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Zain Aldin M, Zaragoza G, Choquenet E, Blampain G, Berger G, Delaude L. Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of cationic ruthenium-arene complexes with sulfur ligands. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:441-454. [PMID: 38753160 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Five cationic ruthenium-arene complexes with the generic formula [Ru(SAc)(S2C·NHC)(p-cymene)](PF6) (5a-e) were prepared in almost quantitative yields using a straightforward one-pot, two-step experimental procedure starting from [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2, an imidazol(in)ium-2-dithiocarboxylate (NHC·CS2) zwitterion, KSAc, and KPF6. These half-sandwich compounds were fully characterized by various analytical techniques and the molecular structures of two of them were solved by X-ray diffraction analysis, which revealed the existence of an intramolecular chalcogen bond between the oxygen atom of the thioacetate ligand and a proximal sulfur atom of the dithiocarboxylate unit. DFT calculations showed that the C=S…O charge transfer amounted to 2.4 kcal mol-1. The dissolution of [Ru(SAc)(S2C·IMes)(p-cymene)](PF6) (5a) in moist DMSO-d6 at room temperature did not cause the dissociation of its sulfur ligands. Instead, p-cymene was slowly released to afford the 12-electron [Ru(SAc)(S2C·IMes)]+ cation that could be detected by mass spectrometry. Monitoring the solvolysis process by 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that more than 22 days were needed to fully decompose the starting ruthenium-arene complex. Compounds 5a-e exhibited a high antiproliferative activity against human glioma Hs683 and human lung carcinoma A549 cancer cells. In particular, the IMes derivative (5a) was the most potent compound of the series, achieving toxicities similar to those displayed by marketed platinum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zain Aldin
- Laboratory of Catalysis, MolSys Research Unit, Institut de Chimie Organique (B6a), Université de Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillermo Zaragoza
- Unidade de Difracción de Raios X, RIAIDT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Choquenet
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Blampain
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berger
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of Catalysis, MolSys Research Unit, Institut de Chimie Organique (B6a), Université de Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Fatková K, Cajzl R, Burda JV. The vertical excitation energies and a lifetime of the two lowest singlet excited states of the conjugated polyenes from C2 to C22: Ab initio, DFT, and semiclassical MNDO-MD simulations. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:777-787. [PMID: 36444915 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Electronic excited states in the series of polyene molecules were explored. Optimal ground-state geometry was used for the evaluation of vertical excitation energies. Results of a chosen set of functionals were compared to post-HF methods (EOM-CCSD, NEVPT2, CASPT2, and MRCI). In addition, the semiempirical OM2/MNDO method using MRCISD computational level was confronted with the above-mentioned techniques. Despite the fact that the first excited state has a significant double-excitation character some functionals were able to qualitatively determine the correct state order (where the lowest excited state has a A g - character). The most successful functionals in transition energies predictions were PBE, TPSS and BLYP in Tamm-Dancoff approach (TDA), which had the smallest root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) scoring towards the experimental values. Regarding RMSD scoring, the OM2/MNDO method performed fairly well, too. Besides absorption spectra, lifetimes of the first two excited states were estimated based on a stochastic approach exploring a swarm of OM2/MNDO hopping dynamics using the Tully fewest switch algorithm for each molecule. The longest lifetime of the first excited state (S1 ) was found for decapentaene (about 5 ps). Further elongation of the conjugated chain caused a mild decrease of this value to ca 1.5 ps for docosaundecaene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Fatková
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Cajzl
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav V Burda
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kuznetsov AE, Thomet FA. computational approach toward organometallic ruthenium(II) compounds with tunable hydrolytic properties. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zain Aldin M, Zaragoza G, Deschamps W, Tomani JCD, Souopgui J, Delaude L. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Water-Soluble, Dual Anionic and Cationic Ruthenium-Arene Complexes Bearing Imidazol(in)ium-2-dithiocarboxylate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16769-16781. [PMID: 34669374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic protocol was devised for the preparation of five cationic ruthenium-arene complexes bearing imidazol(in)ium-2-dithiocarboxylate ligands from the [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 dimer and 2 equiv of an NHC·CS2 zwitterion. The reactions proceeded cleanly and swiftly in dichloromethane at room temperature to afford the expected [RuCl(p-cymene)(S2C·NHC)]Cl products in quantitative yields. When the [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 dimer was reacted with only 1 equiv of a dithiolate betaine under the same experimental conditions, a set of five bimetallic compounds with the generic formula [RuCl(p-cymene)(S2C·NHC)][RuCl3(p-cymene)] was obtained in quantitative yields. These novel, dual anionic and cationic ruthenium-arene complexes were fully characterized by various analytical techniques. NMR titrations showed that the chelation of the dithiocarboxylate ligands to afford [RuCl(p-cymene)(S2C·NHC)]+ cations was quantitative