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Liu Y, Puthia M, Sheehy EJ, Ambite I, Petrlova J, Prithviraj S, Oxborg MW, Sebastian S, Vater C, Zwingenberger S, Struglics A, Bourgine PE, O'Brien FJ, Raina DB. Sustained delivery of a heterodimer bone morphogenetic protein-2/7 via a collagen hydroxyapatite scaffold accelerates and improves critical femoral defect healing. Acta Biomater 2023; 162:164-181. [PMID: 36967054 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the glimmer of hope provided by the discovery and commercialization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) as a bone graft substitute, side effects related to the use of supraphysiological doses have hindered its clinical usage. In this study, we compared the osteoinductive potential of BMP-2 homodimer with a heterodimer of BMP-2/7, both delivered via a collagen-hydroxyapatite (CHA) scaffold delivery system, with the aim to reduce the overall therapeutic BMP doses and the associated side-effects. We first show that the incorporation of hydroxyapatite in collagen-based BMP delivery systems is pivotal for achieving efficient BMP sequestration and controlled release. Using an ectopic implantation model, we then showed that the CHA+BMP-2/7 was more osteoinductive than CHA+BMP-2. Further evaluation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for this increased osteoinductivity at an early stage in the regeneration process indicated that the CHA+BMP-2/7 enhanced progenitor cell homing at the implantation site, upregulated the key transcriptomic determinants of bone formation, and increased the production of bone extracellular matrix components. Using fluorescently labelled BMP-2/7 and BMP-2, we demonstrated that the CHA scaffold provided a long-term delivery of both molecules for at least 20 days. Finally, using a rat femoral defect model, we showed that an ultra-low dose (0.5 µg) of BMP-2/7 accelerated fracture healing and performed at a level comparable to 20-times higher BMP-2 dose. Our results indicate that the sustained delivery of BMP-2/7 via a CHA scaffold could bring us a step closer in the quest for the use of physiological growth factor doses in fracture healing. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: • Incorporation of hydroxyapatite (HA) in a collagen scaffold dramatically improves bone morphogenic protein (BMP) sequestration via biophysical interactions with BMP, thereby providing more controlled BMP release compared with pristine collagen. • We then investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for increased osteoinductive potential of a heterodimer BMP-2/7 with is clinically used counterpart, the BMP-2 homodimer. • The superior osteoinductive properties of BMP-2/7 are a consequence of its direct positive effect on progenitor cell homing at the implantation site, which consequently leads to upregulation of cartilage and bone related genes and biochemical markers. • An ultra-low dose of BMP-2/7 delivered via a collagen-HA (CHA) scaffold leads to accelerated healing of a critical femoral defect in rats while a 20-times higher BMP-2 dose was required to achieve comparable results.
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Liu N, Qi B, Zhang Y, Fang S, Sun C, Li Q, Wei X. Bu-Gu-Sheng-Sui decoction promotes osteogenesis via activating the ERK/Smad signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:976121. [PMID: 36091820 PMCID: PMC9453880 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic skeletal disease, which becomes a common public health problem that seriously endangers people’s health. Bu-Gu-Sheng-Sui decoction (BGSSD) is a safe and effective Chinese medicine formulation for the treatment of osteoporosis. Numerous studies have indicated that it played a significant role in bone anabolism. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we selected senescence-accelerated mice prone 6 (SAMP6) and MC3T3-E1 cells to study the effects of BGSSD on osteogenesis and then investigated the potential mechanism of BGSSD. Our research found that BGSSD protected the bone mass in SAMP6, increased the expression of osteogenic specific factor Runx2, and improved bone trabecular structure. In vitro, BGSSD accelerated the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells, which was characterized by stimulating the activity of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and raising the expression of Runx2. Moreover, BGSSD could effectively boost the expression levels of ERK and Smad in SAMP6 and MC3T3-E1. Therefore, we speculate that BGSSD may promote bone formation through ERK/Smad pathways. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of BGSSD as a compound in promoting osteogenic differentiation and osteogenesis, demonstrating that BGSSD may become a latent drug to prevent and treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyu Qi
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yili Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengjie Fang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanrui Sun
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xu Wei,
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Wang S, Lai M, Cui Y, Fan H, Huang K. Improved Soluble expression in Escherichia coli and easily purified recombinant human bone morphogenetic 7-2 fusion protein. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:550-554. [PMID: 35450520 DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220420114713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a cysteine-rich growth factor, and plays a key role in early bone tissue development and bone defect repair. However, the low yield, high cost and complicated process in the production process of BMP significantly limit its clinical application. OBJECTIVE In this study, we developed an efficient method for soluble expression and preparation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic 7-2 fusion protein (rhBMP7-2) and determined its molecular weight and biological activity. METHODS The fusion gene for rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 was inserted into the pET-ELP expression vector. Correct DNA sequence was confirmed, the rhBMP7-2-ELP was transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3), and the rhBMP7-2 was produced in the recombinant E. coli. Recombinant BMP7-2 purify was identified using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The cell proliferation and biological activity of rhBMP7-2 was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 and Alkaline Phosphatase assay using C2C12 cells, respectively. RESULTS The result of digestion of NdeI, BamHI and XhoI enzymes showed that the rhBMP7-2-ELP was correctly constructed. The recombinat BMP7-2 was successfully expressed in soluble form; the purifed rhBMP7-2 showed biological activity and significantly promoted cell proliferation and differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The rhBMP7-2 fusion protein with osteogenic activity was prepared through a low-cost and time-efficient method. Our preparation method presents potential to be applied to the large-scale production of rhBMP7-2 and is expected to play a significant role in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changle Road 68, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Min Lai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changle Road 68, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yaqian Cui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changle Road 68, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changle Road 68, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, P.R. China
