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Rahimipour Anaraki S, Farzami P, Hosseini Nasab SS, Kousari A, Fazlollahpour Naghibi A, Shariat Zadeh M, Barati R, Taha SR, Karimian A, Nabi-Afjadi M, Yousefi B. Natural products and the balancing act of autophagy-dependent/independent ferroptosis in cancer therapy. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2531-2549. [PMID: 37878043 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The control of biological cell death is essential for the body's appropriate growth. The resistance of cells to the apoptotic process presents a new difficulty in the treatment of cancer. To combat cancer cells, researchers are working to find new apoptotic pathways and components to activate. One of the processes of regulated cell death (RCD) is referred to as ferroptosis marked by a decline in the activity of lipid glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) after the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since lipid peroxidation is a crucial component of ferroptosis and is required for its start, numerous medicines have been studied, particularly for the treatment of cancer. In this context, autophagy is an additional form of RCD that can govern ferroptosis through shared signaling pathways/factors involved in both mechanisms. In this review, we will explore the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and its association with autophagy, to gain fresh insights into their interplay in cancer advancement, and the potential of natural products for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Payam Farzami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Kousari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Andarz Fazlollahpour Naghibi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Reza Barati
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Taha
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Hu Y, He Y, Luo N, Li X, Guo L, Zhang K. A feedback loop between lncRNA MALAT1 and DNMT1 promotes triple-negative breast cancer stemness and tumorigenesis. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2235768. [PMID: 37548553 PMCID: PMC10408694 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2235768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 in regulating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) stemness and tumorigenesis was investigated. METHODS Sphere formation and colony formation assays coupled with flow cytometry were employed to evaluate the percentage of CD44high/CD44low cells, and ALDH+ cells were performed to evaluate the stemness. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) was employed to detect the methylation level of MALAT1. Tumor xenograft experiment was performed to evaluate tumorigenesis in vivo. Finally, dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assays were employed to verify the binding relationship between MALAT1 and miR-137. RESULTS Our results revealed that MALAT1 and BCL11A were highly expressed in TNBC, while miR-137 and DNMT1 were lowly expressed. Our results proved that MALAT1 positively regulated BCL11A expression through targeting miR-137. Functional experiments revealed that MALAT1 inhibited DNMT1 expression through acting on the miR-137/BCL11A pathway to enhance TNBC stemness and tumorigenesis. We also found that high MALAT1 expression in TNBC was related to the DNMT1-mediated hypomethylation of MALAT1. As expected, DNMT1 overexpression could remarkably inhibit TNBC stemness and tumorigenesis, which was eliminated by MALAT1 overexpression. CONCLUSION MALAT1 downregulated DNMT1 by miR-137/BCL11A pathway to enhance TNBC stemness and tumorigenesis; meanwhile, DNMT1/MALAT1 formed a positive feedback loop to continuously promote TNBC malignant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuqiong He
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Na Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Kejing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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Liu J, Xu Y, Tang H, Liu X, Sun Y, Wu T, Gao M, Chen P, Hong H, Huang G, Zhou Y. miR‑137 is a diagnostic tumor‑suppressive miRNA that targets SPHK2 to promote M1‑type tumor‑associated macrophage polarization. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:397. [PMID: 37533491 PMCID: PMC10390856 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression level of microRNA (miR)-137 in glioma tissues and cell lines and explored its potential diagnostic significance as well as its function effects on glioma cells. miR-137 expression level was detected in glioma tissues using in situ hybridization, and in glioma cell lines using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The diagnostic significance of miR-137 in glioma was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Quantibody® Human Inflammation Array 1 was used to evaluate the impact of ectopic miR-137 expression on release of cytokines in glioma cell lines. IL-13, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were detected using ELISA. To confirm that sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2) is a target of miR-137, RT-qPCR, western blot analysis and dual-luciferase assay were adopted. The results demonstrated that miR-137 expression was downregulated in both glioma tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of miR-137 was significantly associated with high grade gliomas. Additionally, it was found that overexpression of miR-137 reduced IL-13, but promoted TNFα and IFN-γ production. SPHK2 knockdown inhibited IL-13 release, promoted TNF-α and IFN-γ production. SPHK2 was a direct target of miR-137. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that miR-137 expression plays a tumor-suppressive role in glioma. It is downregulated in glioma and may promote M1-type TAMs polarization, and may be a diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic strategy for glioma treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Translational Medicine Institute, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Han Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830017, P.R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830017, P.R. China
| | - Huixia Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830017, P.R. China
| | - Guodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 830017, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
