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Ren R, Wang H, Xu Y, Wu J, Ma D, Guan W. FOXS1 acts as an oncogene and induces EMT through FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway by upregulating HILPDA in prostate cancer. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23698. [PMID: 38780613 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a widespread global health concern characterized by elevated rates of occurrence, and there is a need for novel therapeutic targets to enhance patient outcomes. FOXS1 is closely linked to different cancers, but its function in PCa is still unknown. The expression of FOXS1, its prognostic role, clinical significance in PCa, and the potential mechanism by which FOXS1 affects PCa progression were investigated through bioinformatics analysis utilizing public data. The levels of FOXS1 and HILPDA were evaluated in clinical PCa samples using various methods, such as western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and qRT-PCR. To examine the function and molecular mechanisms of FOXS1 in PCa, a combination of experimental techniques including CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, wound-healing assay, Transwell assay, and Co-IP assay were employed. The FOXS1 expression levels were significantly raised in PCa, correlating strongly with tumor aggressiveness and an unfavorable prognosis. Regulating FOXS1 expression, whether upregulating or downregulating it, correspondingly enhanced or inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion capabilities of PCa cells. Mechanistically, we detected a direct interaction between FOXS1 and HILPDA, resulting in the pathway activation of FAK/PI3K/AKT and facilitation EMT in PCa cells. FOXS1 collaborates with HILPDA to initiate EMT, thereby facilitating the PCa progression through the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huang Wang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Wang M, Huang W. FOXS1 promotes prostate cancer progression through the Hedgehog/Gli1 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115893. [PMID: 37890593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most common malignant tumor in men, and the clinical treatment still faces many challenges. Several molecular biomarkers of PCa progression have been reported, however, whether FOXS1 can serve as a new biomarker in PCa remains unknown. METHODS FOXS1 and Gli1 expression was assessed by RT-qPCR and western blot. The binding and regulation roles between FOXS1 and Gli1 were confirmed by Co-IP and ubiquitination assays. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and EMT progress were assessed through CCK-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound-healing, transwell and western blot assays, respectively. In vivo nude mice tumorigenesis model was also conducted to verify PCa growth. RESULTS FOXS1 was upregulated in the PCa TCGA dataset and cells. High FOXS1 level was correlated with PCa patients' worse tumor stage and shorter survival. FOXS1 knockdown inhibited PCa cell proliferation, invasion, migration, EMT and tumor growth while increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, FOXS1 knockdown decreased the inactivation of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. FOXS1 bind to Gli1 and decreased the ubiquitination of Gli1, which resulted in the upregulation of Gli1. Besides, both Gil1 overexpression and Hh signal activation reversed the suppression function of FOXS1 silencing on PCa growth and metastasis. CONCLUSION FOXS1 bind and stabilized Gli1 by blocking Gli1 ubiquitination, thereby activating Hh signaling to promote PCa cell growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Wang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Wanying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China.