| | - Kaizong Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changle Road 68, Nanjing, 210006, P.R. China
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Sun T, Meng C, Ding Q, Yu K, Zhang X, Zhang W, Tian W, Zhang Q, Guo X, Wu B, Xiong Z. In situ bone regeneration with sequential delivery of aptamer and BMP2 from an ECM-based scaffold fabricated by cryogenic free-form extrusion. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4163-4175. [PMID: 33997500 PMCID: PMC8099605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ tissue engineering is a powerful strategy for the treatment of bone defects. It could overcome the limitations of traditional bone tissue engineering, which typically involves extensive cell expansion steps, low cell survival rates upon transplantation, and a risk of immuno-rejection. Here, a porous scaffold polycaprolactone (PCL)/decellularized small intestine submucosa (SIS) was fabricated via cryogenic free-form extrusion, followed by surface modification with aptamer and PlGF-2123-144*-fused BMP2 (pBMP2). The two bioactive molecules were delivered sequentially. The aptamer Apt19s, which exhibited binding affinity to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), was quickly released, facilitating the mobilization and recruitment of host BMSCs. BMP2 fused with a PlGF-2123-144 peptide, which showed "super-affinity" to the ECM matrix, was released in a slow and sustained manner, inducing BMSC osteogenic differentiation. In vitro results showed that the sequential release of PCL/SIS-pBMP2-Apt19s promoted cell migration, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes. The in vivo results demonstrated that the sequential release system of PCL/SIS-pBMP2-Apt19s evidently increased bone formation in rat calvarial critical-sized defects compared to the sequential release system of PCL/SIS-BMP2-Apt19s. Thus, the novel delivery system shows potential as an ideal alternative for achieving cell-free scaffold-based bone regeneration in situ.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- Apt19s, aptamer 19s
- Aptamer
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BMP2
- BMP2, bone morphogenic protein 2
- BMSC, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell
- Bone regeneration in situ
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CSD, critical-sized calvarial defect
- Cell recruitment
- Controlled delivery
- ECM, decellularized matrix
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- FTIR, Fourier transform infrared
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HA, hydroxyapatite
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Rh6G, rhodamine 6G
- SIS, small intestine submucosa
- pBMP2, PlGF-2123-144*-fused BMP2
- ssDNA, single-stranded DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chunqing Meng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qiuyue Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Keda Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xianglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wancheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Wuhan Hi-tech Medical Tissue Research Center, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zekang Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Guo Z, Xie M, Zou Y, Liang Q, Liu F, Su J, He Z, Cai X, Chen Z, Zhao Q, Zhao K. Circular RNA Hsa_circ_0006766 targets microRNA miR-4739 to regulate osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5679-5687. [PMID: 34524066 PMCID: PMC8806466 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1967712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in bone metabolism, which is mediated by microRNA (miRNA) sponges. However, it is not clear how circRNA regulates osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs).Therefore, based on the previous circRNA chip results, hsa_circ_0006766, which is differentially expressed in the osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs, was screened out, and bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict potential target miRNAs. During osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs, hsa_circ_0006766 and its target miRNAs (miR-4739, miR-619-5p, miR-5787, miR-7851-3p, and miR-3192-5p) were detected by quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Target gene prediction for the differentially expressed target miRNAs was performed, and target genes were validated by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and qRT-PCR. It is shown that hsa_circ_0006766 was up-regulated and miR-4739 was down-regulated during osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs.Moreover, the target gene Notch2 was predicted to be highly expressed during osteogenic differentiation. And dual-luciferase assay proved that Notch2 was the gene targeting to miR-4739. Taken together, our finding confirmed that hsa_circ_0006766 may act as a major regulatory part in osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs via an hsa_circ_0006766–miR-4739–Notch2 regulatory axis. Accordingly, hsa_circ_0006766 may affect the development of osteoporosis and may thus become a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodi Guo
- The Clinical laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Manlin Xie
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfang Zou
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianxin Liang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fubin Liu
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Su
- The Clinical laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiliang He
- The Clinical laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuping Cai
- The Clinical laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- The Clinical laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- The Clinical laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kewei Zhao
- The Clinical laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Third Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Influence of the TGF-β Superfamily on Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts Balance in Physiological and Pathological Bone Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207597. [PMID: 33066607 PMCID: PMC7589189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between bone forming cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts) plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and bone repair. Several hormones, cytokines, and growth factors-in particular the members of the TGF-β superfamily such as the bone morphogenetic proteins-not only regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and functioning of these cells, but also coordinate the communication between them to ensure an appropriate response. Therefore, this review focuses on TGF-β superfamily and its influence on bone formation and repair, through the regulation of osteoclastogenesis, osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, and osteoblasts/osteoclasts balance. After introducing the main types of bone cells, their differentiation and cooperation during bone remodeling and fracture healing processes are discussed. Then, the TGF-β superfamily, its signaling via canonical and non-canonical pathways, as well as its regulation by Wnt/Notch or microRNAs are described and discussed. Its important role in bone homeostasis, repair, or disease is also highlighted. Finally, the clinical therapeutic uses of members of the TGF-β superfamily and their associated complications are debated.