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MRGBP: A New Factor for Diagnosis and Prediction of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7281120. [PMID: 35924262 PMCID: PMC9343194 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7281120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MRG-binding protein (MRGBP) is a transcription factor widely involved in physiological and pathological processes. Many studies have discussed the relationship between the expression level of MRGBP and the prognosis of various malignant tumours. However, the role and clinicopathological significance of MRGBP in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) are unclear. In this study, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between clinical characteristics and MRGBP expression in HNSC. The Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis and Cox regression analysis were established to evaluate the effect of MRGBP on prognosis, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and nomogram was constructed. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) were used to analyze the correlation between MRGBP and immune infiltration. The results showed that the expression of MRGBP in HNSC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. The KM plotter analysis showed that the OS of HNSC patients was shorter. The multivariate Cox analysis further confirmed that increased expression of MRGBP was an independent risk factor for OS in HNSC patients. In addition, ROC analysis confirmed its diagnostic value and constructed prognostic nomograms, including age, T, M, N classification, pathological stage, and MRGBP. GSEA showed that MRGBP was associated with high expression of GPCR ligand binding, interleukin receptor binding, and neutrophil degranulation, and ssGSEA showed that MRGBP was associated with T cells and mast cells. In conclusion, MRGBP can serve as an independent prognostic biomarker related to immune invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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Yang M, Lu Z, Yu B, Zhao J, Li L, Zhu K, Ma M, Long F, Wu R, Hu G, Huang L, Chou J, Gong N, Yang K, Li X, Zhang Y, Lin C. COL5A1 Promotes the Progression of Gastric Cancer by Acting as a ceRNA of miR-137-3p to Upregulate FSTL1 Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3244. [PMID: 35805015 PMCID: PMC9264898 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes have been shown to play an important role in gastric cancer but have not been fully clarified. Therefore, our goal was to identify the key miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in gastric cancer by utilizing a variety of bioinformatics analyses and experiments. A total of 242 miRNAs and 1080 genes were screened from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), respectively. Then, survival-related differentially expressed miRNAs and their differentially expressed target genes were screened. Twenty hub genes were identified from their protein-protein interaction network. After weighted gene co-expression network analysis was conducted, we selected miR-137-3p and its target gene, COL5A1, for further research. We found that miR-137-3p was significantly downregulated and that overexpression of miR-137-3p suppressed the proliferation, invasion, and migration of gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that its target gene, COL5A1, could regulate the expression of another hub gene, FSTL1, by sponging miR-137-3p, which was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assays. Knockdown of COL5A1 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of gastric cancer cells, which could be rescued by the miR-137-3p inhibitor or overexpression of FSTL1. Ultimately, bioinformatics analyses showed that the expression of FSTL1 was highly correlated with immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhixing Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Kaiyu Zhu
- The Five-Year Program in Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Min Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Fei Long
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Runliu Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Gui Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Jing Chou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Ni Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Kaiyan Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Changwei Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; (M.Y.); (Z.L.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (M.M.); (F.L.); (R.W.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (N.G.); (K.Y.); (X.L.)
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Functional Screen for microRNAs Suppressing Anchorage-Independent Growth in Human Cervical Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094791. [PMID: 35563182 PMCID: PMC9100801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of anchorage-dependent epithelial cells to anchorage-independent growth represents a critical hallmark of malignant transformation. Using an in vitro model of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced transformation, we previously showed that acquisition of anchorage-independent growth is associated with marked (epi)genetic changes, including altered expression of microRNAs. However, the laborious nature of the conventional growth method in soft agar to measure this phenotype hampers a high-throughput analysis. We developed alternative functional screening methods using 96- and 384-well ultra-low attachment plates to systematically investigate microRNAs regulating anchorage-independent growth. SiHa cervical cancer cells were transfected with a microRNA mimic library (n = 2019) and evaluated for cell viability. We identified 84 microRNAs that consistently suppressed growth in three independent experiments. Further validation in three cell lines and comparison of growth in adherent and ultra-low attachment plates yielded 40 microRNAs that specifically reduced anchorage-independent growth. In conclusion, ultra-low attachment plates are a promising alternative for soft-agar assays to study anchorage-independent growth and are suitable for high-throughput functional screening. Anchorage independence suppressing microRNAs identified through our screen were successfully validated in three cell lines. These microRNAs may provide specific biomarkers for detecting and treating HPV-induced precancerous lesions progressing to invasive cancer, the most critical stage during cervical cancer development.