and irreversible. Conversely, the formation of the [RuCl3(p-cymene)]- anion was limited by an equilibrium, and this species readily dissociated into Cl- anions and the [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 dimer. The position of the equilibrium was strongly influenced by the nature of the solvent and was rather insensitive to the temperature. Two monometallic and two bimetallic complexes cocrystallized with water, and their molecular structures were solved by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystallography revealed the existence of strong interactions between the azolium ring protons of the cationic complexes and neighboring donor groups from the anions or the solvent. The various compounds under investigation were highly soluble in water. They were all strongly cytotoxic against K562 cancer cells. Furthermore, with a selectivity index of 32.1, the [RuCl(p-cymene)(S2C·SIDip)]Cl complex remarkably targeted the erythroleukemic cells vs mouse splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zain Aldin
- Laboratory of Catalysis, MolSys Research Unit, Institut de Chimie Organique (B6a), Université de Liège, Allée du six Août 13, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillermo Zaragoza
- Unidade de Difracción de Raios X, RIAIDT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - William Deschamps
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Didelot Tomani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jacob Souopgui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of Catalysis, MolSys Research Unit, Institut de Chimie Organique (B6a), Université de Liège, Allée du six Août 13, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Exploration of selected electronic characteristics of half-sandwich organoruthenium(II) β-diketonate complexes. J Mol Model 2018; 24:98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zábojníková T, Cajzl R, Kljun J, Chval Z, Turel I, Burda JV. Interactions of the "piano-stool" [ruthenium(II)(η(6) -arene)(quinolone)Cl](+) complexes with water; DFT computational study. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:1766-80. [PMID: 27185047 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Full optimizations of stationary points along the reaction coordinate for the hydration of several quinolone Ru(II) half-sandwich complexes were performed in water environment using the B3PW91/6-31+G(d)/PCM/UAKS method. The role of diffuse functions (especially on oxygen) was found crucial for correct geometries along the reaction coordinate. Single-point (SP) calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,2pd)/DPCM/saled-UAKS level. In the first part, two possible reaction mechanisms-associative and dissociative were compared. It was found that the dissociative mechanism of the hydration process is kinetically slightly preferred. Another important conclusion concerns the reaction channels. It was found that substitution of chloride ligand (abbreviated in the text as dechlorination reaction) represents energetically and kinetically the most feasible pathway. In the second part the same hydration reaction was explored for reactivity comparison of the Ru(II)-complexes with several derivatives of nalidixic acid: cinoxacin, ofloxacin, and (thio)nalidixic acid. The hydration process is about four orders of magnitude faster in a basic solution compared to neutral/acidic environment with cinoxacin and nalidixic acid as the most reactive complexes in the former and latter environments, respectively. The explored hydration reaction is in all cases endergonic; nevertheless the endergonicity is substantially lower (by ∼6 kcal/mol) in basic environment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Zábojníková
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, Prague 2, 121 16, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Cajzl
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, Prague 2, 121 16, Czech Republic
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technologyn University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Zdeněk Chval
- Department of Laboratory Methods and Information Systems, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, J. Boreckého 27, České Budějovice, 370 11, Czech Republic
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technologyn University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jaroslav V Burda
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, Prague 2, 121 16, Czech Republic
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Adeniyi AA, Ajibade PA. Development of ruthenium-based complexes as anticancer agents: toward a rational design of alternative receptor targets. REV INORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the search for novel anticancer agents, the development of metal-based complexes that could serve as alternatives to cisplatin and its derivatives has received considerable attention in recent years. This becomes necessary because, at present, cisplatin and its derivatives are the only coordination complexes being used as anticancer agents in spite of inherent serious side effects and their limitation against metastasized platinum-resistant cancer cells. Although many metal ions have been considered as possible alternatives to cisplatin, the most promising are ruthenium (Ru) complexes and two Ru compounds, KP1019 and NAMI-A, which are currently in phase II clinical trials. The major obstacle against the rational design of these compounds is the fact that their mode of action in relation to their therapeutic activities and selectivity is not fully understood. There is an urgent need to develop novel metal-based anticancer agents, especially Ru-based compounds, with known mechanism of actions, probable targets, and pharmacodynamic activity. In this paper, we review the current efforts in developing metal-based anticancer agents based on promising Ru complexes and the development of compounds targeting receptors and then examine the future prospects.