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3
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Jiang Q, Palombo V, Sherlock DN, Vailati-Riboni M, D’Andrea M, Yoon I, Loor JJ. Alterations in ileal transcriptomics during an intestinal barrier challenge in lactating Holstein cows fed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product identify potential regulatory processes. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad277. [PMID: 37616596 PMCID: PMC10576520 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressors such as lack of access to feed, hot temperatures, transportation, and pen changes can cause impairment of ruminal and intestinal barrier function, also known as "leaky gut". Despite the known benefits of some nutritional approaches during periods of stress, little is understood regarding the underlying mechanisms, especially in dairy cows. We evaluated the effect of feeding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; NutriTek, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) on the ileal transcriptome in response to feed restriction (FR), an established model to induce intestinal barrier dysfunction. Multiparous cows [97.1 ± 7.6 days in milk (DIM); n = 5/group] fed a control diet or control plus 19 g/d SCFP for 9 wk were subjected to an FR challenge for 5 d during which they were fed 40% of their ad libitum intake from the 7 d before FR. All cows were slaughtered at the end of FR, and ileal scrapping RNA was used for RNAseq (NovaSeq 6000, 100 bp read length). Statistical analysis was performed in R and bioinformatics using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and GO databases. One thousand six hundred and ninety-six differentially expressed genes (DEG; FDR-adjusted P ≤ 0.10) were detected in SCFP vs. control, with 451 upregulated and 1,245 downregulated. "Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis" was the top downregulated KEGG pathway due to downregulation of genes catalyzing glycosylation of mucins (GCNT3, GALNT5, B3GNT3, GALNT18, and GALNT14). An overall downregulation of cell and tissue structure genes (e.g., extracellular matrix proteins) associated with collagen (COL6A1, COL1A1, COL4A1, COL1A2, and COL6A2), laminin (LAMB2), and integrins (ITGA8, ITGA2, and ITGA5) also were detected with SCFP. A subset of DEG enriched in the GO term "extracellular exosome" and "extracellular space". Chemokines within "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways" such as CCL16, CCL21, CCL14, CXCL12, and CXCL14 were downregulated by SCFP. The "Glutathione metabolism" pathway was upregulated by SCFP, including GSTA1 and RRM2B among the top upregulated genes, and GSTM1 and GPX8 as top downregulated genes. There were 9 homeobox transcription factors among the top 50 predicted transcription factors using the RNAseq DEG dataset, underscoring the importance of cell differentiation as a potential target of dietary SCFP. Taken together, SCFP downregulated immune-, ECM-, and mucin synthesis-related genes during FR. Homeobox transcription factors appear important for the transcriptional response of SCFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, IL, USA
| | | | - Danielle N Sherlock
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, IL, USA
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4
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Qiu J, Li M, Su C, Liang Y, Ou R, Chen X, Huang C, Zhang Y, Ye Y, Liao W, Zhang C. FOXS1 Promotes Tumor Progression by Upregulating CXCL8 in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:894043. [PMID: 35898871 PMCID: PMC9309265 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.894043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Forkhead box S1 (FOXS1) is a member of the forkhead box (FOX) transcriptional factor superfamily. The biological roles and underlying regulatory mechanism of FOXS1 in CRC remain unclear. Methods Bioinformatics analysis, Western blotting, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expression FOXS1 in CRC. MTT assay, transwell assay, human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation assay, and chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay were performed to investigate the effects of FOXS1 on proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Additionally, tumor formation assay and orthotopic implantation assay were used to investigate the effects of FOXS1 on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to analyze the correlation between FOXS1 and EMT or angiogenesis. The correlation between FOXS1 and CXCL8 expression was analyzed in clinical CRC samples using IHC. Results The results showed that FOXS1 expression was upregulated in CRC tissues compared with adjacent normal intestine tissues. A high FOXS1 expression is positively correlated with poor survival. FOXS1 promoted the malignant behavior of CRC cancer cells in vitro, including proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. In addition, FOXS1 promoted tumor growth and metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistically, FOXS1 upregulated the expression of C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) at the transcriptional level. Knockdown of CXCL8 blocked FOXS1 induced the enhancement of the EMT and angiogenesis. GSEAs in public CRC datasets revealed strong correlations between FOXS1 expression and EMT marker and angiogenesis markers. IHC showed that FOXS1 expression was positively correlated with CXCL8 expression and CD31 expression in clinical CRC samples. Conclusion The results suggest that FOXS1 promotes angiogenesis and metastasis by upregulating CXCL8 in CRC. Interference with the FOXS1/CXCL8 axis may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cailin Su
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihao Liang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhang Ou
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengmei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Ye
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yaping Ye, ; Wenting Liao, ; Chao Zhang,