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Bone Morphogenetic Proteins for Nucleus Pulposus Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082720. [PMID: 32295299 PMCID: PMC7215319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix production by nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, the cells residing in the center of the intervertebral disc, can be stimulated by growth factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) hold great promise. Although BMP2 and BMP7 have been used most frequently, other BMPs have also shown potential for NP regeneration. Heterodimers may be more potent than single homodimers, but it is not known whether combinations of homodimers would perform equally well. In this study, we compared BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, and BMP7, their combinations and heterodimers, for regeneration by human NP cells. The BMPs investigated induced variable matrix deposition by NP cells. BMP4 was the most potent, both in the final neotissue glysosaminoglycan content and incorporation efficiency. Heterodimers BMP2/6H and BMP2/7H were more potent than their respective homodimer combinations, but not the BMP4/7H heterodimer. The current results indicate that BMP4 might have a high potential for regeneration of the intervertebral disc. Moreover, the added value of BMP heterodimers over their respective homodimer BMP combinations depends on the BMP combination applied.
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Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) together with the Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs) form the largest subgroup of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)β family and represent secreted growth factors, which play an essential role in many aspects of cell communication in higher organisms. As morphogens they exert crucial functions during embryonal development, but are also involved in tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the adult organism. Their involvement in maintenance and repair processes of various tissues and organs made these growth factors highly interesting targets for novel pharmaceutical applications in regenerative medicine. A hallmark of the TGFβ protein family is that all of the more than 30 growth factors identified to date signal by binding and hetero-oligomerization of a very limited set of transmembrane serine-threonine kinase receptors, which can be classified into two subgroups termed type I and type II. Only seven type I and five type II receptors exist for all 30plus TGFβ members suggesting a pronounced ligand-receptor promiscuity. Indeed, many TGFβ ligands can bind the same type I or type II receptor and a particular receptor of either subtype can usually interact with and bind various TGFβ ligands. The possible consequence of this ligand-receptor promiscuity is further aggravated by the finding that canonical TGFβ signaling of all family members seemingly results in the activation of just two distinct signaling pathways, that is either SMAD2/3 or SMAD1/5/8 activation. While this would implicate that different ligands can assemble seemingly identical receptor complexes that activate just either one of two distinct pathways, in vitro and in vivo analyses show that the different TGFβ members exert quite distinct biological functions with high specificity. This discrepancy indicates that our current view of TGFβ signaling initiation just by hetero-oligomerization of two receptor subtypes and transduction via two main pathways in an on-off switch manner is too simplified. Hence, the signals generated by the various TGFβ members are either quantitatively interpreted using the subtle differences in their receptor-binding properties leading to ligand-specific modulation of the downstream signaling cascade or additional components participating in the signaling activation complex allow diversification of the encoded signal in a ligand-dependent manner at all cellular levels. In this review we focus on signal specification of TGFβ members, particularly of BMPs and GDFs addressing the role of binding affinities, specificities, and kinetics of individual ligand-receptor interactions for the assembly of specific receptor complexes with potentially distinct signaling properties.
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Wang Z, Sun J, Li Y, Chen C, Xu Y, Zang X, Li L, Meng K. Experimental study of the synergistic effect and network regulation mechanisms of an applied combination of BMP-2, VEGF, and TGF-β1 on osteogenic differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:2394-2405. [PMID: 31646676 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the osteogenic effect induced by the combined use of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), attain the best combination for osteogenic quality and efficiency, and explore the network regulation mechanisms of induced osteogenesis. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in vitro, and BMP-2, VEGF, and TGF β1 were added to osteogenic induction mediums in different combinations to conduct experiments. At 7 and 14 days, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining of the applied BMP-2 and VEGF combination were deeper and the quantitative analysis were higher than those of the other groups. After optimizing the time-effect relationship of the combined application, with BMP-2, VEGF, and TGF-β1 adding in the early stage and BMP-2 and VEGF adding in the late, the ALP and ARS staining of these groups were deeper and the quantitative analyses were meaningfully higher than the BMP-2 and VEGF combination group at 7 and 14 days. The expression of the RUNX2 gene and the Smad1 signaling pathway in the optimized combination group was also significantly higher. The results demonstrate that the combination of BMP-2, VEGF, and TGF-β1 applied according to the time-effect relationship can significantly promote osteogenic differentiation mainly through the classical BMP-receptor-Smad signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Dental Digital Medicine & 3D Printing Engineering Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer-assisted Surgery, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Operating Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yaoxiang Xu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolong Zang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Meng
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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