1
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Zhong J, Soudackov AV, Hammes-Schiffer S. Probing Nonadiabaticity of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Ribonucleotide Reductase. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1686-1693. [PMID: 38315651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, which is essential for DNA synthesis, initiates the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides via radical transfer over a 32 Å pathway composed of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions. Previously, the first three PCET reactions in the α subunit were investigated with hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free energy simulations. Herein, the fourth PCET reaction in this subunit between C439 and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) is simulated and found to be slightly exoergic with a relatively high free energy barrier. To further elucidate the mechanisms of all four PCET reactions, we analyzed the vibronic and electron-proton nonadiabaticities. This analysis suggests that interfacial PCET between Y356 and Y731 is vibronically and electronically nonadiabatic, whereas PCET between Y731 and Y730 and between C439 and GDP is fully adiabatic and PCET between Y730 and C439 is in the intermediate regime. These insights provide guidance for selecting suitable rate constant expressions for these PCET reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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2
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Reinhardt CR, Li P, Kang G, Stubbe J, Drennan CL, Hammes-Schiffer S. Conformational Motions and Water Networks at the α/β Interface in E. coli Ribonucleotide Reductase. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13768-13778. [PMID: 32631052 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the conversion of all four ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides and are essential for DNA synthesis in all organisms. The active form of E. coli Ia RNR is composed of two homodimers that form the active α2β2 complex. Catalysis is initiated by long-range radical translocation over a ∼32 Å proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathway involving Y356β and Y731α at the interface. Resolving the PCET pathway at the α/β interface has been a long-standing challenge due to the lack of structural data. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations based on a recently solved cryogenic-electron microscopy structure of an active α2β2 complex are performed to examine the structure and fluctuations of interfacial water, as well as the hydrogen-bonding interactions and conformational motions of interfacial residues along the PCET pathway. Our free energy simulations reveal that Y731 is able to sample both a flipped-out conformation, where it points toward the interface to facilitate interfacial PCET with Y356, and a stacked conformation with Y730 to enable collinear PCET with this residue. Y356 and Y731 exhibit hydrogen-bonding interactions with interfacial water molecules and, in some conformations, share a bridging water molecule, suggesting that the primary proton acceptor for PCET from Y356 and from Y731 is interfacial water. The conformational flexibility of Y731 and the hydrogen-bonding interactions of both Y731 and Y356 with interfacial water and hydrogen-bonded water chains appear critical for effective radical translocation along the PCET pathway. These simulations are consistent with biochemical and spectroscopic data and provide previously unattainable atomic-level insights into the fundamental mechanism of RNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clorice R Reinhardt
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Gyunghoon Kang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Catherine L Drennan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Fellow, Bio-inspired Solar Energy Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven Connecticut 06520, United States.,Fellow, Bio-inspired Solar Energy Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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3
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Pang H, Lilla EA, Zhang P, Zhang D, Shields TP, Scott LG, Yang W, Yokoyama K. Mechanism of Rate Acceleration of Radical C-C Bond Formation Reaction by a Radical SAM GTP 3',8-Cyclase. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9314-9326. [PMID: 32348669 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
While the number of characterized radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzymes is increasing, the roles of these enzymes in radical catalysis remain largely ambiguous. In radical SAM enzymes, the slow radical initiation step kinetically masks the subsequent steps, making it impossible to study the kinetics of radical chemistry. Due to this kinetic masking, it is unknown whether the subsequent radical reactions require rate acceleration by the enzyme active site. Here, we report the first evidence that a radical SAM enzyme MoaA accelerates the radical-mediated C-C bond formation. MoaA catalyzes an unprecedented 3',8-cyclization of GTP into 3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydro-GTP (3',8-cH2GTP) during the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis. Through a series of EPR and biochemical characterizations, we found that MoaA catalyzes a shunt pathway in which an on-pathway intermediate, GTP C-3' radical, abstracts H-4' atom from (4'R)-5'-deoxyadenosine (5'-dA) to transiently generate 5'-deoxyadenos-4'-yl radical (5'-dA-C4'•) that is subsequently reduced stereospecifically to yield (4'S)-5'-dA. Detailed kinetic characterization of the shunt and the main pathways provided the comprehensive view of MoaA kinetics and determined the rate of the on-pathway 3',8-cyclization step as 2.7 ± 0.7 s-1. Together with DFT calculations, this observation suggested that the 3',8-cyclization by MoaA is accelerated by 6-9 orders of magnitude. Further experimental and theoretical characterizations suggested that the rate acceleration is achieved mainly by constraining the triphosphate and guanine base positions while leaving the ribose flexible, and a transition state stabilization through H-bond and electrostatic interactions with the positively charged R17 residue. This is the first evidence for rate acceleration of radical reactions by a radical SAM enzyme and provides insights into the mechanism by which radical SAM enzymes accelerate radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Pang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Edward A Lilla
