1
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Wang XY, Zhang WL, Zhang X, Fu YS, Wang HM, Sun QL, Li Q, Jia YL, Zhang JH, Wang TY. Combination of MAR and intron increase transgene expression of episomal vectors in CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200643. [PMID: 37551822 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that the EF-1α promoter of episomal vectors maintains high-level transgene expression in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, the transgene expression levels need to be further increased. Here, we first incorporated matrix attachment regions (MARs), ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE), stabilizing anti repressor elements 40 (STAR 40) elements into episomal vector at different sites and orientations, and systemically assessed their effects on transgene expression in transfected CHO-K1 cells. Results showed that enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression levels increased remarkably when MAR X-29 was inserted upstream of the promoter, followed by the insertion of MAR1 downstream of the poly A, and the orientation had no significant effect. Moreover, MAR X-29 combined with human cytomegalovirus intron (hCMVI) yielded the highest transgene expression levels (4.52-fold). Transgene expression levels were not exclusively dependent on transgene copy numbers and were not related to the mRNA expression level. In addition, vector with MAR X-29+hCMVI can induce herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) protein expression, and the HSV-TK protein showed a cell-killing effect and an obvious bystander effect on HCT116 cells. In conclusion, the combination of MAR X-29 and hCMV intron can achieve high efficiency transgene expression mediated by episomal vectors in CHO-K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, Nanyang Second General Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu-Shun Fu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hao-Min Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qiu-Li Sun
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jun-He Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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2
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Khan SU, Khan MU, Khan MI, Kalsoom F, Zahra A. Current Landscape and Emerging Opportunities of Gene Therapy with Non-viral Episomal Vectors. Curr Gene Ther 2023; 23:135-147. [PMID: 36200188 DOI: 10.2174/1566523222666221004100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has proven to be extremely beneficial in the management of a wide range of genetic disorders for which there are currently no or few effective treatments. Gene transfer vectors are very significant in the field of gene therapy. It is possible to attach a non-viral attachment vector to the donor cell chromosome instead of integrating it, eliminating the negative consequences of both viral and integrated vectors. It is a safe and optimal express vector for gene therapy because it does not cause any adverse effects. However, the modest cloning rate, low expression, and low clone number make it unsuitable for use in gene therapy. Since the first generation of non-viral attachment episomal vectors was constructed, various steps have been taken to regulate their expression and stability, such as truncating the MAR element, lowering the amount of CpG motifs, choosing appropriate promoters and utilizing regulatory elements. This increases the transfection effectiveness of the non-viral attachment vector while also causing it to express at a high level and maintain a high level of stability. A vector is a genetic construct commonly employed in gene therapy to treat various systemic disorders. This article examines the progress made in the development of various optimization tactics for nonviral attachment vectors and the future applications of these vectors in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230027,People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, District Headquarters Hospital Jhang 35200, Punjab Province, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| | - Fadia Kalsoom
- Department of Pathology, District Headquarters Hospital Jhang 35200, Punjab Province, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| | - Aqeela Zahra
- Department of Family and Community Medicine. College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81451, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Li Q, Yan RF, Yang YX, Mi CL, Jia YL, Wang TY. Stabilizing and Anti-Repressor Elements Effectively Increases Transgene Expression in Transfected CHO Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:840600. [PMID: 35721852 PMCID: PMC9199445 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.840600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are currently the most widely used host cells for recombinant therapeutic protein (RTP) production. Currently, the RTP yields need to increase further to meet the market needs and reduce costs. In this study, three stabilizing and anti-repressor (SAR) elements from the human genome were selected, including human SAR7, SAR40, and SAR44 elements. SAR elements were cloned upstream of the promoter in the eukaryotic vector, followed by transfection into CHO cells, and were screened under G418 pressure. Flow cytometry was used to detect enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression levels. The gene copy numbers and mRNA expression levels were determined through quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, the effect of the stronger SAR elements on adalimumab was investigated. The results showed that transgene expression levels in the SAR-containing vectors were higher than that of the control vector, and SAR7 and SAR40 significantly increased and maintained the long-term expression of the transgene in CHO cells. In addition, the transgene expression level increase was related with gene copy numbers and mRNA expression levels. Collectively, SAR elements can enhance the transgene expression and maintain the long-term expression of a transgene in transfected CHO cells, which may be used to increase recombinant protein production in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Rui-Fang Yan