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Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Wo M, Xu W. The long non-coding RNA NNT-AS1 promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression via regulation of the miR-137/ Y-box binding protein 1 axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8994-9005. [PMID: 34643163 PMCID: PMC8806961 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1992330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in the progression of malignant tumors, including in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the function and the specific mechanism of lncRNA nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase antisense RNA 1 (NNT-AS1) in ccRCC remains unknown. Thus, this study explored the role of NNT-AS1 in ccRCC. We evaluated NNT-AS1 expression in ccRCC specimens. Next, CCK-8 and Transwell assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation and metastatic abilities. The interaction between miR-137 and NNT-AS1 or Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX-1) was confirmed using a dual luciferase reporter assay. The results showed that NNT-AS1 was significantly upregulated in ccRCC specimens compared with normal tissues. Inhibition of NNT-AS1 restrained ccRCC proliferation and metastasis. Mechanistically, NNT-AS1 acted as a competitive endogenous RNA to sponge miR-137, which depressed ccRCC cells proliferation and metastasis. Moreover, with the use of bioinformatics analysis, the famous oncogene YBX-1 was selected as the potential target of miR-137. Luciferase assay also confirmed the interaction between miR-137 and YBX-1. Further functional studies demonstrated that the inhibition effect of NNT-AS1 knockdown on ccRCC carcinogenesis could be partially reversed by overexpression of YBX-1, suggesting that NNT-AS1 promotes ccRCC progression through the miR-137/YBX-1 pathway. In summary, these findings indicate that NNT-AS1 promotes ccRCC progression via the miR-137/YBX-1 pathway, which may provide a promising therapeutic target for renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhenghao Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Mingyi Wo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenfang Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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Prognostic Value of miR-137 in Children with Medulloblastoma and its Regulatory Effect on Tumor Progression. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:215-223. [PMID: 34409560 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a malignant tumor with high incidence and poor prognosis in adolescents and children. MicroRNA-137 (miR-137) has been found to be abnormally expressed in cancers such as pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study is to explore the expression of miR-137 in MB and its role in cell physiological activities to determine the significance of miR-137 in the prognosis of MB. First, the expression of miR-137 in MB tissues and cell lines was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Then the Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to analyze the significance of miR-137 expression in the prognosis, and the Cox regression model was used to explore the correlation between miR-137 expression and clinical characteristics. The effects of miR-137 on MB cell activities were analyzed by MTT assay, Transwell assays, and flow cytometry. It can be concluded from the results that the expression of miR-137 is down-regulated in MB tissues and cells. The down-regulation of miR-137 was significantly related to the poor prognosis of MB, and significantly related to clinical indicators. Up-regulated miR-137 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression, as well as induced cell apoptosis by targeting KDM1A. This study can conclude that miR-137 may be used as a prognostic biomarker of MB.
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Gu J, Wang J, You A, Li J, Zhang Y, Rao G, Ge X, Zhang K, Liu X, Wang D. MiR-137 inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma via targeting to regulate EZH2. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:1157-1165. [PMID: 34160745 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas are common malignant tumors in the nervous system, known for poor prognosis and low survival rate. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore functions of miR-137 in glioma progression and identify messenger RNAs (mRNA) regulated by miR-137, which provides new ideas for further exploration of glioma therapeutic targets. METHODS Gene expression data were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas database, and abnormally expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in glioma were analyzed. The expression of genes in 20 pairs of clinical tissue samples and glioma cell lines were detected through qRT-PCR, and the expression of proteins was detected through Western blot. Changes in cell proliferative level after transfection were detected via CCK8 assay, and changes in cell migratory and invasive abilities were detected by Transwell assay. Besides, dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to testify binding relationship between two genes. RESULTS Our study found that miR-137 was significantly and lowly expressed in glioma tissue and cell lines, and the prognoses of glioma patients with highly expressed miR-137 were more optimistic. Overexpressed miR-137 could remarkably inhibit proliferative, invasive and migratory abilities of glioma cells U87, while transfection of miR-137 inhibitor presented an opposite effect. Additionally, EZH2 was a direct target of miR-137 and overexpressed EZH2 effectively reversed the effect of miR-137 on glioma proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that miR-137 could suppress the proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma cells through regulating the expression of EZH2. So far, we have found a novel regulatory pair that influences glioma progression, providing a basis for further development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshun Gu
