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Pal R, K M, Matsui A, Kang H, Morita S, Taniguchi H, Kobayashi T, Morita A, Choi HS, Duda DG, Kumar ATN. In vivo quantification of programmed death-ligand-1 expression heterogeneity in tumors using fluorescence lifetime imaging. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3222037. [PMID: 37961361 PMCID: PMC10635296 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3222037/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patient selection for immunotherapy is often based on programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression as a biomarker. PD-L1 expression is currently quantified using immunohistochemistry, which can only provide snapshots of PD-L1 expression status in microscopic regions of ex vivo specimens. In vivo imaging using targeted agents can capture dynamic variations of PD-L1 expression in entire tumors within and across multiple subjects. Towards this goal, several PD-L1 targeted molecular imaging probes have been evaluated in murine models and humans. However, clinical translation of these probes has been limited due to a significant non-specific accumulation of the imaging probes and the inability of conventional imaging modalities to provide quantitative readouts that can be compared across multiple subjects. Here we report that in vivo time-domain (TD) fluorescence imaging can provide quantitative estimates of baseline tumor PD-L1 heterogeneity across untreated mice and variations in PD-L1 expression across mice undergoing clinically relevant anti-PD1 treatment. This approach relies on a significantly longer fluorescence lifetime (FLT) of PD-L1 specific anti-PD-L1 antibody tagged to IRDye 800CW (αPDL1-800) compared to nonspecific αPDL1-800. Leveraging this unique FLT contrast, we show that PD-L1 expression can be quantified across mice both in superficial breast tumors using planar FLT imaging, and in deep-seated liver tumors (>5 mm depth) using the asymptotic TD algorithm for fluorescence tomography. Our results suggest that FLT contrast can accelerate the preclinical investigation and clinical translation of novel molecular imaging probes by providing robust quantitative readouts of receptor expression that can be readily compared across subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pal
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Murali K
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aya Matsui
- Department of Vascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Satoru Morita
- E. L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hajime Taniguchi
- E. L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- E. L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Atsuyo Morita
- E. L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan G Duda
- E. L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anand T N Kumar
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Liu WL, Zhang YQ, Luo XJ, Zhu YY, Song L, Ming ZH, Zhang LX, Li MJ, Lv RC, Zhang GJ, Chen M. Novel Dual-Mode NIR-II/MRI Nanoprobe Targeting PD-L1 Accurately Evaluates the Efficacy of Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5141-5157. [PMID: 37705867 PMCID: PMC10497065 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s417944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Durable responses to immune-checkpoint blocking therapy (ICT) targeting programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) have improved outcomes for patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Unfortunately, only 19-23% of patients benefit from ICT. Hence, non-invasive strategies evaluating responses to therapy and selecting patients who will benefit from ICT are critical issues for TNBC immunotherapy. Methods We developed a novel nanoparticle-Atezolizumab (NPs-Ate) consisting of indocyanine green (ICG), gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), human serum albumin (HSA), and Atezolizumab. The efficiency of Gd-DTPA linking was verified using mass spectrometry, and the size of NPs-Ate was characterized using Nano-flow cytometry. The synthesized NPs-Ate were evaluated for fluorescence stability, penetration depth, and target specificity. TNBC cell lines and tumor-bearing mice models were used to identify the feasibility of this dual-modal second near-infrared/magnetic resonance imaging (NIR-II/MRI) system. Additionally, ICT combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy in TNBC tumor-bearing mice models were used to assess dynamic changes of PD-L1 and predicted therapeutic responses with NPs-Ate. Results Atezolizumab, a monoclonal antibody, was successfully labeled with ICG and Gd-DTPA to generate NPs-Ate. This demonstrated strong fluorescence signals in our NIR-II imaging system, and relaxivity (γ1) of 9.77 mM-1 s-1. In tumor-bearing mice, the NIR-II imaging signal background ratio (SBR) reached its peak of 11.51 at 36 hours, while the MRI imaging SBR reached its highest as 1.95 after 12 hours of tracer injection. NPs-Ate specifically targets cells and tumors expressing PD-L1, enabling monitoring of PD-L1 status during immunotherapy. Combining therapies led to inhibited tumor growth, prolonged survival, and increased PD-L1 expression, effectively monitored using the non-invasive NPs-Ate imaging system. Conclusion The NIR-II/MRI NPs-Ate effectively reflected PD-L1 status during immunotherapy. Real-time and non-invasive immunotherapy and response/prognosis monitoring under NIR-II/MRI imaging guidance in TNBC is a promising and innovative technology with potential for extensive clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Liu
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qu Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Jie Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Song
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Technology University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-He Ming
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Xin Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jun Li
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Chan Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Endocrine-Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