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yong-Xiao Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chun-Liu Mi
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Long Jia
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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4
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Wei M, Mi CL, Jing CQ, Wang TY. Progress of Transposon Vector System for Production of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins in Mammalian Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:879222. [PMID: 35600890 PMCID: PMC9114503 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.879222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mammalian cells have become the primary host cells for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs). Despite that the expression of RTPs in mammalian cells can be improved by directly optimizing or engineering the expression vectors, it is still influenced by the low stability and efficiency of gene integration. Transposons are mobile genetic elements that can be inserted and cleaved within the genome and can change their inserting position. The transposon vector system can be applied to establish a stable pool of cells with high efficiency in RTPs production through facilitating the integration of gene of interest into transcriptionally active sites under screening pressure. Here, the structure and optimization of transposon vector system and its application in expressing RTPs at high level in mammalian cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chun-Liu Mi
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chang-Qin Jing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Chang-Qin Jing, ; Tian-Yun Wang,
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Chang-Qin Jing, ; Tian-Yun Wang,
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5
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Liu HN, Dong WH, Lin Y, Zhang ZH, Wang TY. The Effect of microRNA on the Production of Recombinant Protein in CHO Cells and its Mechanism. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:832065. [PMID: 35387297 PMCID: PMC8977551 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.832065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein production by mammalian cells is the initial step in the manufacture of many therapeutic proteins. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most common host system to produce recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs). However, it is still challenging to maintain high productivity ensuring the good quality of RTPs produced by CHO cells. MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are short regulatory non-coding RNAs that can regulate cellular behavior and complex phenotypes. It has been found that miRNAs can enhance the expression level of recombinant proteins in CHO cells by promoting proliferation, resisting apoptosis, and regulating metabolism. miRNAs also can affect the quality of RTPs. In this review, we will discuss the effect and mechanism of miRNA on the expression level and quality of recombinant proteins in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ning Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei-Hua Dong
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical School, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical School, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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6
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Li WF, Fan ZL, Wang XY, Lin Y, Wang TY. Combination of sodium butyrate and decitabine promotes transgene expression in CHO cells via apoptosis inhibition. N Biotechnol 2022; 69:8-17. [PMID: 35217202 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are currently the most widely used host cells for production of recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs). Small-molecule additives related to cell cycle apoptosis and autophagy regulation have been used to promote RTP production. By combining two small-molecule additives, positive synergistic effects on transgene expression were observed in CHO cells. In the present study, six small-molecule additives were used, including hydrocinnamic acid (HCA), sodium butyrate (NaB), lithium acetate (LiAc), sodium succinate dibasic hexahydrate (SDH), decitabine (DAC), and sodium propionate (SP). Experiments to test the effects of their pairwise combinations on two different recombinant CHO cell lines (rCHO) were designed using Design-Expert 12.0. Different effects of various pairs of small molecules on apoptosis- and autophagy-related protein expression were observed in the rCHOs. The results showed that compared to the control culture, NaB alone increased the volumetric yield and specific productivity (Qp) by 166% and 143%, respectively. The volumetric yield and Qp of NaB combined with DAC (Cg1)-treated cells increased by 178% and 212%, respectively. Cg1 selectively blocked the cells in the G0/G1 cell cycle stage. The relative expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Beclin 1, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3B) in Cg1-treated CHO cells were significantly increased, while relative levels of cleaved caspase-3 expression were significantly decreased. In conclusion, Cg1 had the most obvious effect on RTP production and Qp in CHO cells, suggesting the Cg1 combination of small molecules may be used to improve the expression of recombinant protein in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Fan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China.