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Du Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Thomas P Shields
- Cassia, LLC, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 214, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Lincoln G Scott
- Cassia, LLC, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 214, San Diego, California 92109, United States
| | - Weitao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kenichi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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4
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Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Protocol for Computational Enzymatic Reactivity Based on Geometry Optimisation. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:669-689. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. M. F. S. A. Cerqueira
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - P. A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - M. J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE-UCIBIO; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Faculdade de Ciências; Universidade do Porto; Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
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5
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Zhang C, Ren AM, Guo JF, Wang D, Yu LY. Theoretical design and investigation of 1,8-naphthalimide-based two-photon fluorescent probes for detecting cytochrome P450 1A with separated fluorescence signal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13290-13305. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01754a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon fluorescent probe for detecting CYP1A enzyme with separated fluorescence signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Ai-Min Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Jing-Fu Guo
- School of Physics
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Dan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Li-Ying Yu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
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6
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Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Visualizing the Microscopic World. Interdiscip Sci 2017; 10:105-110. [PMID: 28791579 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-017-0255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Zhang C, Wang D, Zhang L, Guo JF, Ren AM. Theoretical investigation and design of two-photon fluorescent probes for visualizing β-galactosidase activity in living cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11712k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The two-photon fluorescent probes show dual signal for β-gal bio-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Jing-Fu Guo
- School of Physics
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Ai-Min Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
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8
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Chung LW, Sameera WMC, Ramozzi R, Page AJ, Hatanaka M, Petrova GP, Harris TV, Li X, Ke Z, Liu F, Li HB, Ding L, Morokuma K. The ONIOM Method and Its Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5678-796. [PMID: 25853797 DOI: 10.1021/cr5004419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lung Wa Chung
- †Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - W M C Sameera
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Romain Ramozzi
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Alister J Page
- §Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Galina P Petrova
- ∥Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Bulgaria Boulevard James Bourchier 1, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Travis V Harris
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.,⊥Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York 13126, United States
| | - Xin Li
- #State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- ∇School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- ○Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- ■School of Ocean, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lina Ding
- ▲School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 34-4 Takano Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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9
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Dragičević I, Barić D, Kovačević B, Golding BT, Smith DM. Non-enzymatic ribonucleotide reduction in the prebiotic context. Chemistry 2015; 21:6132-43. [PMID: 25754795 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Model studies of prebiotic chemistry have revealed compelling routes for the formation of the building blocks of proteins and RNA, but not DNA. Today, deoxynucleotides required for the construction of DNA are produced by reduction of nucleotides catalysed by ribonucleotide reductases, which are radical enzymes. This study considers potential non-enzymatic routes via intermediate radicals for the ancient formation of deoxynucleotides. In this context, several mechanisms for ribonucleotide reduction, in a putative H2 S/HS(.) environment, are characterized using computational chemistry. A bio-inspired mechanistic cycle involving a keto intermediate and HSSH production is found to be potentially viable. An alternative pathway, proceeding through an enol intermediate is found to exhibit similar energetic requirements. Non-cyclical pathways, in which HSS(.) is generated in the final step instead of HS(.) , show a markedly increased thermodynamic driving force (ca. 70 kJ mol(-1) ) and thus warrant serious consideration in the context of the prebiotic ribonucleotide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dragičević
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb (Croatia); Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Education, University of Mostar, Matice hrvatske bb, 88000 Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
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10