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Zeng P, Shen D, Shu W, Min S, Shu M, Yao X, Wang Y, Chen R. Identification of a novel peptide targeting TIGIT to evaluate immunomodulation of 125I seed brachytherapy in HCC by near-infrared fluorescence. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1143266. [PMID: 37124530 PMCID: PMC10141647 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1143266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has very poor prognosis due to its immunosuppressive properties. An effective measure to regulate tumor immunity is brachytherapy, which uses 125I seeds planted into tumor. T cell immune receptors with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT) is highly expressed in HCC. The TIGIT-targeted probe is expected to be an effective tool for indicating immunomodulation of 125I seed brachytherapy in HCC. In this study, We constructed a novel peptide targeting TIGIT to evaluate the immune regulation of 125I seed brachytherapy for HCC by near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF). Methods Expression of TIGIT by immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry (FCM) in different part and different differentiated human liver cancer tissues was verified. An optical fluorescence probe (Po-12) containing a NIRF dye and TIGIT peptide was synthesized for evaluating the modulatory effect of 125I seed brachytherapy. Lymphocytes uptake by Po-12 were detected by FCM and confocal microscopy. The distribution and accumulation of Po-12 in vivo were explored by NIRF imaging in subcutaneous and orthotopic tumors. IHC and IF staining were used to verify the expression of TIGIT in the tumors. Results TIGIT was highly expressed in HCC and increased with tumor differentiation. The dye-labeled peptide (Po-12) retained a stable binding affinity for the TIGIT protein in vitro. Accumulation of fluorescence intensity (FI) increased with time extended in subcutaneous H22 tumors, and the optimal point is 1 h. TIGIT was highly expressed on lymphocytes infiltrated in tumors and could be suppressed by 125I seed brachytherapy. Accumulation of Po-12-Cy5 was increased in tumor-bearing groups while declined in 125I radiation group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Duo Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbin Shu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shudan Min
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xijuan Yao
- Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Zhou M, Liang S, Liu D, Ma K, Peng Y, Wang Z. Engineered Nanoprobes for Immune Activation Monitoring. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19940-19958. [PMID: 36454191 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the immune system is critical for cancer immunotherapy and treatments of inflammatory diseases. Non-invasive visualization of immunoactivation is designed to monitor the dynamic nature of the immune response and facilitate the assessment of therapeutic outcomes, which, however, remains challenging. Conventional imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography, computed tomography, etc., were utilized for imaging immune-related biomarkers. To explore the dynamic immune monitoring, probes with signals correlated to biomarkers of immune activation or prognosis are urgently needed. These emerging molecular probes, which turn on the signal only in the presence of the intended biomarker, can improve the detection specificity. These probes with "turn on" signals enable non-invasive, dynamic, and real-time imaging with high sensitivity and efficiency, showing significance for multifunctionality/multimodality imaging. As a result, more and more innovative engineered nanoprobes combined with diverse imaging modalities were developed to assess the activation of the immune system. In this work, we comprehensively review the recent and emerging advances in engineered nanoprobes for monitoring immune activation in cancer or other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and discuss the potential in predicting the efficacy following treatments. Research on real-time in vivo immunoimaging is still under exploration, and this review can provide guidance and facilitate the development and application of next-generation imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongshuo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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Chow CY, Lie EF, Wu CH, Chow LW. Clinical implication of genetic composition and molecular mechanism on treatment strategies of HER2-positive breast cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:964824. [PMID: 36387174 PMCID: PMC9659858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.964824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The current clinical management model of HER2-positive breast cancers is commonly based on guidelines, which in turn are based on the design and outcome of clinical trials. While this model is useful to most practicing clinicians, the treatment outcome of individual patient is not certain at the start of treatment. As the understanding of the translational research of carcinogenesis and the related changes in cancer genetics and tumor microenvironment during treatment is critical in the selection of right choice of treatment to maximize the successful clinical outcome for the patient, this review article intends to discuss the latest developments in the genetic and molecular mechanisms of cancer progression and treatment resistance, and how they influence the planning of the treatment strategies of HER2-positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Y.C. Chow
- UNIMED Medical Institute, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Cheng-Hsun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Louis W.C. Chow
- UNIMED Medical Institute, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Organisation for Oncology and Translational Research, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Louis W.C. Chow,
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Zhang L, Zhao S, Jiang H, Zhang R, Zhang M, Pan W, Sun Z, Wang D, Li J. Radioimmunotherapy study of 131I-labeled Atezolizumab in preclinical models of colorectal cancer. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:70. [DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(PD-L1) is overexpressed in many tumors. The radionuclide-labeled anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody can be used for imaging and therapy of PD-L1 overexpressing cancer. Here, we described 131I-labeled Atezolizumab (131I-Atezolizumab, targeting PD-L1) as a therapeutic agent for colorectal cancer with PD-L1 overexpression.