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7
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Wang XY, Du QJ, Zhang WL, Xu DH, Zhang X, Jia YL, Wang TY. Enhanced Transgene Expression by Optimization of Poly A in Transfected CHO Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:722722. [PMID: 35141210 PMCID: PMC8819543 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.722722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of the stable, high-level recombinant protein-producing cell lines remains a significant challenge in the biopharmaceutical industry. Expression vector optimization is an effective strategy to increase transgene expression levels and stability, and the choice of suitable poly A element is crucial for the expression of recombinant protein. In this study, we investigated the effects of different poly A elements on transgene expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Five poly A elements, including bovine growth hormone (BGH), mutant BGH, herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK), SV40, and a synthetic (Synt) poly A, were cloned into the expression vector and transfected into CHO cells. The results indicated the SV40 and Synt poly A sequences can significant improve eGFP transgene expression in stable transfected CHO cells and maintain long-term expression. However, qPCR results showed that the eGFP expression at protein level was not related to the gene copy number and mRNA level. Importantly, the SV40 and Synt poly A elements decreased the variation of eGFP transgene expression. Furthermore, it also showed that the SV40 and Synt poly A elements induced higher levels of adalimumab expression. In conclusion, SV40 poly A and Synt poly A are stronger elements that increase stable transgene expression and decrease the variation of expression, and the choice of suitable poly A element is helpful to improve the expression of recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qiu-jie Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei-li Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dan-hua Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-long Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-yun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Tian-yun Wang,
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8
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Zhang HY, Fan ZL, Wang TY. Advances of Glycometabolism Engineering in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:774175. [PMID: 34926421 PMCID: PMC8675083 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.774175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most widely used mammalian cell line, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can express various recombinant proteins with a post translational modification pattern similar to that of the proteins from human cells. During industrial production, cells need large amounts of ATP to support growth and protein expression, and since glycometabolism is the main source of ATP for cells, protein production partly depends on the efficiency of glycometabolism. And efficient glycometabolism allows less glucose uptake by cells, reducing production costs, and providing a better mammalian production platform for recombinant protein expression. In the present study, a series of progresses on the comprehensive optimization in CHO cells by glycometabolism strategy were reviewed, including carbohydrate intake, pyruvate metabolism and mitochondrial metabolism. We analyzed the effects of gene regulation in the upstream and downstream of the glucose metabolism pathway on cell’s growth and protein expression. And we also pointed out the latest metabolic studies that are potentially applicable on CHO cells. In the end, we elaborated the application of metabolic models in the study of CHO cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Fan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China.,Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang, China
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9
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Yi DD, Wang XY, Zhang WL, Wang M, Zhang JH, Wang TY. Construction of an expression vector mediated by the dual promoter for prokaryotic and mammalian cell expression system. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5185-5190. [PMID: 32564228 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to construct an expression vector mediated by the dual promoter that can simultaneously drive the recombinant protein production in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The prokaryotic T7 promoter and ribosome binding site (RBS) was cloned downstream of CMV promoter in the eukaryotic expression vector pIRES-neo, and T7 termination sequence was inserted upstream of neomycin phosphotransferase gene to generate the dual promoter vector. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene was used as reporter gene. Then, the resultant vector was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21, and the eGFP expression levels were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and Western blot, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the eGFP was expressed in both CHO cells and E. coli BL21. Flow cytometry showed that the eGFP expression level had no significant difference between the dual promoter vector and control vector in transfected CHO cells. Western blot analysis indicated the eGFP expressed in transformed E. coli. In conclusion, a prokaryotic-eukaryotic double expression vector was successfully constructed, which has potential applications in rapid cloning and expression of recombinant proteins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jun-He Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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