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Aranda J, Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Roca M, Tuñon I, Ramos MJ. The catalytic mechanism of carboxylesterases: a computational study. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5820-9. [PMID: 25101647 DOI: 10.1021/bi500934j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic mechanism of carboxylesterases (CEs, EC 3.1.1.1) is explored by computational means. CEs hydrolyze ester, amide, and carbamate bonds found in xenobiotics and endobiotics. They can also perform transesterification, a reaction important, for instance, in cholesterol homeostasis. The catalytic mechanisms with three different substrates (ester, thioester, and amide) have been established at the M06-2X/6-311++G**//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. It was found that the reactions proceed through a mechanism involving four steps instead of two as is generally proposed: (i) nucleophilic attack of serine to the substrate, forming the first tetrahedral intermediate, (ii) formation of the acyl-enzyme complex concomitant with the release of the alcohol product, (iii) nucleophilic attack of a water or alcohol molecule forming the second tetrahedral intermediate, and (iv) the release of the second product of the reaction. The results agree very well with the available experimental data and show that the hydrolytic and the transesterification reactions are competitive processes when the substrate is an ester. In all the other studied substrates (thioester or amide), the hydrolytic and transesterification process are less favorable and some of them might not even take place under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aranda
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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11
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Dourado DFAR, Fernandes PA, Mannervik B, Ramos MJ. Isomerization of Δ5-androstene-3,17-dione into Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione catalyzed by human glutathione transferase A3-3: a computational study identifies a dual role for glutathione. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5790-800. [PMID: 24739064 DOI: 10.1021/jp410810q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are important enzymes in the metabolism of electrophilic xenobiotic and endobiotic toxic compounds. In addition, human GST A3-3 also catalyzes the double bond isomerization of Δ5-androstene-3,17-dione (Δ(5)-AD) and Δ(5)-pregnene-3,20-dione (Δ(5)-PD), which are the immediate precursors of testosterone and progesterone. In fact, GST A3-3 is the most efficient human enzyme known to exist in the catalysis of these reactions. In this work, we have used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to propose a refined mechanism for the isomerization of Δ(5)-AD catalyzed by GST A3-3. In this mechanism the glutathione (GSH) thiol and Tyr9 catalyze the proton transfer from the Δ(5)-AD C4 atom to the Δ(5)-AD C6 atom, with a rate limiting activation energy of 15.8 kcal · mol(-1). GSH has a dual function, because it is also responsible for stabilizing the negative charge that is formed in the O3 atom of the enolate intermediate. The catalytic role of Tyr9 depends on significant conformational rearrangements of its side chain. Neither of these contributions to catalysis has been observed before. Residues Phe10, Leu111, Ala 208, and Ala 216 complete the list of the important catalytic residues. The mechanism detailed here is based on the GST A3-3:GSH:Δ(4)-AD crystal structure and is consistent with all available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F A R Dourado
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Dourado DFAR, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ, Mannervik B. Mechanism of glutathione transferase P1-1-catalyzed activation of the prodrug canfosfamide (TLK286, TELCYTA). Biochemistry 2013; 52:8069-78. [PMID: 24066958 DOI: 10.1021/bi4005705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canfosfamide (TLK286, TELCYTA) is a prodrug that upon activation by glutathione transferase P1-1 (GST P1-1) yields an anticancer alkylating agent and a glutathione derivative. The rationale underlying the use of TLK286 in chemotherapy is that tumor cells overexpressing GST P1-1 will be locally exposed to the released alkylating agent with limited collateral toxicity to the surrounding normal tissues. TLK286 has demonstrated clinical effects in phase II and III clinical trials for the treatment of malignancies, such as ovarian cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and breast cancer, as a single agent and in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. In spite of these promising results, the detailed mechanism of GST P1-1 activation of the prodrug has not been elucidated. Here, we propose a mechanism for the TLK286 activation by GST P1-1 on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) and on potential of mean force (PMF) calculations. A catalytic water molecule is instrumental to the activation by forming a network of intermolecular interactions between the active-site Tyr7 hydroxyl and the sulfone and COO(-) groups of TLK286. The results obtained are consistent with the available experimental kinetic data and provide an atomistic understanding of the TLK286 activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F A R Dourado
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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13
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Liu XT, Guo JF, Ren AM, Xu Z, Huang S, Feng JK. Theoretical insight into linear optical and two-photon absorption properties for a series of N-arylpyrrole-based dyes. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7527-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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14
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Wnuk SF, Penjarla JAK, Dang T, Mebel AM, Nauser T, Schöneich C. Modeling of the ribonucleotide reductases substrate reaction. Hydrogen atom abstraction by a thiyl free radical and detection of the ribosyl-based carbon radical by pulse radiolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2011085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The 1,4-anhydro-5-deoxy-6-thio-D-ribo-hexofuranitol (1) was prepared from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucose in 10 steps. In a key step treatment of the 1,2-O-isopropylidenehexofuranose derivative with BF3/Et3SiH effected deacetonization and reductive deoxygenation at carbon 1. Pulse radiolysis experiments with 6-thiohexofuranitol 1 and its disulfide derivative demonstrated formation of the ribosyl-based carbon-centered radical upon generation of 6-thiyl radical in basic medium. The proposed [1,5]-hydrogen shift abstraction with generation of the C3 radical mimics the initial substrate reaction of RNRs. The reversible H-atom transfer has been quantified and was correlated with the computed rate constants for the internal H atom abstraction from C1, C2, C3 and C4 by the thiyl radical. The energy barrier for the H3 and H4 abstractions were calculated to be most favorable with the corresponding barriers of 11.1 and 11.2 kcal/mol, respectively.