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntong Wang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwu You
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guomin Rao
- The Fourth Department of Neurology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Ge
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liu
- The Second Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongchun Wang
- The Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, No. 27, Wenhua Road, North District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Huang J, Chen X, Zhu W. MRGBP is a potential novel prognostic biomarker and is correlated with immune infiltrates in hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25234. [PMID: 33761715 PMCID: PMC9281980 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the expression change, prognostic values, and potential regulatory mechanisms of mortality factor on chromosome 4 (MORF4)-related gene-binding protein (MRGBP) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MRGBP expression and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used to evaluate the associations between MRGBP expression and clinicopathological characteristics. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the factors contributing to prognosis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to identify pathways associated with MRGBP expression. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to comprehensively analyze the relative immune infiltration levels.High MRGBP expression was significantly associated with a higher T stage, pathologic stage, histologic grade, vascular invasion, tumor protein p53 status, and worse overall survival. MRGBP exhibited high diagnostic accuracy with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.980. GSEA revealed the enrichment of pathways related to tumorigenesis in the MRGBP high-expression phenotype, such as cell cycle and DNA replication pathways. ssGSEA revealed that MRGBP expression was significantly correlated with 15 types of immune cell infiltration levels. The Wilcoxon rank sum test revealed significantly high T helper (Th), T follicular helper, CD56 bright natural killer, and Th2 cell enrichment scores in the high MRGBP expression group and significantly low neutrophil, Th17, dendritic cell (DC), gamma delta T, cytotoxic cell, regulatory T cell, plasmacytoid DC, and immature DC enrichment scores.MRGBP may be a novel prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target correlated with immune infiltrates in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Central Laboratory, the Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Central Laboratory, the Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, PR China
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11
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CTCF-silenced miR-137 contributes to EMT and radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:155. [PMID: 33685449 PMCID: PMC7938596 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most malignant tumors in gastrointestinal system. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be implicated in cancer development. However, the role of miR-137 has not been fully revealed in ESCC. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses were separately used to examine RNA level and protein level. 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, transwell assays and flow cytometry analyses were conducted to assess biological behaviors of ESCC cells. Additionally, the interaction between genes were analyzed via Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, RNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, RNA pull down assay and luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS MiR-137 was down-regulated in ESCC cells. Upregulation of miR-137 hindered ESCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Besides, miR-137 enhanced the sensitivity of ESCC cells to irradiation. Moreover, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) inactivated miR-137 transcription in ESCC cells. Furthermore, we revealed enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) and paxillin (PXN) as the downstream targets of miR-137. In turn, EZH2 was recruited by CTCF and induced methylation in miR-137 promoter. CONCLUSION CTCF/Suz12/EZH2 complex-silenced miR-137 facilitates ESCC progression and radioresistance by targeting EZH2 and PXN.
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12
