, we demonstrated a new mechanism by which circular RNA promotes intimal hyperplasia. We deem that intervention in the circDcbld1-miR-145-3p/Nrp1 pathway might be a feasible approach to alleviate the post-injury intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Rong
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Neng-Bin Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qing-Ping Yao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Mechanobiology and Medical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease/Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mei-Jun Jiang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan-Shuang Cheng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Nephropathy Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease/Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and phenotypic transformation of adventitial fibroblasts in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2019; 36:1104-1114. [PMID: 29303830 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phenotypic transformation of adventitial fibroblasts is important in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This study was designed to determine whether fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) alleviates the phenotypic transformation of adventitial fibroblasts in hypertension and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were carried out in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and primary aortic adventitial fibroblasts. FNDC5 was downregulated and NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in aortic adventitia of SHR. FNDC5 overexpression attenuated adventitial fibroblasts phenotypic transformation, excessive synthesis and secretion of matrix components, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and inflammation in adventitial fibroblasts from SHR. Moreover, FNDC5 overexpression reduced NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in adventitial fibroblasts from SHR. Similarly, exogenous FNDC5 inhibited adventitial fibroblasts phenotypic transformation, expression of matrix components, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NOX2 expression in adventitial fibroblasts from SHR. FNDC5 overexpression in rats attenuated phenotypic transformation, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the aortic adventitia of SHR. Furthermore, FNDC5 overexpression reduced blood pressure and alleviated vascular remodeling in SHR. CONCLUSION FNDC5 reduces NOX2-derived ROS production, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and phenotypic transformation in adventitial fibroblasts of SHR. FNDC5 plays a beneficial role in attenuating vascular inflammation, vascular remodeling and hypertension in SHR.
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Kazimirskii AN, Poryadin GV, Salmasi ZM, Semenova LY. Endogenous Regulators of the Immune System (sCD100, Malonic Dialdehyde, and Arginase). Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:693-700. [PMID: 29577184 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue damage in various diseases, hypoxic conditions, and some pathologies are associated with production of endogenous factors such as the soluble form of the surface receptor CD100, malonic dialdehyde, and arginase and their release into circulation. These factors modulate functional state of lymphocytes in the immune system: potentiate activation of B lymphocytes, activate synthesis and secretion of IL-25 and IL-17 cytokines, and suppress proliferative activity of T lymphocytes, thus modulating immunological reactivity of the organism. Reactions of innate and adaptive immunity develop against the background of changed immunological reactivity, which should be taken into account in the development of pathogenetically substantiated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Kazimirskii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | - G V Poryadin
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zh M Salmasi
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - L Yu Semenova
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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