| | - Wenting Liao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yaping Ye, ; Wenting Liao, ; Chao Zhang,
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yaping Ye, ; Wenting Liao, ; Chao Zhang,
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5
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Bévant K, Desoteux M, Angenard G, Pineau R, Caruso S, Louis C, Papoutsoglou P, Sulpice L, Gilot D, Zucman-Rossi J, Coulouarn C. TGFβ-induced FOXS1 controls epithelial-mesenchymal transition and predicts a poor prognosis in liver cancer. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1157-1171. [PMID: 34825776 PMCID: PMC9035581 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays a key role in tumor progression, notably as a potent inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, all of the molecular effectors driving TGFβ-induced EMT are not fully characterized. Here, we report that forkhead box S1 (FOXS1) is a SMAD (mothers against decapentaplegic)-dependent TGFβ-induced transcription factor, which regulates the expression of genes required for the initial steps of EMT (e.g., snail family transcription repressor 1) and to maintain a mesenchymal phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In human HCC, we report that FOXS1 is a biomarker of poorly differentiated and aggressive tumor subtypes. Importantly, FOXS1 expression level and activity are associated with a poor prognosis (e.g., reduced patient survival), not only in HCC but also in colon, stomach, and kidney cancers. Conclusion: FOXS1 constitutes a clinically relevant biomarker for tumors in which the pro-metastatic arm of TGF-β is active (i.e., patients who may benefit from targeted therapies using inhibitors of the TGF-β pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bévant
- InsermUniv RennesUMR_S 1242ChemistryOncogenesis, Stress SignalingCentre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisService de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et DigestiveCHU RennesRennesFrance.,InsermUniv RennesInraeUMR_S 1241NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer)RennesFrance
| | - Matthis Desoteux
- InsermUniv RennesUMR_S 1242ChemistryOncogenesis, Stress SignalingCentre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisService de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et DigestiveCHU RennesRennesFrance.,InsermUniv RennesInraeUMR_S 1241NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer)RennesFrance
| | - Gaëlle Angenard
- InsermUniv RennesInraeUMR_S 1241NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer)RennesFrance
| | - Raphaël Pineau
- InsermUniv RennesUMR_S 1242ChemistryOncogenesis, Stress SignalingCentre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisService de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et DigestiveCHU RennesRennesFrance
| | - Stefano Caruso
- Centre de Recherche des CordeliersInsermSorbonne UniversitéUniversité de ParisUniversité Paris 13Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors LaboratoryParisFrance
| | - Corentin Louis
- InsermUniv RennesUMR_S 1242ChemistryOncogenesis, Stress SignalingCentre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisService de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et DigestiveCHU RennesRennesFrance.,InsermUniv RennesInraeUMR_S 1241NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer)RennesFrance
| | - Panagiotis Papoutsoglou
- InsermUniv RennesUMR_S 1242ChemistryOncogenesis, Stress SignalingCentre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisService de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et DigestiveCHU RennesRennesFrance.,InsermUniv RennesInraeUMR_S 1241NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer)RennesFrance
| | - Laurent Sulpice
- InsermUniv RennesUMR_S 1242ChemistryOncogenesis, Stress SignalingCentre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisService de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et DigestiveCHU RennesRennesFrance.,InsermUniv RennesInraeUMR_S 1241NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer)RennesFrance
| | - David Gilot
- InsermUniv RennesUMR_S 1242ChemistryOncogenesis, Stress SignalingCentre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisService de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et DigestiveCHU RennesRennesFrance
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Centre de Recherche des CordeliersInsermSorbonne UniversitéUniversité de ParisUniversité Paris 13Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors LaboratoryParisFrance.,European Hospital Georges PompidouAP-HPParisFrance
| | - Cédric Coulouarn
- InsermUniv RennesUMR_S 1242ChemistryOncogenesis, Stress SignalingCentre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisService de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et DigestiveCHU RennesRennesFrance.,InsermUniv RennesInraeUMR_S 1241NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer)RennesFrance
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6
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Liu Y, Tu M, Wang L. Pan-Cancer Analysis Predicts FOXS1 as a Key Target in Prognosis and Tumor Immunotherapy. