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Jalil AT, Abdulhadi MA, Alkubaisy SA, Thejeel SH, Essa IM, Merza MS, Zabibah RS, Al-Tamimi R. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in promoting aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells: An overview. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154905. [PMID: 37925820 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect, is a metabolic phenomenon frequently observed in cancer cells, characterized by the preferential utilization of glucose through glycolysis, even under normal oxygen conditions. This metabolic shift provides cancer cells with a proliferative advantage and supports their survival and growth. While the Warburg effect has been extensively studied, the underlying mechanisms driving this metabolic adaptation in cancer cells remain incompletely understood. In recent years, emerging evidence has suggested a potential link between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the promotion of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. The ER is a vital organelle involved in protein folding, calcium homeostasis, and lipid synthesis. Various cellular stresses, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and accumulation of misfolded proteins, can lead to ER stress. In response, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER homeostasis. However, prolonged or severe ER stress can activate alternative signaling pathways that modulate cellular metabolism, including the promotion of aerobic glycolysis. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding regarding the influence of ER stress on aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells to shed light on the complex interplay between ER stress and metabolic alterations in cancer cells. Understanding the intricate relationship between ER stress and the promotion of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells may provide valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohanad Ali Abdulhadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | | | - Sara Hamed Thejeel
- National University of Science and Technology, Al-Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Israa M Essa
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Muna S Merza
- Prosthetic Dental Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal, University College, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University of Najaf, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Raad Al-Tamimi
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
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2
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Poyyakkara A, Raji GR, Padmaja KP, Ramachandran V, Changmai U, Edatt L, Punathil R, Kumar VBS. Integrin β4 induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition involves miR-383 mediated regulation of GATA6 levels. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8623-8637. [PMID: 37656269 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of transdifferentiating epithelial cells to mesenchymal-like cells (EMT) involves cells gradually taking on an invasive and migratory phenotype. Many cell adhesion molecules are crucial for the management of EMT, integrin β4 (ITGB4) being one among them. Although signaling downstream of ITGB4 has been reported to cause changes in the expression of several miRNAs, little is known about the role of such miRNAs in the process of EMT. METHODS AND RESULTS The cytoplasmic domain of ITGB4 (ITGB4CD) was ectopically expressed in HeLa cells to induce ITGB4 signaling, and expression analysis of mesenchymal markers indicated the induction of EMT. β-catenin and AKT signaling pathways were found to be activated downstream of ITGB4 signaling, as evidenced by the TOPFlash assay and the levels of phosphorylated AKT, respectively. Based on in silico and qRT-PCR analysis, miR-383 was selected for functional validation studies. miR-383 and Sponge were ectopically expressed in HeLa, thereafter, western blot and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that miR-383 regulates GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6) post-transcriptionally. The ectopic expression of shRNA targeting GATA6 caused the reversal of EMT and β catenin activation downstream of ITGB4 signaling. Cell migration assays revealed significantly high cell migration upon ectopic expression ITGB4CD, which was reversed upon ectopic co-expression of miR-383 or GATA6 shRNA. Besides, ITGB4CD promoted EMT in in ovo xenograft model, which was reversed by ectopic expression of miR-383 or GATA6 shRNA. CONCLUSION The induction of EMT downstream of ITGB4 involves a signaling axis encompassing AKT/miR-383/GATA6/β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Poyyakkara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Grace R Raji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - K P Padmaja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
- CRP-10, Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, India
| | - Vishnu Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Udeshna Changmai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Lincy Edatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Rabina Punathil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, SRM University, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - V B Sameer Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India.
- Department of Genomic Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India.