Methods
131I-Atezolizumab was prepared by the Iodogen method. The expression levels of PD-L1 in different human colorectal cells were determined by flow cytometry, western blot and cell binding assay. The immunoreactivity of 131I-Atezolizumab to PD-L1 high-expressing cells was determined by immunoreactive fraction. The killing abilities of different concentrations of 131I-Atezolizumab on cells with high and low expression of PD-L1 were detected by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of 131I-Atezolizumab were performed on two human colorectal cancer models. The distribution and tumor targeting of 131I-Atezolizumab were evaluated by imaging. Tumor volume and survival time were used as indicators to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of 131I-Atezolizumab.
Results
The expression level of PD-L1 in vitro determined by the cell binding assay was related to the data of flow cytometry and western blot. 131I-Atezolizumab can specifically bind to PD-L1 high-expressing cells in vitro to reflect the expression level of PD-L1. Immunoreactive fraction of PD-L1 high-expressing RKO cells with 131I-Atezolizumab was 52.2%. The killing ability of 131I-Atezolizumab on PD-L1 high-expressing cells was higher than that of low-expressing cells. CLI proved that the specific uptake level of tumors depends on the expression level of PD-L1. Effect of 131I-Atezolizumab RIT showed an activity-dependent tumor suppressor effect on RKO tumor-bearing mice with high PD-L1 expression. 131I-Atezolizumab (37 MBq) can improve the median survival time of mice (34 days), compared to untreated mice (27 days) (P = 0.027). Although a single activity(37 MBq) of 131I-Atezolizumab also inhibited the tumors of HCT8 tumor-bearing mice with low PD-L1 expression (P < 0.05), it could not prolong the survival of mice(P = 0.29).
Conclusion
131I-Atezolizumab can be used as a CLI agent for screening PD-L1 expression levels. It may be used as a radioimmunotherapy drug target for PD- L1 overexpressing tumors.
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Liu WL, Zhang YQ, Li LT, Zhu YY, Ming ZH, Chen WL, Yang RQ, Li RH, Chen M, Zhang GJ. Application of molecular imaging in immune checkpoints therapy: From response assessment to prognosis prediction. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 176:103746. [PMID: 35752425 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) represented by programmed cell death1 (PD-1) and its major ligands, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), has achieved significant success. Detection of PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a classic method to guide the treatment of ICT patients. However, PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment is highly complex. Thus, PD-L1 IHC is inadequate to fully understand the relevance of PD-L1 levels in the whole body and their dynamics to improve therapeutic outcomes. Intriguingly, numerous studies have revealed that molecular imaging technologies could potentially meet this need. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the preclinical and clinical application of ICT guided by molecular imaging technology, and to explore the future opportunities and practical difficulties of these innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Liu
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong-Qu Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Liang-Tao Li
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Zi-He Ming
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei-Ling Chen
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui-Qin Yang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Rong-Hui Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China
| | - Min Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China.