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Li DM, Chen QD, Wei GN, Wei J, Yin JX, He JH, Ge X, Shi ZM. Hypoxia-Induced miR-137 Inhibition Increased Glioblastoma Multiforme Growth and Chemoresistance Through LRP6. Front Oncol 2021; 10:611699. [PMID: 33718112 PMCID: PMC7946983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.611699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the deadliest tumors, which is involved in numerous dysregulated microRNAs including miR-137. However, the mechanism of how miR-137 suppression associated with cancer progression and chemoresistance still remains to be elucidated. Methods Quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR), DNA methylation analysis, cell proliferation assay, flow cytometric analysis, invasion assay, in situ tumor formation experiment were performed to test the expression levels and functions of miR-137 in GBM. Bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assay were used to identify and verify the target of miR-137. Results We found that miR-137 was downregulated in primary and recurrent GBM compared with normal brain tissues. Overexpression of miR-137 inhibited cell invasion and enhanced cell chemosensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) by directly targeting low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) in GBM. Forced expression of LRP6 cDNA without its 3’-UTR region partly restored the effects of miR-137 in vitro and in vivo. Hypoxia-induced miR-137 methylation was responsible for the miR-137 suppression, leading to the cell chemoresistance and poor prognosis of GBM. Conclusions These findings demonstrated the detailed molecular mechanism of miR-137 in regulating GBM growth and chemoresistance in hypoxia microenvironment, suggesting the potentiality of miR-137 as a therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China.,Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiu-Dan Chen
- The Department of Central Laboratory, Clinical Laboratory, Jing'an District Center Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Ning Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China
| | - Jian-Xing Yin
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Hui He
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu-Mei Shi
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Zheng H, Zhang M, Ke X, Deng X, Li D, Wang Q, Yan S, Xue Y, Wang Q. LncRNA XIST/miR-137 axis strengthens chemo-resistance and glycolysis of colorectal cancer cells by hindering transformation from PKM2 to PKM1. Cancer Biomark 2021; 30:395-406. [PMID: 33386794 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-201740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycolysis was an essential driver of chemo-resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC), albeit with limited molecular explanations. OBJECTIVE We strived to elucidate the involvement of lncRNA XIST/miR-137/PKM axis in chemo-tolerance and glycolysis of CRC. METHODS Altogether 212 pairs of tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected from CRC patients. Moreover, human CRC epithelial cell lines, including HT29, SW480, SW620 and LoVo, were purchased in advance, and their activity was estimated after transfection of si-XIST or miR-137 mimic. Furthermore, 5-FU/cisplatin-resistance of CRC cells was determined through MTT assay, and glycolytic potential of CRC cells was appraised based on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). RESULTS Highly-expressed XIST were predictive of severe symptoms and unfavorable 3-year survival of CRC patients (P< 0.05). Besides, silencing of XIST not only diminished proliferative, migratory and invasive power of CRC cells (P< 0.05), but also enhanced sensitivity of CRC cells responding to 5-FU/cisplatin (P< 0.05). Glycolytic potency of CRC cells was also undermined by si-XIST, with decreased maximal respiration and maximal glycolytic capacity in the si-XIST group as relative to NC group (P< 0.05). Nevertheless, miR-137 mimic attenuated the facilitating effect of pcDNA3.1-XIST on proliferation, migration, invasion, 5-FU/cisplatin-resistance and glycolysis of CRC cells (P< 0.05). Ultimately, ratio of PKM2 mRNA and PKM1 mRNA, despite being up-regulated by pcDNA3.1-XIST, was markedly lowered when miR-137 mimic was co-transfected (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LncRNA XIST/miR-137 axis reinforced glycolysis and chemo-tolerance of CRC by elevating PKM2/PKM1 ratio, providing an alternative to boost chemo-therapeutic efficacy of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailun Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Clinical Medical Colleges of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Xiquan Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaojing Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Qizhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Shanjun Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Yongju Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Qiangwu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
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14
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Chen Y, Zhou C, Li H, Li H, Li Y. Identifying Key Genes for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Prioritized Consensus Differentially Expressed Genes Caused by Aberrant Methylation. J Cancer 2021; 12:874-884. [PMID: 33403044 PMCID: PMC7778547 DOI: 10.7150/jca.49392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated epithelial malignancy. Large-scale genetics or epigenetics studies of NPC have been relatively scarce and sporadic, and there are no effective targeted drugs for NPC. Integrative analysis of multiple different omics profiles has been proved to be an effective approach to shed new light on cancer. Methods: We developed a pipeline to aggregate consensus differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from multiple expression datasets from different platforms. Integrated bioinformatics analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression was used to prioritize key genes in NPC. We explored the biological and clinical importance of key genes, combining differential co-expression analysis, network analysis of protein-protein and microRNA (miRNA)-target interactions, and pan-cancer survival analysis. Results: We obtained 668 upregulated and 594 downregulated consensus DEGs, which enriched in the PI3K-AKT, NF-κB and immune-related pathways. In NPC, 98% of 3364 differentially methylated sites were hypermethylated. Actively expressed EBV gene EBNA1 was positively correlated with over-expressed genes coding DNA methyltransferase and Polycomb group proteins, suggesting that EBV infection may have an important role in the hypermethylation of NPC. Through integrated analysis of DNA methylation and mRNA and miRNA expression profiles, we prioritized 56 hypermethylated downregulated genes, including 7 tumor suppressor genes, and constructed a miRNA-target regulation network consisting of 12 hypermethylated miRNAs and 25 upregulated oncogenes. The promoter hypermethylation of PRKCB causing its downregulation was validated by experimental results and higher PRKCB expression was associated with longer overall survival in head-neck squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting the potential of PRKCB as a promising disease biomarker for NPC. Conclusions: Our integrative analysis provides reliable key genes for candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in NPC. Based on the combined evidence of promoter hypermethylation, expression up-regulation, and association with overall survival, genes such as SCUBE2, PRKCB, IKZF1, MAP4K1, and GATA6 could be promising novel diagnostic biomarkers, and miRNAs including MIR150, MIR152, and MIR34 could be candidate prognosis biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Center for Allergic and Inflammatory Diseases & Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Center for Allergic and Inflammatory Diseases & Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yixue Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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15
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Zhao F, Wei C, Cui MY, Xia QQ, Wang SB, Zhang Y. Prognostic value of microRNAs in pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:9380-9404. [PMID: 32420903 PMCID: PMC7288910 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic impact of microRNA (miRNA) expression levels in pancreatic cancer (PC) has been estimated for years, but the outcomes are controversial and heterogeneous. Therefore, we comprehensively reviewed the evidence collected on miRNA expression in PC to determine this effect. RESULTS PC patients with high miR-21 (HR=2.61, 95%CI=1.68-4.04), miR-451a (HR=2.23, 95%CI=1.23-4.04) or miR-1290 (HR=1.43, 95%CI=1.04-1.95) levels in blood had significantly poorer OS (P<0.05). Furthermore, PC patients with high miR-10b (HR=1.73, 95%CI=1.09-2.76), miR-17-5p (HR=1.91, 95%CI=1.30-2.80), miR-21 (HR=1.90, 95%CI=1.61-2.25), miR-23a (HR=2.18, 95%CI=1.52-3.13), miR-155 (HR=2.22, 95%CI=1.27-3.88), miR-203 (HR=1.65, 95%CI=1.14-2.40), miR-221 (HR=1.72, 95%CI=1.08-2.74), miR-222 levels (HR=1.72, 95%CI=1.02-2.91) or low miR-29c (HR=1.39, 95%CI=1.08-1.79), miR-126 (HR=1.55, 95%CI=1.23-1.95), miR-218 (HR=2.62, 95%CI=1.41-4.88) levels in tissues had significantly shorter OS (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In summary, blood miR-21, miR-451a, miR-1290 and tissue miR-10b, miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-23a, miR-29c, miR-126, miR-155, miR-203, miR-218, miR-221, miR-222 had significant prognostic value. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to recognize eligible studies, and 57 studies comprising 5445 PC patients and 15 miRNAs were included to evaluate the associations between miRNA expression levels and overall survival (OS) up to June 1, 2019. Summary hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- , Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Wei
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Ying Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Shuai-Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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16
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Zhang H, Liang F, Yue J, Liu P, Wang J, Wang Z, Li H, Cheng D, Du J, Zhang K, Du P. MicroRNA‑137 regulates hypoxia‑mediated migration and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer by targeting LGR4 via the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:540-549. [PMID: 32626928 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) serve an integral role in prostate cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of miR‑137 in hypoxia‑mediated migration and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT). PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells were exposed to hypoxia for 24 h, after which the expression of miR‑137 was determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR). The cells were transfected with a miR‑137 mimic or inhibitor, followed by hypoxia exposure. The results demonstrated that hypoxia reduced miR‑137 expression. Further results from the Cell Counting Kit‑8, Cell Death Detection ELISA plus kit, Transwell assay, RT‑qPCR and western blotting assays revealed that the miR‑137 mimic prevented cell proliferation, facilitated apoptosis and repressed cell migration, invasiveness, and expression of N‑cadherin, vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase 2; the miR‑137 inhibitor exerted the opposite effects. A dual‑-luciferase reporter assay determined that miR‑137 directly targeted leucine‑rich repeat‑containing G protein‑coupled receptor 4 (LGR4). Additionally, miR‑137 negatively regulated the epidermal growth factor receptor/extracellular signal‑-regulated kinase (EGFR/ERK) signaling pathway by targeting LGR4. LGR4 silencing or EGFR/ERK inhibition abolished the effects of miR‑137 inhibitor on cell migration and EMT. In conclusion, by targeting LGR4 via the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway, miR‑137 inhibited prostate cancer cell migration and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Fang Liang