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Šebesta F, Burda JV. Reduction Process of Tetraplatin in the Presence of Deoxyguanosine Monophosphate (dGMP): A Computational DFT Study. Chemistry 2015; 22:1037-47. [PMID: 26663432 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The reduction mechanism of [Pt(IV) (dach)Cl4 ] (dach=diaminocyclohexyl) in the presence of dGMP was studied. The first step is substitution of a chloro ligand by dGMP, followed by nucleophilic attack of a phosphate or sugar oxygen atom to the C8-position of guanine. Subsequent reduction forms the [Pt(II) (dach)Cl2 ] complex. The whole process is completed by a hydrolysis. Two different pathways for the substitution reaction were examined: a direct associative and a Basolo-Pearson autocatalytic mechanism. All the explored structures were optimized at the B3LYP-D3/6-31G(d) level and by using the COSMO solvation model with Klamt's radii. Single-point energetics was determined at the B3LYP-GD3BJ/6-311++G(2df,2pd)/PCM/scaled-UAKS level. Activation barriers were used for an estimation of the rate constants and these were compared with experimental values. It was found that the rate-determining step is the nucleophilic attack with a slightly faster performance in the 3'-dGMP branch than in the case of 5'-dGMP with activation barriers of 21.1 and 20.4 kcal mol(-1) (experimental: 23.8 and 23.2 kcal mol(-1) ). The reduction reaction is connected with an electron flow from guanine. The product of the reduction reaction is a chelate structure, which dissociates within the last reaction step, that is, a hydrolysis reaction. The whole redox process (substitution, reduction, and hydrolysis) is exergonic by 34 and 28 kcal mol(-1) for 5'-dGMP and 3'-dGMP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Šebesta
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav V Burda
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Futera Z, Burda JV. Reaction mechanism of Ru(II) piano‐stool complexes: Umbrella sampling QM/MM MD study. J Comput Chem 2014; 35:1446-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Futera
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science and TechnologyKeio University, 3‐14‐1 HiyoshiKohoku‐ku Yokohama223‐8522 Japan
| | - Jaroslav V. Burda
- Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles University in PragueKe Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2 Czech Republic
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Camilo MR, Cardoso CR, Carlos RM, Lever ABP. Photosolvolysis of cis-[Ru(α-diimine)2(4-aminopyridine)2](2+) complexes: photophysical, spectroscopic, and density functional theory analysis. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3694-708. [PMID: 24620830 DOI: 10.1021/ic5000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical and photophysical properties of the cis-[Ru(II)(α-diimine)2(4-APy)2](2+) complexes, where α-diimine = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 4-APy = 4-aminopyridine I, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Ph2phen) II, 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) III, and 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy) IV, are reported. The four complexes were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, (1)H NMR, UV-visible, emission, and transient absorption spectroscopy. Upon photolysis in acetonitrile solution these complexes undergo 4-APy dissociation to give the monoacetonitrile complex (for II, III, and IV) or the bis(acetonitrile) complex (for I). A fairly wide range of excitation wavelengths (from 420 to 580 nm) were employed to explore the photophysics of these systems. Quantum yields and transient spectra are provided. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT analysis of singlet and triplet excited states facilitated our understanding of the photochemical behavior. A detailed assessment of the geometric and electronic structures of the lowest energy spin triplet charge transfer state ((3)MLCT) and spin triplet metal centered state ((3)MC) (dπ → σ* transitions) for species I-IV is presented. A second, previously unobserved, and nondissociative, (3)MC state is identified and is likely involved in the primary step of photodissociation. This new (3)MC state may indeed play a major role in many other photodissociation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Camilo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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Exploration of various electronic properties along the reaction coordinate for hydration of Pt(II) and Ru(II) complexes; the CCSD, MPx, and DFT computational study. J Mol Model 2013; 19:5245-55. [PMID: 24126826 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the study behavior of molecular electrostatic potential, averaged local ionization energy, and reaction electronic flux along the reaction coordinate of hydration process of three representative Ru(II) and Pt(II) complexes were explored using both post-HF and DFT quantum chemical approximations. Previously determined reaction mechanisms were explored by more detailed insight into changes of electronic properties using ωB97XD functional and MP2 method with 6-311++G(2df,2pd) basis set and CCSD/6-31(+)G(d,p) approach. The dependences of all examined properties on reaction coordinate give more detailed understanding of the hydration process.