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2171-2185. [PMID: 35241932 PMCID: PMC8887970 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s354195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Only a few studies have reported the role of FOXS1, a transcriptional factor, in the tumor development process. In this article, we investigate the function of FOXS1 in distinct neoplastic development and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Patients and Methods The latent roles of FOXS1 in various tumors were prospected based on TCGA, GTEx, CCLE, GEPIA2, cBioPortal, TIMER, ImmuCellAI databases, GSVA datasets, GSEA datasets, and R packages. The expression difference, gene alteration, clinical characteristics, prognostic values, biological mechanism, potential pathways, tumor microenvironment, and immune cell infiltration related to FOXS1 were appraised. Results FOXS1 was strongly expressed in pan-cancer, and this gene was associated with low survival rates. FOXS1 was linked to many pathways that are cancer-promoting and immune-related. The expression of this transcriptional factor in cancers was positively related to immune cell infiltration, especially M2-like macrophages and Treg cells. In addition to that, FOXS1 demonstrated a positive relationship with many immune-suppression genes, such as TGFB1 and ARORA2A. Conclusion Our study identified an oncogenic effect of FOXS1, which may play a vital role as a prognosticative biological marker in pan-cancer. Exorbitant expression of FOXS1 is associated with high TAMs and Treg cells infiltration. These cells have an immunosuppressive function and promote the development of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The research of FOXS1 provided a potential drug target for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiang Liu
- School of Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guang Dong Province, 524023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjun Tu
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325027, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yu Ying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325027, People’s Republic of China
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lingling Wang, Department of Clinical Laboratory Center of The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yu Ying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325027, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8618867786629, Email
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7
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Li S, Wang F. Forkhead Box S1 inhibits the progression of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells by mediating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2022; 65:266-275. [DOI: 10.4103/0304-4920.359799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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8
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Koch S. Regulation of Wnt Signaling by FOX Transcription Factors in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143446. [PMID: 34298659 PMCID: PMC8307807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is caused by a breakdown of cell-to-cell communication, which results in the unrestricted expansion of cells within a tissue. In many cases, tumor growth is maintained by the continuous activation of cell signaling programs that normally drive embryonic development and wound repair. In this review article, I discuss how one of the largest human protein families, namely FOX proteins, controls the activity of the Wnt pathway, a major regulatory signaling cascade in developing organisms and adult stem cells. Evidence suggests that there is considerable crosstalk between FOX proteins and the Wnt pathway, which contributes to cancer initiation and progression. A better understanding of FOX biology may therefore lead to the development of new targeted treatments for many types of cancer. Abstract Aberrant activation of the oncogenic Wnt signaling pathway is a hallmark of numerous types of cancer. However, in many cases, it is unclear how a chronically high Wnt signaling tone is maintained in the absence of activating pathway mutations. Forkhead box (FOX) family transcription factors are key regulators of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, and there is mounting evidence that they act in part by fine-tuning the Wnt signaling output in a tissue-specific and context-dependent manner. Here, I review the diverse ways in which FOX transcription factors interact with the Wnt pathway, and how the ectopic reactivation of FOX proteins may affect Wnt signaling activity in various types of cancer. Many FOX transcription factors are partially functionally redundant and exhibit a highly restricted expression pattern, especially in adults. Thus, precision targeting of individual FOX proteins may lead to safe treatment options for Wnt-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Koch
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; ; Tel.: +46-132-829-69
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
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9
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Lei D, Hu G, Chen Y, Hao T, Gao Y, Luo F. Forkhead Box S1 Inhibits the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11839-11848. [PMID: 33235470 PMCID: PMC7680191 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s272596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Forkhead box (FOX) superfamily members were recently shown to play important roles in tumor development and progression. Forkhead box S1 (FOXS1), a member of the FOX family, has been reported to be closely associated with malignant neoplasms. However, its expression and effect on hepatocellular carcinoma remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the expression and role of FOXS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry assays were carried out to determine FOXS1 expression in HCC tissues and cells. The biological roles of FOXS1 in HCC were investigated using CCK-8, colony formation, transwell and wound healing. Additionally, the effect of FOXS1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was investigated by Western blotting. Xenograft model was carried out to evaluate the effect of FOXS1 in vivo. Results In our study, we confirmed lower FOXS1 expression in HCC samples than in normal liver tissues by performing Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR assays. In addition, FOXS1 expression is strongly associated with the prognosis of patients with HCC. Overexpression of FOXS1 suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. SAG, an activator of Hh signaling, partially reversed the effect of FOXS1 overexpression on HCC cells. Conclusion FOXS1 might suppress HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, and