- Department of Oncology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Junmin Yue
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Junyong Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Li
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Duo Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Jie Du
- Department of Oncology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou Central Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, P.R. China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing ), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
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17
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Song R, Liu Z, Lu L, Liu F, Zhang B. Long Noncoding RNA SCAMP1 Targets miR-137/CXCL12 Axis to Boost Cell Invasion and Angiogenesis in Ovarian Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1041-1050. [PMID: 32401536 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of gynecological malignancies that seriously affects women's health. Mounting evidence demonstrated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) play important roles in various biological processes related to the pathogenesis of OC. This research aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of lncRNA SCAMP1/miR-137/CXCL12 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12) axis on OC progression. In this study, we found that SCAMP1 was highly expressed in OC cells, which promoted OC cell invasion and angiogenesis. In addition, our research confirmed that SCAMP1 could bind with miR-137, and SCAMP1 sponged miR-137 to accelerate the progression of OC. We also observed that CXCL12 was a downstream target gene for miR-137, and miR-137 targeted CXCL12 to participate in the regulation of OC. Finally, through TCGA database, we found that SCAMP1 (or CXCL12) was upregulated as well as miR-137 was downregulated in OC tissues, and high (or low) level of them was associated with poor prognosis. miR-137 expression was negatively correlated with SCAMP1 (or CXCL12) expression, and SCAMP1 expression was positively correlated with CXCL12 expression in OC. In summary, our study clarified the role of SCAMP1/miR-137/CXCL12 axis in OC, and this finding may provide a potential therapeutic target of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Song
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, P.R. China.,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- Department of Gynecology, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, P.R. China
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18
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Du F, Yu L, Wu Y, Wang S, Yao J, Zheng X, Xie S, Zhang S, Lu X, Liu Y, Chen W. miR-137 alleviates doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer through inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting DUSP4. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:922. [PMID: 31801953 PMCID: PMC6892819 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in breast cancer (BC) treatment. Accumulated evidence has uncovered that microRNAs (miRNAs) are vital regulators of chemoresistance in cancer. Growing studies reveal that miR-137 acts as a suppressor in tumor progression. However, it remains obscure the role of miR-137 in modulating the sensitivity of BC cells to doxorubicin (DOX). In this study, we demonstrate that miR-137 exerts a significant effect on repressing the development of chemoresistance of BC cells in response to DOX via attenuating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. MiR-137 overexpression dramatically elevated the sensitivity of BC cells to DOX as well as impaired the DOX-promoted EMT of tumor cells. Mechanistically, miR-137 directly targeted dual-specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) to impact on the EMT and chemoresistance of BC cells upon DOX treatment. Consistently, decreased DUSP4 efficiently enhanced the sensitivity of BC cells to DOX while overexpressed DUSP4 significantly diminished the beneficial effect of miR-137 on BC cells chemoresistance. Moreover, the increased miR-137 heightened the sensitivity of BC cells-derived tumors to DOX through targeting DUSP4 in vivo. Together, our results provide a novel insight into the DOX resistance of BC cells and miR-137 may serve as a new promising therapeutic target for overcoming chemoresistance in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Du
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Nephrology, the Children' s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China
| | - Shuqian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China
| | - Shangzhi Xie
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China
| | - Shufeng Zhang
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Combining Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China.
