Immunofluorescent labeling of CD20 tumor marker with quantum dots for rapid and quantitative detection of diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Nanotechnology Advances in the Detection and Treatment of Lymphoid Malignancies

Lymphoid malignancies are complex diseases with distinct biological behaviors, clinical presentations, and treatment responses. Ongoing research and advancements in biotechnology enhance the understanding and management of these malignancies, moving towards more personalized approaches for diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool to improve some limitations of conventional diagnostics as well as treatment strategies for lymphoid malignancies. Nanoparticles (NPs) offer unique advantages such as enhanced multimodal detection, drug delivery, and targeted therapy capabilities, with the potential to improve precision medicine and patient outcomes. Here, we comprehensively examine the current landscape of nanoconstructs applied in the management of lymphoid disease. Through a comprehensive analysis of preclinical studies, we highlight the translational potential of NPs in revolutionizing the field of hematological malignancies, with a specific focus on lymphoid neoplasms.

Nanoparticles targeting hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells: Multimodal carriers for the treatment of hematological diseases

Modern-day hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) therapies, such as gene therapy, modify autologous HSCs prior to re-infusion into myelo-conditioned patients and hold great promise for treatment of hematological disorders. While this approach has been successful in numerous clinical trials, it relies on transplantation of ex vivo modified patient HSCs, which presents several limitations. It is a costly and time-consuming procedure, which includes only few patients so far, and ex vivo culturing negatively impacts on the viability and stem cell-properties of HSCs. If viral vectors are used, this carries the additional risk of insertional mutagenesis. A therapy delivered to HSCs in vivo, with minimal disturbance of the HSC niche, could offer great opportunities for novel treatments that aim to reverse disease symptoms for hematopoietic disorders and could bring safe, effective and affordable genetic therapies to all parts of the world. However, substantial unmet needs exist with respect to the in vivo delivery of therapeutics to HSCs. In the last decade, in particular with the development of gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9, nanoparticles (NPs) have become an emerging platform to facilitate the manipulation of cells and organs. By employing surface modification strategies, different types of NPs can be designed to target specific tissues and cell types in vivo. HSCs are particularly difficult to target due to the lack of unique cell surface markers that can be utilized for cell-specific delivery of therapeutics, and their shielded localization in the bone marrow (BM). Recent advances in NP technology and genetic engineering have resulted in the development of advanced nanocarriers that can deliver therapeutics and imaging agents to hematopoietic stem- and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the BM niche. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of NP-based approaches targeting HSPCs to control and monitor HSPC activity in vitro and in vivo, and we discuss the potential of NPs for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders, with a specific focus on the delivery of gene editing tools.

Quantitative Detection of Gastrointestinal Tumor Markers Using a Machine Learning Algorithm and Multicolor Quantum Dot Biosensor

This work was to explore the application value of gastrointestinal tumor markers based on gene feature selection model of principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm and multicolor quantum dots (QDs) immunobiosensor in the detection of gastrointestinal tumors. Based on the PCA method, the neighborhood rough set algorithm was introduced to improve it, and the tumor gene feature selection model (OPCA) was established to analyze its classification accuracy and accuracy. Four kinds of coupled biosensors were fabricated based on QDs, namely, 525 nm Cd Se/Zn S QDs-carbohydrate antigen 125 (QDs525-CA125 McAb), 605 nm Cd Se/Zn S QDs-cancer antigen 19-9 (QDs605-CA19-9 McAb), 645 nm Cd Se/Zn S QDs-anticancer embryonic antigen (QDs 645-CEA McAb), and 565 nm Cd Se/Zn S QDs-anti-alpha-fetoprotein (QDs565-AFP McAb). The quantum dot-antibody conjugates were identified and quantified by fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that the classification precision of OPCA model in colon tumor and gastric cancer datasets was 99.52% and 99.03%, respectively, and the classification accuracy was 94.86% and 94.2%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other algorithms. The fluorescence values of AFP McAb, CEA McAb, CA19-9 McAb, and CA125 McAb reached the maximum when the conjugation concentrations were 25 µg/mL, 20 µg/mL, 30 µg/mL, and 30 µg/m, respectively. The highest recovery rate of AFP was 98.51%, and its fluorescence intensity was 35.78 ± 2.99, which was significantly higher than that of other antigens (P < 0.001). In summary, the OPCA model based on PCA algorithm can obtain fewer feature gene sets and improve the accuracy of sample classification. Intelligent immunobiosensors based on machine learning algorithms and QDs have potential application value in gastrointestinal gene feature selection and tumor marker detection, which provides a new idea for clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors.

Nanoparticles for hematologic diseases detection and treatment

Nanotechnology, as an interdisciplinary science, combines engineering, physics, material sciences, and chemistry with the biomedicine knowhow, trying the management of a wide range of diseases. Nanoparticle-based devices holding tumor imaging, targeting and therapy capabilities are formerly under study. Since conventional hematological therapies are sometimes defined by reduced selectivity, low therapeutic efficacy and many side effects, in this review we discuss the potential advantages of the NPs' use in alternative/combined strategies. In the introduction the basic notion of nanomedicine and nanoparticles' classification are described, while in the main text nanodiagnostics, nanotherapeutics and theranostics solutions coming out from the use of a wide-ranging NPs availability are listed and discussed.