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Adamczyk-Grochala J, Bloniarz D, Zielinska K, Lewinska A, Wnuk M. DNMT2/TRDMT1 gene knockout compromises doxorubicin-induced unfolded protein response and sensitizes cancer cells to ER stress-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis 2023; 28:166-185. [PMID: 36273376 PMCID: PMC9950192 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The acidic, hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment may induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) may exert an important cytoprotective role by promoting folding of newly synthesized proteins and cancer cell survival. The lack of DNMT2/TRDMT1 methyltransferase-mediated C38 tRNA methylation compromises translational fidelity that may result in the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins leading to proteotoxic stress-related cell death. In the present study, DNMT2/TRDMT1 gene knockout-mediated effects were investigated during doxorubicin (DOX)-induced ER stress and PERK-, IRE1- and ATF6-orchestrated UPR in four genetically different cellular models of cancer (breast and cervical cancer, osteosarcoma and glioblastoma cells). Upon DOX stimulation, DNMT2/TRDMT1 gene knockout impaired PERK activation and modulated NSUN and 5-methylcytosine RNA-based responses and microRNA profiles. The lack of DNMT2/TRDMT1 gene in DOX-treated four cancer cell lines resulted in decreased levels of four microRNAs, namely, miR-23a-3p, miR-93-5p, miR-125a-5p and miR-191-5p involved in the regulation of several pathways such as ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, amino acid degradation and translational misregulation in cancer. We conclude that DNMT2/TRDMT1 gene knockout, at least in selected cellular cancer models, affects adaptive responses associated with protein homeostasis networks that during prolonged ER stress may result in increased sensitivity to apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Adamczyk-Grochala
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Dominika Bloniarz
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Zielinska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
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Ou D, Wu Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu Z, Shao M, Guo X, Cui S. miR-340-5p affects oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells proliferation and invasion by targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Samperna S, Boari A, Vurro M, Salzano AM, Reveglia P, Evidente A, Gismondi A, Canini A, Scaloni A, Marra M. Arabidopsis Defense against the Pathogenic Fungus Drechslera gigantea Is Dependent on the Integrity of the Unfolded Protein Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020240. [PMID: 33567651 PMCID: PMC7915340 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drechslera gigantea Heald & Wolf is a worldwide-spread necrotrophic fungus closely related to the Bipolaris genus, well-known because many member species provoke severe diseases in cereal crops and studied because they produce sesterpenoid phytoxins named ophiobolins which possess interesting biological properties. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved mechanism protecting eukaryotic cells from the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In plants, consolidated evidence supports the role of UPR in the tolerance to abiotic stress, whereas much less information is available concerning the induction of ER stress by pathogen infection and consequent UPR elicitation as part of the defense response. In this study, the infection process of D. gigantea in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and UPR-defective bzip28 bzip60 double mutant plants was comparatively investigated, with the aim to address the role of UPR in the expression of resistance to the fungal pathogen. The results of confocal microscopy, as well as of qRT-PCR transcript level analysis of UPR genes, proteomics, microRNAs expression profile and HPLC-based hormone analyses demonstrated that ophiobolin produced by the fungus during infection compromised ER integrity and that impairment of the IRE1/bZIP60 pathway of UPR hampered the full expression of resistance, thereby enhancing plant susceptibility to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Samperna
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Boari
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Institute, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Maurizio Vurro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Institute, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy; (A.M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (P.R.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (P.R.); (A.E.)
| | - Angelo Gismondi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Canini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy; (A.M.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Mauro Marra
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (A.G.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Two ways of epigenetic silencing of TFPI2 in cervical cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234873. [PMID: 32559232 PMCID: PMC7304613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Comparison of human mRNA microarray results from tumor-associated and normal cervical fibroblasts revealed significant TFPI2 downregulation in tumor-associated fibroblasts isolated from cervical cancer, indicating that TFPI2 downregulation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the present work, we investigated the mechanism of TFPI2 downregulation in tumor-associated fibroblasts and tumor cells. Methods In vitro models of monocultures and co-cultures were established with tumor cells and fibroblasts to explore the changes of TFPI-2 expression and epigenetic modifications of the TFPI2 gene. Results The TFPI2 gene was hypermethylated only in tumor cells. Reduction of TFPI-2 protein levels in tumor-associated fibroblasts, although the gene was not methylated, suggested alternative regulatory mechanisms of gene expression, such as inhibition by microRNAs. The expression pattern of miR-23a, a gene thought to inhibit TFPI2 translation, showed changes strongly correlated to detected TFPI-2 protein alterations. Transfections with miR-23a mimics resulted in a decrease of TFPI-2 protein expression whereas miR-23a inhibitors increased the TFPI-2 amount. Due to downregulation of miR-23a expression by HPV in cancer cells, TFPI2 was silenced by promoter methylation. In contrary, miR-23a was active in HPV-free fibroblasts and inactivated TFPI2. Conclusion These results indicate dual epigenetic inhibition of TFPI2 on the transcription level by promoter methylation in cancer cells and on the translation level by miR-23a in tumor-associated fibroblasts. As a consequence, inactivation of the TFPI2 gene plays a strategic role in the progression of cervical cancer.