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Department of Breast-Thyroid-Surgery and Cancer Center, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Breast Cancer (Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University), 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory for Endocrine Related Cancer Precision Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Xiamen Research Center of Clinical Medicine in Breast & Thyroid Cancers, 2000 East Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China; Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 4221 South Xiang'an Road, Xiamen, China.
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8
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Krutzek F, Kopka K, Stadlbauer S. Development of Radiotracers for Imaging of the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060747. [PMID: 35745666 PMCID: PMC9228425 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has emerged as a major treatment option for a variety of cancers. Among the immune checkpoints addressed, the programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 are the key targets for an ICI. PD-L1 has especially been proven to be a reproducible biomarker allowing for therapy decisions and monitoring therapy success. However, the expression of PD-L1 is not only heterogeneous among and within tumor lesions, but the expression is very dynamic and changes over time. Immunohistochemistry, which is the standard diagnostic tool, can only inadequately address these challenges. On the other hand, molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provide the advantage of a whole-body scan and therefore fully address the issue of the heterogeneous expression of checkpoints over time. Here, we provide an overview of existing PET, SPECT, and optical imaging (OI) (radio)tracers for the imaging of the upregulation levels of PD-1 and PD-L1. We summarize the preclinical and clinical data of the different molecule classes of radiotracers and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages. At the end, we show possible future directions for developing new radiotracers for the imaging of PD-1/PD-L1 status in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Krutzek
- Department of Translational TME Ligands, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department of Translational TME Ligands, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (K.K.)
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, University Cancer Cancer (UCC), 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Stadlbauer
- Department of Translational TME Ligands, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (F.K.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Qu X, Sun D, Cheng Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Xu W, Qi G, Xu S. Electrostimulus-associated PD-L1 expression on cell membrane revealed by immune SERS nanoprobes. Analyst 2022; 147:527-533. [PMID: 35048911 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01930a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is considered a major immune checkpoint protein that mediates antitumor immune suppression and response. Effectively regulating PD-L1 expression and dynamic monitoring has become a significant challenge in immunotherapy. Herein, we adopted smart surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobes to discriminate and monitor the dynamic expression of PD-L1 under external electrostimulation (ES). The PD-L1 expression levels in three cell lines (MCF-7 cells, HeLa cells, and H8 cells) were assessed before and after ES. The results reveal that ES could effectively and rapidly mediate a transformation in the PD-L1 content (or activity) on the cell membrane. Moreover, the molecular profiles of the cell membrane before and after ES were revealed by using the label-free SERS method with the help of immune plasmonic nanoparticles. The cell membrane protein information presented identifiable conformation changes after ES, showing a significant inhibitory effect on the bridge of PD-L1 and its antibody. This study indicates that ES is superior to chemical drugs due to lesser side effects because ES-based regulation does not depend on intracellular signalling pathways. This strategy is versatile and robust for discriminating and monitoring PD-L1 on cell membranes, thus providing potential clinical application value to PD-L1-mediated systems. This study also offers a practical way to assess the molecular profiles of cell membrane proteins in the presence of an external stimulus, which may be applicable to many membrane protein-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China. .,The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, P. R. China.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China. .,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China. .,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Changchun Central Hospital, Changchun, 130061, P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China. .,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China. .,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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10