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15
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Oliveira EF, Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Mechanism of Formation of the Internal Aldimine in Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate-Dependent Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15496-505. [DOI: 10.1021/ja204229m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F. Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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16
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Dourado DFAR, Fernandes PA, Mannervik B, Ramos MJ. Glutathione Transferase A1-1: Catalytic Importance of Arginine 15. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:1690-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908251z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. A. R. Dourado
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria João Ramos
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, and Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Dourado D, Fernandes P, Mannervik B, Ramos M. Glutathione Transferase: New Model for Glutathione Activation. Chemistry 2008; 14:9591-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Computational methodologies are playing increasingly important roles in elucidating and presenting the complete and detailed mechanisms of enzymatic reactions because of their capacity to determine and characterize intermediates and transition states from both structural and energetics points of view, independent of their reduced lifetimes and without interfering with the natural reactional flux. These features are turning the field into an active and interesting area of research, involving a diverse range of studies, mostly directed at understanding the ways in which enzymes function under certain circumstances and predicting how they will behave under others. The accuracy of the computational data obtained for a given mechanistic hypothesis depends essentially on three mutually exclusive factors: the accuracy of the Hamiltonian of the reaction mechanism, consideration of the modulating aspect of the enzyme's structure in the energetics of the active center, and consideration of the enzyme's conformational fluctuations and dynamics. Although, unfortunately, it is impossible at present to optimize these crucial factors simultaneously, the success of any enzymatic mechanistic study depends on the level of equilibrium achieved among them. Different authors adopt different solutions, and this Account summarizes the most favored, with emphasis placed on our own preferences. Another crucial aspect in computational enzymatic catalysis is the model used in the calculations. Our aim is to build the simplest model that captures the essence of the catalytic power of an enzyme, allowing us to apply the highest possible theoretical level and minimize accidental errors. The choice is, however, far from obvious, ranging from simple models containing tens of atoms up to models of full enzymes plus solvent. Many factors underlie the choice of an appropriate model; here, examples are presented of very different modeling strategies that have been employed to obtain meaningful results. One particular case study, that of enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), a radical enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides, is one of the examples illustrating how the successive increase of the system's size does not dramatically change the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction. The values obtained and presented speak for themselves in that the only ones that are distinctly different are those calculated using an exceedingly small model, which omitted the amino acids that establish hydrogen bonds with the reactive unit of the substrate. This Account also describes our computational analysis of the mechanism of farnesyltransferase, a heterodimeric zinc metalloenzyme that is currently one of the most fascinating targets in cancer research. We focus on the present methodologies that we have been using, our models and understanding of the problem, and the accuracy of results and associated problems within this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Ramos
- Requimte, Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- Requimte, Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Understanding Ribonucleotide Reductase Inactivation by Gemcitabine. Chemistry 2007; 13:8507-15. [PMID: 17636467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) by gemcitabine, 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (dFdC), a deoxycytidine analogue that is a very active drug against solid tumors and is currently commercialized as gemzar. RNR inactivation is reductant-dependent and occurs in a very different way from that of other known substrate analogues. In the presence of reductants monomer R1 of RNR is inhibited, whereas in the absence of reductants the radical is lost and monomer R2 is inhibited. As inside the cell reductants are available, it is likely that R1 inactivation is the most favorable mechanism responsible for drug cytotoxicity. This inhibition pathway has been unknown to date, but we have conducted a theoretical study that has led us to the first proposal of a mechanism for RNR inhibition by dFdC in the presence of reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Portugal