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Zonneveld MI, Keulers TGH, Rouschop KMA. Extracellular Vesicles as Transmitters of Hypoxia Tolerance in Solid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020154. [PMID: 30699970 PMCID: PMC6406242 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumours that contributes to poor prognosis after treatment. This is mainly due to increased resistance of hypoxic cells to radio- and chemotherapy and the association of hypoxic cells with increased metastasis development. It is therefore not surprising that an increased hypoxic tumour fraction is associated with poor patient survival. The extent of hypoxia within a tumour is influenced by the tolerance of individual tumor cells to hypoxia, a feature that differs considerably between tumors. High numbers of hypoxic cells may, therefore, be a direct consequence of enhanced cellular capability inactivation of hypoxia tolerance mechanisms. These include HIF-1α signaling, the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy to prevent hypoxia-induced cell death. Recent evidence shows hypoxia tolerance can be modulated by distant cells that have experienced episodes of hypoxia and is mediated by the systemic release of factors, such as extracellular vesicles (EV). In this review, the evidence for transfer of a hypoxia tolerance phenotype between tumour cells via EV is discussed. In particular, proteins, mRNA and microRNA enriched in EV, derived from hypoxic cells, that impact HIF-1α-, UPR-, angiogenesis- and autophagy signalling cascades are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke I Zonneveld
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) lab, GROW⁻School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom G H Keulers
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) lab, GROW⁻School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kasper M A Rouschop
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) lab, GROW⁻School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Swier LJYM, Dzikiewicz‐Krawczyk A, Winkle M, van den Berg A, Kluiver J. Intricate crosstalk between MYC and non-coding RNAs regulates hallmarks of cancer. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:26-45. [PMID: 30451365 PMCID: PMC6322196 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) plays an important role in the regulation of many cellular processes, and its expression is tightly regulated at the level of transcription, translation, protein stability, and activity. Despite this tight regulation, MYC is overexpressed in many cancers and contributes to multiple hallmarks of cancer. In recent years, it has become clear that noncoding RNAs add a crucial additional layer to the regulation of MYC and its downstream effects. So far, twenty-five microRNAs and eighteen long noncoding RNAs that regulate MYC have been identified. Thirty-three miRNAs and nineteen lncRNAs are downstream effectors of MYC that contribute to the broad oncogenic role of MYC, including its effects on diverse hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we give an overview of this extensive, multilayered noncoding RNA network that exists around MYC. Current data clearly show explicit roles of crosstalk between MYC and ncRNAs to allow tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotteke J. Y. M. Swier
- Department of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Winkle
- Department of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost Kluiver
- Department of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenThe Netherlands
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Wang N, Tan HY, Feng YG, Zhang C, Chen F, Feng Y. microRNA-23a in Human Cancer: Its Roles, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11:E7. [PMID: 30577536 PMCID: PMC6356664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNA-23a (miR-23a) is one of the most extensively studied miRNAs in different types of human cancer, and plays various roles in the initiation, progression, and treatment of tumors. Here, we comprehensively summarize and discuss the recent findings about the role of miR-23a in cancer. The differential expression of tissue miR-23a was reported, potentially indicating cancer stages, angiogenesis, and metastasis. miR-23a in human biofluid, such as plasma and salivary fluid, may be a sensitive and specific marker for early diagnosis of cancer. Tissue and circulating miR-23a serves as a prognostic factor for cancer patient survival, as well as a predictive factor for response to anti-tumor treatment. The direct and indirect regulation of miR-23a on multiple gene expression and signaling transduction mediates carcinogenesis, tumor proliferation, survival, cell migration and invasion, as well as the response to anti-tumor treatment. Tumor cell-derived miR-23a regulates the microenvironment of human cancer through manipulating both immune function and tumor vascular development. Several transcriptional and epigenetic factors may contribute to the dysregulation of miR-23a in cancer. This evidence highlights the essential role of miR-23a in the application of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yi-Gang Feng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feiyu Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Wang R, Qin HM, Qin L, Wei JX, Wei YX, Wang JL. Genetic association of promoter in GRP78 gene with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a Chinese population. Int J Clin Oncol 2018; 24:359-365. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-018-1366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gupta A, Ajith A, Singh S, Panday RK, Samaiya A, Shukla S. PAK2-c-Myc-PKM2 axis plays an essential role in head and neck oncogenesis via regulating Warburg effect. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:825. [PMID: 30068946 PMCID: PMC6070504 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The histone modifiers (HMs) are crucial for chromatin dynamics and gene expression; however, their dysregulated expression has been observed in various abnormalities including cancer. In this study, we have analyzed the expression of HMs in microarray profiles of head and neck cancer (HNC), wherein a highly significant overexpression of p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) was identified which was further validated in HNC patients. The elevated expression of PAK2 positively correlated with enhanced cell proliferation, aerobic glycolysis and chemoresistance and was associated with the poor clinical outcome of HNC patients. Further, dissection of molecular mechanism revealed an association of PAK2 with c-Myc and c-Myc-dependent PKM2 overexpression, wherein we showed that PAK2 upregulates c-Myc expression and c-Myc thereby binds to PKM promoter and induces PKM2 expression. We observed that PAK2-c-Myc-PKM2 axis is critical for oncogenic cellular proliferation. Depletion of PAK2 disturbs the axis and leads to downregulation of c-Myc and thereby PKM2 expression, which resulted in reduced aerobic glycolysis, proliferation and chemotherapeutic resistance of HNC cells. Moreover, the c-Myc complementation rescued PAK2 depletion effects and restored aerobic glycolysis, proliferation, migration and invasion in PAK2-depleted cells. The global transcriptome analysis of PAK2-depleted HNC cells revealed the downregulation of various genes involved in active cell proliferation, which indicates that PAK2 overexpression is critical for HNC progression. Together, these results suggest that the axis of PAK2-c-Myc-PKM2 is critical for HNC progression and could be a therapeutic target to reduce the cell proliferation and acquired chemoresistance and might enhance the efficacy of standard chemotherapy which will help in better management of HNC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Athira Ajith
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
- Lab No. 315, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Smriti Singh
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | | | - Atul Samaiya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Bansal Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462016, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India.
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