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Muñoz-San Martín C, Gamella M, Pedrero M, Montero-Calle A, Pérez-Ginés V, Camps J, Arenas M, Barderas R, Pingarrón JM, Campuzano S. Anticipating metastasis through electrochemical immunosensing of tumor hypoxia biomarkers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:399-412. [PMID: 33635388 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for about 90% of cancer-associated deaths. In the context of solid tumors, the low oxygen concentration in the tumor microenvironment (hypoxia) is one of the key factors contributing to metastasis. Tumor cells adapt to these conditions by overexpressing certain proteins such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). However, the determination of these tumor hypoxia markers that can be used to follow-up tumor progression and improve the efficiency of therapies has been scarcely addressed using electrochemical biosensors. In this work, we report the first electrochemical bioplatform for the determination of PD-L1 as well as the first one allowing its simultaneous determination with HIF-1α. The target proteins were captured and enzymatically labeled on magnetic microbeads and amperometric detection was undertaken on the surface of screen-printed dual carbon electrodes using the hydrogen peroxide/peroxidase/hydroquinone system. Sandwich immunoassays were implemented for both the HIF-1α and PD-L1 sensors and the analytical characteristics were evaluated providing LOD values of 86 and 279 pg mL-1 for the amperometric determination of PD-L1 and HIF-1α standards, respectively. The developed electrochemical immunoplatforms are competitive versus the only electrochemical immunosensor reported for the determination of HIF-1α and the "gold standard" ELISA methodology for the single determination of both proteins in terms of assay time, compatibility with the simultaneous determination of both proteins making their use suitable for untrained users at the point of attention. The dual amperometric immunosensor was applied to the simultaneous determination of HIF-1α and PD-L1 in cancer cell lysates. The analyses lasted only 2 h and just 0.5 μg of the sample was required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Muñoz-San Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Gamella
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pedrero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Calle
- UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Pérez-Ginés
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovirai Virgili, 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Meritxell Arenas
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovirai Virgili, 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Pingarrón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Candidate Biomarkers for Specific Intraoperative Near-Infrared Imaging of Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030557. [PMID: 33535618 PMCID: PMC7867119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Near-infrared imaging of tumors during surgery facilitates the oncologic surgeon to distinguish malignant from healthy tissue. The technique is based on fluorescent tracers binding to tumor biomarkers on malignant cells. Currently, there are no clinically available fluorescent tracers that specifically target soft tissue sarcomas. This review searched the literature to find candidate biomarkers for soft tissue sarcomas, based on clinically used therapeutic antibodies. The search revealed 7 biomarkers: TEM1, VEGFR-1, EGFR, VEGFR-2, IGF-1R, PDGFRα, and CD40. These biomarkers are abundantly present on soft tissue sarcoma tumor cells and are already being targeted with humanized monoclonal antibodies. The conjugation of these antibodies with a fluorescent dye will yield in specific tracers for image-guided surgery of soft tissue sarcomas to improve the success rates of tumor resections. Abstract Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for localized soft tissue sarcomas (STS). The curative treatment highly depends on complete tumor resection, as positive margins are associated with local recurrence (LR) and prognosis. However, determining the tumor margin during surgery is challenging. Real-time tumor-specific imaging can facilitate complete resection by visualizing tumor tissue during surgery. Unfortunately, STS specific tracers are presently not clinically available. In this review, STS-associated cell surface-expressed biomarkers, which are currently already clinically targeted with monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic purposes, are evaluated for their use in near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging of STS. Clinically targeted biomarkers in STS were extracted from clinical trial registers and a PubMed search was performed. Data on biomarker characteristics, sample size, percentage of biomarker-positive STS samples, pattern of biomarker expression, biomarker internalization features, and previous applications of the biomarker in imaging were extracted. The biomarkers were ranked utilizing a previously described scoring system. Eleven cell surface-expressed biomarkers were identified from which 7 were selected as potential biomarkers for NIRF imaging: TEM1, VEGFR-1, EGFR, VEGFR-2, IGF-1R, PDGFRα, and CD40. Promising biomarkers in common and aggressive STS subtypes are TEM1 for myxofibrosarcoma, TEM1, and PDGFRα for undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma and EGFR for synovial sarcoma.