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Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Enzyme ribonucleotide reductase: unraveling an enigmatic paradigm of enzyme inhibition by furanone derivatives. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:21272-81. [PMID: 17048956 DOI: 10.1021/jp0608269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several 2'-substituted-2'-deoxyribonucleotides are potent inactivators of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), by destroying the essential tyrosyl radical located in subunit R2 or/and covalently alkylating the subunit R1. In the absence of external reductants, the inactivation is achieved by alkylation of subunit R1 by a methylene-3(2H)-furanone. The furanone is generated in solution through degradation of a keto-deoxyribonucleotide intermediate, produced during the inhibitory mechanism of a wide group of 2'-substituted inhibitors, and is easily detected experimentally by UV spectroscopy. Interestingly, the same keto-deoxyribonucleotide is also a proposed intermediate of the normal substrate pathway, but by some unknown reason, it does not dissociate from the active site and does not inactivate the enzyme. Therefore, if the currently accepted mechanism for substrate reduction is correct, there must be some specific reason that makes such a reactive intermediate behave differently, not dissociating from the active site during substrate reduction. In this article, we propose to validate the current substrate mechanism by showing that the keto-deoxyribonucleotide dissociates from the active site only in the case of the inhibitors, and therefore, it corresponds to a viable intermediate in the substrate mechanism. Furthermore, we answer unexplained experimental observations that concern the predomination of the normal reduction mechanism over the abnormal ketone formation in the FdNDP and the release of F(-), either in the normal or in the abnormal turnover. For that purpose, we have investigated the interaction between the enzyme and this keto-deoxyribonucleotide generated from the normal substrate and from two widely studied representative inhibitors. A model containing 140 atoms was used to represent the desired structures. The results allowed us to conclude that the solvation free energy of the 2'-substituents, its influence inside the active site, and the charge transfer mechanism from a protein side chain to solution are the thermodynamic driving forces for the intermediate dissociation and subsequent RNR inhibition. Such charge transfer cannot be accomplished by the natural substrate, preventing its dissociation. These results elucidate a paradox which has been unexplained for more than 20 years and further validates both the proposed substrate and inhibition chemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- REQUIMTE/Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Kwon WS, Rha SY, Choi YH, Lee JO, Park KH, Jung JJ, Kim TS, Jeung HC, Chung HC. Ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) 2464G>A polymorphism shows an association with gemcitabine chemosensitivity in cancer cell lines. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:429-38. [PMID: 16708051 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000204999.29924.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Significant variability in the efficacy and toxicity of an anticancer drug is observed in cancer patients. Currently, there are no standard tools for prediction of a patient's tumor response or his risk of adverse events to chemotherapy. METHODS We investigate an association between polymorphisms of gemcitabine metabolism-related genes and its chemosensitivity in vitro using 62 human cancer cell lines of various origins. Polymorphisms of gemcitabine metabolism-related genes of deoxycytidine monophosphate deaminase (DCTD), deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) and ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) were evaluated using the CEQ8000 Genetic analysis system and GeneDoc software. Chemosensitivity of gemcitabine was expressed as an IC50 using MTT assay. RESULTS The frequency of the polymorphisms was 21% in DCTD 315T>C, 45.2% in RRM1 1082C>A, 59.7% in RRM1 2455A>G, and 79% in RRM1 2464G>A. When examining the association between these polymorphisms and IC50, only the RRM1 2464G>A showed the tendency to be more chemosensitive to gemcitabine (P=0.011), and haplotypes containing 2464G>A polymorphism also showed the association with chemosensitivity when compared to wild-type RRM1 (G2464G). We could not see the significant differences of mRNA expression level with real-time PCR between cell lines according to G2464A polymorphism. In oligonucleotide microarray 73 GenBank Accession Number (69 genes) were selected which expressed differently between RRM1 wild-type and the G2464A polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS RRM1 2464G>A polymorphism demonstrated an association with gemcitabine sensitivity, which needs functional studies with co-expressing genes and prospective clinical studies for the clinical application as a predictive bio-marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sun Kwon