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Viegas LP, Varandas AJC. Coupled‐cluster reaction barriers of : An application of the coupled‐cluster//Kohn–Sham density functional theory model chemistry. J Comput Chem 2013; 35:507-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís P. Viegas
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade de Coimbra3004‐535Coimbra Portugal
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Wang H, Zeng X, Zhou R, Zhao C. A comparative DFT study on aquation and nucleobase binding of ruthenium (II) and osmium (II) arene complexes. J Mol Model 2013; 19:4849-56. [PMID: 24037457 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surfaces of the reactions of organometallic arene complexes of the type [(η (6)-arene)M(II)(pic)Cl] (where pic = 2-picolinic acid, M = Ru or Os) were examined by a DFT computational study. Among the seven density functional methods, hybrid exchange functional B3LYP outperforms the others to explain the aquation of the complexes. The reactions and binding energies of Ru(II) and Os(II) arene complexes with both 9EtG and 9EtA were studied to gain insight into the reactivity of these types of organometallic complexes with DNA. The obtained data rationalize experimental observation, contributing to partly understanding the potential biological and medical applications of organometallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China,
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Adeniyi AA, Ajibade PA. Computational properties of η6-toluene and η6-trifluorotoluene half-sandwich Ru(II) anticancer complexes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:1351-65. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.819299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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McKinnon SDJ, Patrick BO, Lever ABP, Hicks RG. Binuclear ruthenium complexes of a neutral radical bridging ligand. A new "spin" on mixed valency. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8053-66. [PMID: 23789578 DOI: 10.1021/ic400704j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structures of (LX)2Ru(Vd)Ru(LX)2 complexes (Vd = 1,5-diisopropyl-3-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-6-oxoverdazyl radical; LX = acac (acetylacetonate) or hfac (hexafluoroacetylacetonate)) in multiple charge states have been investigated experimentally and computationally. The main focus was to probe the consequences of the interplay between the ruthenium ions and the redox-active verdazyl ligand for possible mixed-valent behavior. Cyclic voltammetry studies reveal one reversible reduction and one reversible oxidation process for both complexes; in addition the acac-based derivative possesses a second reversible oxidation. Analysis of a collection of experimental (X-ray structures, EPR, electronic spectra) and computational (TD-DFT (PCM)) data reveal that the ruthenium ancillary ligands (acac vs hfac) have dramatic consequences for the electronic structures of the complexes in all charge states studied. In the hfac series, the neutral complex is best regarded as a binuclear Ru(II) species bridged by a neutral radical ligand. Reduction to give the anionic complex takes place on the verdazyl ligand, whereas oxidation to the cation (a closed shell species) is shared between Vd and ruthenium. For the acac-based complexes, the neutral species is most accurately represented as a Ru(II)/Ru(III) mixed valent complex containing a bridging verdazyl anion, though some bis(Ru(II))-neutral radical character remains. The monocation complex contains a significant contribution from a "broken symmetry" singlet diradical structure, best represented as a bis-Ru(III) system with an anionic ligand, with significant spin coupling of the two Ru(III) centers via the Vd(-1) ligand (calculated J = -218 cm(-1)). The dication, a spin doublet, consists of two Ru(III) ions linked (and antiferromagnetically coupled) to the neutral radical ligand. Computed net σ- and π-back-donation, spin densities, and orbital populations are provided. Time dependent DFT is used to predict the optical spectra and assign experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D J McKinnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3 V6, Canada
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Harb C, Kravtsov P, Choudhuri M, Sirianni ER, Yap GPA, Lever ABP, Crutchley RJ. Phenylcyanamidoruthenium scorpionate complexes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:1621-30. [PMID: 23339541 DOI: 10.1021/ic302535h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nine [Ru(Tp)(dppe)L] complexes, where Tp is hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borate, dppe is ethylenebis(diphenylphosphine), and L is (4-nitrophenyl)cyanamide (NO(2)pcyd(-)), (2-chlorophenyl)cyanamide (2-Clpcyd(-)), (3-chlorophenyl)cyanamide (3-Clpcyd(-)), (2,4-dichlorophenyl)cyanamide (2,4-Cl(2)pcyd(-)), (2,3-dichlorophenyl)cyanamide (2,3-Cl(2)pcyd(-)), (2,5-dichlorophenyl)cyanamide (2,5-Cl(2)pcyd(-)), (2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)cyanamide (2,4,5-Cl(3)pcyd(-)), (2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenyl)cyanamide (2,3,5,6-Cl(4)pcyd(-)), and (pentachlorophenyl)cyanamide (Cl(5)pcyd(-)), and the dinuclear complex [{Ru(Tp)(dppe)}(2)(μ-adpc)], where adpc(2-) is azo-4,4-diphenylcyanamide, have been prepared and characterized. The crystal structures of [Ru(Tp)(dppe)(Cl(5)pcyd)] and [{Ru(Tp)(dppe)}(2)(μ-adpc)] reveal the Ru(II) ion to occupy a pseudooctahedral coordination sphere in which the cyanamide ligand coordinates to Ru(II) by its terminal nitrogen atom. For both complexes, the cyanamide ligands are planar, indicating significant π mixing between the cyanamide and phenyl moieties as well as the azo group in the case of adpc(2-). The optical spectra of the nominally ruthenium(III) species [Ru(Tp)(dppe)L](+) were obtained through spectroelectrochemistry measurements and showed an intense near-IR absorption band. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations of these species revealed that oxidation of the ruthenium(II) species led to species where partial oxidation of the cyanamide ligand had occurred, indicative of noninnocent character for these ligands. The spin densities reveal that while the 3-Clpycd species has substantial Ru(II)(3-Clpycd(0)) character, the Cl(5)pycd species is a much more localized ruthenium(III) complex of the Cl(5)pycd monoanion. Some bond order and charge distribution data are derived for these ruthenium(III) species. The near-IR band is assigned as a quite complex mixture of d-d, 4d(π) to L(NCN) MLCT, and L(NCN) to Ru 4d LMCT with even a scorpionate ligand component. Spectroelectrochemistry was also performed on [{Ru(Tp)(dppe)}(2)(μ-adpc)] to generate the mixed-valence state. The intense intervalence transition that is observed in the near-IR is very similar to that previously reported for [{Ru(trpy)(bpy)}(2)(μ-adpc)](2+), where trpy is 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine and bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, and by analogy identifies [{Ru(Tp)(dppe)}(2)(μ-adpc)](+) as a delocalized mixed-valence complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Harb
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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18
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Kapovsky M, Dares C, Dodsworth ES, Begum RA, Raco V, Lever ABP. Proton-Induced Disproportionation of a Ruthenium Noninnocent Ligand Complex Yielding a Strong Oxidant and a Strong Reductant. Inorg Chem 2012; 52:169-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301573c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kapovsky
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M3J1P3
| | - Christopher Dares
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M3J1P3
| | - Elaine S. Dodsworth
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M3J1P3
| | - Rowshan Ara Begum
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M3J1P3
| | - Vanessa Raco
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M3J1P3
| | - A. B. P. Lever
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M3J1P3
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19
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Wang F, Xu J, Wu K, Weidt SK, Mackay CL, Langridge-Smith PRR, Sadler PJ. Competition between glutathione and DNA oligonucleotides for ruthenium(II) arene anticancer complexes. Dalton Trans 2012; 42:3188-95. [PMID: 23076358 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The organometallic anticancer complex [(η(6)-bip)Ru(en)Cl](+) (1; bip = biphenyl, en = ethylenediamine) selectively binds to N7 of guanine bases of oligonucleotides and native DNA. However, under physiologically relevant conditions (micromolar Ru concentrations, pH 7, 22 mM NaCl, 310 K), the tripeptide glutathione (γ-L-Glu-L-Cys-Gly; GSH) is kinetically competitive with guanine (as guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, cGMP) for coordination with complex 1, and gives rise to a ruthenium thiolato adduct. This thiolato adduct can subsequently undergo oxidation to a sulfenate intermediate, providing a facile route for the formation of a final cGMP adduct via the displacement of S-bound glutathione by G N7 (F. Y. Wang, J. J. Xu, A. Habtemariam, J. Bella and P. J. Sadler, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 17734). In this work, the competition between GSH and the single-stranded 14-mer oligonucleotide 5'-TATGTACCATGTAT-3' (I) and duplex III (III = I + II, II = 5'-ATACATGGTACATA) for complex 1 and its analogue [(η(6)-tha)Ru(en)Cl](+) (2, tha = tetrahydroanthracene) under physiologically relevant conditions was investigated using conventional ESI-MS and high resolution ESI-FTICR-MS coupled to conventional HPLC and nanoscale HPLC, respectively. The results indicate that whether there was high excess of GSH or not in the reaction mixtures, the reaction of complex 1 or 2 with single-stranded oligonucleotide I always gave rise to mono-ruthenated oligonucleotide, and the reaction of complex 1 or 2 with duplex III gave rise to the mono-ruthenated duplex oligonucleotide. Furthermore, the ruthenation of duplex III by complex 1 showed no significant discrimination between the complementary strands I and II, but complex 2 appeared to bind preferentially to strand II compared to strand I as revealed by the high resolution FTICR-MS analysis. GSH is highly abundant in cells at millimolar concentrations and is well known to be involved in the deactivation of the clinical drug cisplatin and in platinum resistance. Our findings reveal a potentially contrasting role for GSH in the mechanism of action of these ruthenium anticancer complexes that may contribute to the lack of cross-resistance with platinum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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20