EMT by inhibiting the Hh signaling pathway, indicating that FOXS1 may be a promising biological target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengliang Lei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangli Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuantuan Hao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhao C, Mo L, Li C, Han S, Zhao W, Liu L. FOXN3 suppresses the growth and invasion of papillary thyroid cancer through the inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110925. [PMID: 32619584 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box N3 (FOXN3) is a subtype of FOX family that has been demonstrated to be implicated in several cancers. However, the role of FOXN3 in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and its mechanisms have not yet been investigated. Our results showed that FOXN3 was markedly down regulated in PTC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of FOXN3 suppressed the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion in PTC cells. Overexpression of FOXN3 also prevented EMT process in PTC cells, as shown by the increased E-cadherin expression level and decreased expression levels of N-cadherin and vimentin. In addition, overexpression of FOXN3 inhibited tumor growth of PTC in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of FOXN3 caused significant decreases in expression levels of β-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclin D1. Additionally, activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway reversed the effects of FOXN3 on PTC cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that FOXN3 exerted a tumor suppressive activity in PTC, which was mediated by Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang'an Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Liping Mo
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Shuiping Han
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors regulate diverse biological processes, affecting development, metabolism, stem cell maintenance and longevity. They have also been increasingly recognised as tumour suppressors through their ability to regulate genes essential for cell proliferation, cell death, senescence, angiogenesis, cell migration and metastasis. Mechanistically, FOXO proteins serve as key connection points to allow diverse proliferative, nutrient and stress signals to converge and integrate with distinct gene networks to control cell fate, metabolism and cancer development. In consequence, deregulation of FOXO expression and function can promote genetic disorders, metabolic diseases, deregulated ageing and cancer. Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumour often via the bloodstream or the lymphatic system and is the major cause of cancer death. The regulation and deregulation of FOXO transcription factors occur predominantly at the post-transcriptional and post-translational levels mediated by regulatory non-coding RNAs, their interactions with other protein partners and co-factors and a combination of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and ubiquitination. This review discusses the role and regulation of FOXO proteins in tumour initiation and progression, with a particular emphasis on cancer metastasis. An understanding of how signalling networks integrate with the FOXO transcription factors to modulate their developmental, metabolic and tumour-suppressive functions in normal tissues and in cancer will offer a new perspective on tumorigenesis and metastasis, and open up therapeutic opportunities for malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannasittha Jiramongkol
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Zhong J, Liu R, Chen P. Identifying critical state of complex diseases by single-sample Kullback-Leibler divergence. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:87. [PMID: 31992202 PMCID: PMC6988219 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Developing effective strategies for signaling the pre-disease state of complex diseases, a state with high susceptibility before the disease onset or deterioration, is urgently needed because such state usually followed by a catastrophic transition into a worse stage of disease. However, it is a challenging task to identify such pre-disease state or tipping point in clinics, where only one single sample is available and thus results in the failure of most statistic approaches. Methods In this study, we presented a single-sample-based computational method to detect the early-warning signal of critical transition during the progression of complex diseases. Specifically, given a set of reference samples which were regarded as background, a novel index called single-sample Kullback–Leibler divergence (sKLD), was proposed to explore and quantify the disturbance on the background caused by a case sample. The pre-disease state is then signaled by the significant change of sKLD. Results The novel algorithm was developed and applied to both numerical simulation and real datasets, including lung squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, stomach adenocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, and acute lung injury. The successful identification of pre-disease states and the corresponding dynamical network biomarkers for all six datasets validated the effectiveness and accuracy of our method. Conclusions The proposed method effectively explores and quantifies the disturbance on the background caused by a case sample, and thus characterizes the criticality of a biological system. Our method not only identifies the critical state or tipping point at a single sample level, but also provides the sKLD-signaling markers for further practical application. It is therefore of great potential in personalized pre-disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Zhong
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Pei Chen
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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