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Eriksson LA, Ramos MJ. Dehydration of ribonucleotides catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase: the role of the enzyme. Biophys J 2005; 90:2109-19. [PMID: 16361339 PMCID: PMC1386789 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.054627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the second step of the catalytic mechanism for the reduction of ribonucleotides catalyzed by the enzyme Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR). This step corresponds to the protonation/elimination of the substrate's C-2' hydroxyl group. Protonation is accomplished by the neighbor Cys-225, leading to the formation of one water molecule. This is a very relevant step since most of the known inhibitors of this enzyme, which are already used in the fight against certain forms of cancer, are 2'-substituted substrate analogs. Even though some theoretical studies have been performed in the past, they have modeled the enzyme with minimal gas-phase models, basically represented by a part of the side chain of the relevant amino acids, disconnected from the protein backbone. This procedure resulted in a limited accuracy in the position and/or orientation of the participating residues, which can result in erroneous energetics and even mistakes in the choice of the correct mechanism for this step. To overcome these limitations we have used a very large model, including a whole R1 model with 733 residues plus the substrate and 10 A thick shell of water molecules, instead of the minimal gas-phase models used in previous works. The ONIOM method was employed to deal with such a large system. This model can efficiently account for the restrained mobility of the reactive residues, as well as the long-range enzyme-substrate interactions. The results gave additional information about this step, which previous small models could not provide, allowing a much clearer evaluation of the role of the enzyme. The interaction energy between the enzyme and the substrate along the reaction coordinate and the substrate steric strain energy have been obtained. The conclusion was that the barrier obtained with the present model was very similar to the one previously determined with minimal gas-phase models. Therefore, the role of the enzyme in this step was concluded to be mainly entropic, rather than energetic, by placing the substrate and the two reactive residues in a position that allows for the highly favorable concerted trimolecular reaction, and to protect the enzyme radical from the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M F S A Cerqueira
- Rede de Química e Techologia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Bennati M, Lendzian F, Schmittel M, Zipse H. Spectroscopic and theoretical approaches for studying radical reactions in class I ribonucleotide reductase. Biol Chem 2005; 386:1007-22. [PMID: 16218873 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the production of deoxyribonucleotides, which are essential for DNA synthesis and repair in all organisms. The three currently known classes of RNRs are postulated to utilize a similar mechanism for ribonucleotide reduction via a transient thiyl radical, but they differ in the way this radical is generated. Class I RNR, found in all eukaryotic organisms and in some eubacteria and viruses, employs a diferric iron center and a stable tyrosyl radical in a second protein subunit, R2, to drive thiyl radical generation near the substrate binding site in subunit R1. From extensive experimental and theoretical research during the last decades, a general mechanistic model for class I RNR has emerged, showing three major mechanistic steps: generation of the tyrosyl radical by the diiron center in subunit R2, radical transfer to generate the proposed thiyl radical near the substrate bound in subunit R1, and finally catalytic reduction of the bound ribonucleotide. Amino acid- or substrate-derived radicals are involved in all three major reactions. This article summarizes the present mechanistic picture of class I RNR and highlights experimental and theoretical approaches that have contributed to our current understanding of this important class of radical enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bennati
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie und BMRZ, J.W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Str. 11, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Pereira S, Cerqueira NMFSA, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Computational studies on class I ribonucleotide reductase: understanding the mechanisms of action and inhibition of a cornerstone enzyme for the treatment of cancer. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2005; 35:125-35. [PMID: 16261381 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-005-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a synthesis of recent work, using computational methods, on the action and inhibition mechanisms of class I ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). This enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the pathway for the synthesis of DNA monomers and, therefore, has long been regarded as an important target for therapies aiming to control pathologies that depend strongly on DNA replication. In fact, over the last years, several molecules, which are able to impair RNR activity by different mechanisms, have been applied effectively in anti-cancer, anti-viral and anti-parasite therapies. A better understanding of the chemical mechanisms involved in normal catalysis and in inhibition of the enzyme is important for the rational design of more specific and effective inhibitor compounds. To achieve this goal, computational methods, particularly quantum chemical calculations, have been used more and more frequently. The ever-growing capabilities of these methods together with undeniable advantages make it a stimulating area for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Pereira
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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