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Yao J, Zhang C, Chen Y, Gao S. Downregulation of circular RNA circ-LDLRAD3 suppresses pancreatic cancer progression through miR-137-3p/PTN axis. Life Sci 2019; 239:116871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hernández-Romero IA, Guerra-Calderas L, Salgado-Albarrán M, Maldonado-Huerta T, Soto-Reyes E. The Regulatory Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Angiogenesis and Neovascularization From an Epigenetic Perspective. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1091. [PMID: 31709179 PMCID: PMC6821677 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial process for organ morphogenesis and growth during development, and it is especially relevant during the repair of wounded tissue in adults. It is coordinated by an equilibrium of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors; nevertheless, when affected, it promotes several diseases. Lately, a growing body of evidence is indicating that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs, play critical roles in angiogenesis. These ncRNAs can act in cis or trans and alter gene transcription by several mechanisms including epigenetic processes. In the following pages, we will discuss the functions of ncRNAs in the regulation of angiogenesis and neovascularization, both in normal and disease contexts, from an epigenetic perspective. Additionally, we will describe the contribution of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques to the discovery and understanding of the role of ncRNAs in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ernesto Soto-Reyes
- Natural Sciences Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Mexico City, Mexico
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Tesfaye AA, Azmi AS, Philip PA. miRNA and Gene Expression in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:58-70. [PMID: 30558723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a challenging disease that is mostly diagnosed late in the course of the illness. Unlike other cancers in which measurable successes have been achieved with traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and, recently, immunotherapy, PDAC has proved to be poorly responsive to these treatments, with only marginal to modest incremental benefits using conventional cytotoxic therapy. There is, therefore, a great unmet need to develop better therapies based on improved understanding of biology and identification of predictive and prognostic biomarkers that would guide therapy. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of some key genes by targeting their 3'-untranslated mRNA region. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been linked to the development of various malignancies, including PDAC. A series of miRNAs have been identified as potential tools for early diagnosis, prediction of treatment response, and prognosis of patients with PDAC. In this review, we present a summary of the miRNAs that have been studied in PDAC in the context of disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh A Tesfaye
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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22
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Yu H, Ma M, Wang X, Zhou Z, Li R, Guo Q. Propofol suppresses proliferation, invasion, and migration of human melanoma cells via regulating microRNA‐137 and fibroblast growth factor 9. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:23279-23288. [PMID: 31134615 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Meina Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Xupeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou Hebei People's Republic of China
| | - Qingduo Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology Cangzhou Central Hospital Cangzhou Hebei People's Republic of China
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23
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Wang ZC, Huang FZ, Xu HB, Sun JC, Wang CF. MicroRNA-137 inhibits autophagy and chemosensitizes pancreatic cancer cells by targeting ATG5. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 111:63-71. [PMID: 30710750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autophagy play an important role in tumor chemotherapy resistance. It has been reported that miR-137 expression was reducedand involved in the regulation of sensitivity of PC cells to chemotherapy. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we hypothesized that miR-137 might sensitize PC cells to chemotherapy thought regulating cell autophagy. METHODS Cell survival was determined with MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were assessed with flow cytometric analysis. Fluorescence intensity of GFP-LC3 and RFP-GFP-LC3 were examined with immunofluorescence analysis to determine the autophagy and autophagic flux level. Western blotting assay was used to determine protein expression levels of LC3II/LC3I, P62, FUNDC1 and ATG5. mRNA expression level of miR-137 was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate the directly binding of miR-137 with its targets. Xenograft model was setup to evaluate tumor growth. RESULTS The results showed that doxorubicin (Dox) induced autophagy but downregulated the expression level of miR-137 in pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. In turn, overexpression of miR-137 enhanced the effect of Dox on decreasing cell survival, inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting autophagy rather than influencing autophagic flux in PC cells. Further mechanistic study identified that ATG5 was a direct target of miR-137. Moreover, overexpression of ATG5 dramatically reversed the promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of autophagy mediated by higher expression level of miR-137. We also demonstrated that miR-137 sensitized PANC-1 cells to Dox through inhibiting ATG5 and autophagy in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated for the first time that miR-137 was able to promote sensitivity of PC cells to chemotherapy via inhibition of autophagy mediated by ATG5. Therefore, miR-137 may act as a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China
| | - Fei-Zhou Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China
| | - Hong-Bo Xu
- Department of Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Ji-Chun Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China
| | - Chang-Fa Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China.
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Daskalaki I, Gkikas I, Tavernarakis N. Hypoxia and Selective Autophagy in Cancer Development and Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:104. [PMID: 30250843 PMCID: PMC6139351 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen availability, a condition known as hypoxia, is a common feature of various pathologies including stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cancer. Hypoxia adaptation requires coordination of intricate pathways and mechanisms such as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the unfolded protein response (UPR), mTOR, and autophagy. Recently, great effort has been invested toward elucidating the interplay between hypoxia-induced autophagy and cancer cell metabolism. Although novel types of selective autophagy have been identified, including mitophagy, pexophagy, lipophagy, ERphagy and nucleophagy among others, their potential interface with hypoxia response mechanisms remains poorly understood. Autophagy activation facilitates the removal of damaged cellular compartments and recycles components, thus promoting cell survival. Importantly, tumor cells rely on autophagy to support self-proliferation and metastasis; characteristics related to poor disease prognosis. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular crosstalk between hypoxia response mechanisms and autophagy could provide important insights with relevance to cancer and hypoxia-related pathologies. Here, we survey recent findings implicating selective autophagy in hypoxic responses, and discuss emerging links between these pathways and cancer pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Daskalaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ilias Gkikas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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