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Futera Z, Platts JA, Burda JV. Binding of piano-stool Ru(II) complexes to DNA; QM/MM study. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:2092-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Wang H, DeYonker NJ, Zhang X, Zhao C, Ji L, Mao ZW. Photodissociation of a ruthenium(II) arene complex and its subsequent interactions with biomolecules: a density functional theory study. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4675-86. [PMID: 22653608 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The piano-stool Ru(II) arene complex [(η⁶-benz)Ru(bpm)(py)]²⁺ (benz = benzene, bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine, and py = pyridine), which is conventionally nonlabile (on a timescale and under conditions relevant for biological reactivity), can be activated by visible light to selectively photodissociate the monodentate ligand (py). In the present study, the aquation and binding of the photocontrolled ruthenium(II) arene complex [(η⁶-benz)Ru(bpm)(py)]²⁺ to various biomolecules are studied by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT). Potential energy curves (PECs) calculated for the Ru-N (py) bonds in [(η⁶-benz)Ru(bpm)(py)]²⁺ in the singlet and triplet state give useful insights into the photodissociation mechanism of py. The binding energies of the various biomolecules are calculated, which allows the order of binding affinities among the considered nuleic-acid- or protein-binding sites to be discerned. The kinetics for the replacement of water in the aqua complex with biomolecules is also considered, and the results demonstrate that guanine is superior to other biomolecules in terms of coordinating with the Ru(II) aqua adduct, which is in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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22
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Esteruelas MA, García-Raboso J, Oliván M, Oñate E. N–H and N–C Bond Activation of Pyrimidinic Nucleobases and Nucleosides Promoted by an Osmium Polyhydride. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:5975-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300639j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química
y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Raboso
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química
y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Montserrat Oliván
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química
y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica-Instituto de Síntesis Química
y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Mechanism of aquation and nucleobase binding of ruthenium (II) and osmium (II) arene complexes: A systematic comparison DFT study. J Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Wu K, Luo Q, Hu W, Li X, Wang F, Xiong S, Sadler PJ. Mechanism of interstrand migration of organoruthenium anticancer complexes within a DNA duplex. Metallomics 2012; 4:139-48. [PMID: 22262368 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt00162d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic ruthenium(ii) anticancer complexes [(η(6)-arene)Ru(en)Cl][PF(6)] (e.g. arene = biphenyl (bip, 1), indane (ind, 2); en = ethylenediamine) bind to N7 of guanine (G) in DNA selectively. The fragment {(η(6)-bip)Ru(en)}(2+) (1') bound to N7 of one guanine residue at a 14-mer duplex DNA migrates readily to other guanine residues in both the same strand and the complementary strand when the strands are hybridized at elevated temperature. In this work, by applying HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry, the mechanism of such intra- and interstrand migration was investigated using a 15-mer duplex, in which one strand 5'-CTCTCTTG(8)TCTTCTC-3' (I) contained a single guanine (G(8)). The results show that the interstrand migration of complexes 1 and 2 within the duplex involves an SN1 pathway, firstly solvent-assisted dissociation of the initially G(8)-bound adducts I-G(8)-1' and I-G(8)-2' (2' = {(η(6)-ind)Ru(en)}(2+)) as the rate-controlling step, and secondly the coordination of the dissociated 1' and 2' to guanine bases (G(21) for 1', either G(21) or G(18) for 2') on strand II. The high temperature used to anneal the single strands was found to increase the migration rate. The formation of the duplex acts as a key driving force to promote the dissociation of G(8)-bound 1' and 2' due to the competition of cytosine in II with the en-NH(2) groups in 1' and 2' for H-bonding with C6O of guanine. Complex 2 (t(1/2) = 18 h) containing a mono-ringed arene ligand dissociates more readily from the initially binding site G(8) than complex 1 (t(1/2) = 23 h). The extended biphenyl arene ligand which is intercalated into DNA stabilizes the adduct I-G(8)-1'. These results provide new insight into this unusual metal migration, and are of significance for the design and development of more active organometallic ruthenium anticancer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
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25