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12
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Zhao S, Pan W, Jiang H, Zhang R, Jiang H, Liang Z, Hu H. Cerenkov luminescence imaging is an effective preclinical tool for assessing colorectal cancer PD-L1 levels in vivo. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:64. [PMID: 32542442 PMCID: PMC7295871 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that immunotherapy has effectively delayed tumor progression, and the clinical outcomes of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy were related to PD-L1 expression level in the tumors. A 131I-labeled anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody tracer, 131I-PD-L1-Mab, was developed to study the target ability of noninvasive Cerenkov luminescence imaging in colorectal cancer xenograft mice. METHOD Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody labeled with 131I (131I-PD-L1-Mab), and in vitro binding assays were used to evaluate the affinity of 131I-PD-L1-Mab to PD-L1 and their binding level to different colorectal cancer cells, and compared with flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. The clinical application value of 131I-PD-L1-Mab was evaluated through biodistribution and Cerenkov luminescence imaging, and different tumor-bearing models expressing PD-L1 were evaluated. RESULTS 131I-PD-L1-Mab showed high affinity to PD-L1, and the equilibrium dissociation constant was 1.069 × 10-9 M. The competitive inhibition assay further confirmed the specific binding ability of 131I-PD-L1-Mab. In four different tumor-bearing models with different PD-L1 expression, the biodistribution and Cerenkov luminescence imaging showed that the RKO tumors demonstrated the highest uptake of the tracer 131I-PD-L1-Mab, with a maximum uptake of 1.613 ± 0.738% IA/g at 48 h. CONCLUSIONS There is a great potential for 131I-PD-L1-Mab noninvasive Cerenkov luminescence imaging to assess the status of tumor PD-L1 expression and select patients for anti-PD-L1 targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Pan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huijie Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | | | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zonghui Liang
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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13
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McCarthy CE, White JM, Viola NT, Gibson HM. In vivo Imaging Technologies to Monitor the Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1067. [PMID: 32582173 PMCID: PMC7280489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have brought impressive advancements in immune modulation, particularly with the advent of both cancer immunotherapy and biologic therapeutics for inflammatory conditions. However, the dynamic nature of the immune response often complicates the assessment of therapeutic outcomes. Innovative imaging technologies are designed to bridge this gap and allow non-invasive visualization of immune cell presence and/or function in real time. A variety of anatomical and molecular imaging modalities have been applied for this purpose, with each option providing specific advantages and drawbacks. Anatomical methods including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound provide sharp tissue resolution, which can be further enhanced with contrast agents, including super paramagnetic ions (for MRI) or nanobubbles (for ultrasound). Conjugation of the contrast material to an antibody allows for specific targeting of a cell population or protein of interest. Protein platforms including antibodies, cytokines, and receptor ligands are also popular choices as molecular imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), scintigraphy, and optical imaging. These tracers are tagged with either a radioisotope or fluorescent molecule for detection of the target. During the design process for immune-monitoring imaging tracers, it is important to consider any potential downstream physiologic impact. Antibodies may deplete the target cell population, trigger or inhibit receptor signaling, or neutralize the normal function(s) of soluble proteins. Alternatively, the use of cytokines or other ligands as tracers may stimulate their respective signaling pathways, even in low concentrations. As in vivo immune imaging is still in its infancy, this review aims to describe the modalities and immunologic targets that have thus far been explored, with the goal of promoting and guiding the future development and application of novel imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E McCarthy
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jordan M White
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Nerissa T Viola
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Heather M Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Zhang M, Jiang H, Zhang R, Jiang H, Xu H, Pan W, Gao X, Sun Z. Near-infrared fluorescence-labeled anti-PD-L1-mAb for tumor imaging in human colorectal cancer xenografted mice. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:10239-10247. [PMID: 30609118 PMCID: PMC6590288 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The expression of programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) in tumor has been used as a biomarker to predict the anti‐PD‐L1 immunotherapy response. To develop a noninvasive imaging technique to monitor the dynamic changes in PD‐L1 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC), we labeled an anti‐PD‐L1 monoclonal antibody with near‐infrared (NIR) dye and tested the ability of the NIR‐PD‐L1‐mAb probe to monitor the PD‐L1 expression in CRC‐xenografted mice by performing optical imaging. Consistent with the expression levels of PD‐L1 protein in three CRC cell lines in vitro by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses, our in vivo imaging showed the highest fluorescence signal of the xenografted tumors in mice bearing SW620 CRC cells, followed by tumors derived from SW480 and HCT8 cell lines. We detected the highest fluorescent intensity of the tumor at 120 hours after injection of NIR‐PD‐L1‐mAb. The highest fluorescence intensity was seen in the tumor, followed by the spleen and the liver in SW620 xenografted mice. In SW480 and HCT8 xenografted mice, however, the highest fluorescent signals were detected in the spleen, followed by the liver and the tumor. Our findings indicate that SW620 cells express a higher level of PD‐L1, and the NIR‐PD‐L1‐mAb binding to PD‐L1 on the surface of CRC cells was specific. The technique was safe and could provide valuable information on PD‐L1 expression of the tumor for development of a therapeutic strategy of personized targeted immunotherapies as well as treatment response of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huijie Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hailong Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Pan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongqi Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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