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Wang H, Yonker NJD, Gao H, Tan C, Zhang X, Ji L, Zhao C, Mao ZW. Aquation and dimerization of osmium(ii) anticancer complexes: a density functional theory study. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00604e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Wang H, Yonker NJD, Gao H, Phillips DL, Zhao C, Ji L, Mao ZW. Predicting the interactions of organometallic ruthenium ethylenediamine complexes with mononucleotides: insights from density functional theory. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20984e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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McKinnon SDJ, Patrick BO, Lever ABP, Hicks RG. Electronic Structure Investigations of Neutral and Charged Ruthenium Bis(β-diketonate) Complexes of Redox-Active Verdazyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13587-603. [DOI: 10.1021/ja204575u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. J. McKinnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, BC. V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - A. B. P. Lever
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Robin G. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria, BC. V8W 3V6, Canada
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28
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Mutter ST, Platts JA. Density Functional Theory Studies of Interactions of Ruthenium–Arene Complexes with Base Pair Steps. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11293-302. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2049487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun T. Mutter
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - James A. Platts
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
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29
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Kennedy DC, Patrick BO, James BR. Cationic ruthenium(III) maltolato–imidazole complexes — Synthesis, characterization, and antiproliferatory activity*Adapted from the Ph.D. thesis of D.C. Kennedy (see the References section). CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v11-074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cationic RuIII complexes, trans-[Ru(ma)2(L)2]CF3SO3, where Hma = maltol = 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone; L = imidazole (Im) (complex 2), 1(N)-methylimidazole (N-MeIm) (3), 2-methylimidazole (2-MeIm) (4), and 4-methylimidazole (4-MeIm) (5), were synthesized via the known L = EtOH (complex 1a), and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR and IR spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, and (for 3 and 4) by X-ray crystallography. The trans-[Ru(ma)2(H2O)2]CF3SO3 complex (1b) was inadvertently isolated and characterized crystallographically, and the monomaltolato species [Ru(ma)(N-MeIm)4][CF3SO3]2 (6) was also isolated and characterized. In vitro antiproliferatory activity of complexes 2−6 against human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-435S) was tested using an MTT assay: 4 and 5 exhibit the lowest IC50 values, ~5 and ~15 µmol/L, respectively, whereas cisplatin exhibits an IC50 value of ~35 µmol/L against this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian R. James
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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30
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Chval Z, Futera Z, Burda JV. Comparison of hydration reactions for “piano-stool” RAPTA-B and [Ru(η6− arene)(en)Cl]+ complexes: Density functional theory computational study. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024520. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3515534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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31
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Futera Z, Koval T, Leszczynski J, Gu J, Mitoraj M, Srebro M, Burda JV. Exploring a Reaction Mechanism for Acetato Ligand Replacement in Paddlewheel Tetrakisacetatodirhodium (II,II) Complex by Ammonia: Computational Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:784-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104726s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Futera
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Koval
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1325 J.R. Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217-0510, United States
| | - Jiande Gu
- Center for Drug Discovery & Design and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
| | - Mariusz Mitoraj
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
| | - Monika Srebro
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
| | - Jaroslav V. Burda
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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32
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Dinda S, Sebastian KL, Samuelson AG. Mechanistic Aspects of Nucleophilic Substitution at Half-Sandwich Metal Complexes. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100517p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrabani Dinda
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - K. L. Sebastian
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Ashoka G. Samuelson
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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