1
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Todarwal Y, Norman P, Mikkelsen KV. Dynamical Effects of Solvation on Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Systems. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2602-2610. [PMID: 38511966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Molecules that can undergo reversible chemical transformations following the absorption of light, the so-called molecular photoswitches, have attracted increasing attention in technologies, such as solar energy storage. Here, the optical and thermochemical properties of the photoswitch are central to its applicability, and these properties are influenced significantly by solvation. We investigate the effects of solvation on two norbornadiene/quadricyclane photoswitches. Emphasis is put on the energy difference between the two isomers and the optical absorption as these are central to the application of the systems in solar energy storage. Using a combined classical molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical computational scheme, we showcase that the dynamic effects of solvation are important. In particular, it is found that standard implicit solvation models generally underestimate the energy difference between the two isomers and overestimate the strength of the absorption, while the explicit solvation spectra are also less red-shifted than those obtained using implicit solvation models. We also find that the absorption spectra of the two systems are strongly correlated with specific dihedral angles. Altogether, this highlights the importance of including the dynamic effects of solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogesh Todarwal
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Norman
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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2
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Nigam A, Pollice R, Friederich P, Aspuru-Guzik A. Artificial design of organic emitters via a genetic algorithm enhanced by a deep neural network. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2618-2639. [PMID: 38362419 PMCID: PMC10866360 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05306g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The design of molecules requires multi-objective optimizations in high-dimensional chemical space with often conflicting target properties. To navigate this space, classical workflows rely on the domain knowledge and creativity of human experts, which can be the bottleneck in high-throughput approaches. Herein, we present an artificial molecular design workflow relying on a genetic algorithm and a deep neural network to find a new family of organic emitters with inverted singlet-triplet gaps and appreciable fluorescence rates. We combine high-throughput virtual screening and inverse design infused with domain knowledge and artificial intelligence to accelerate molecular generation significantly. This enabled us to explore more than 800 000 potential emitter molecules and find more than 10 000 candidates estimated to have inverted singlet-triplet gaps (INVEST) and appreciable fluorescence rates, many of which likely emit blue light. This class of molecules has the potential to realize a new generation of organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- AkshatKumar Nigam
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 2E4 Canada
| | - Robert Pollice
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 2E4 Canada
| | - Pascal Friederich
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 2E4 Canada
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Am Fasanengarten 5 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 2E4 Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence 661 University Ave Suite 710 Toronto Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto 200 College St. Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St. Ontario M5S 3E4 Canada
- Lebovic Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) 661 University Ave Toronto Ontario M5G Canada
- Acceleration Consortium Toronto Ontario M5G 3H6 Canada
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3
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Zhou Y, Mikkelsen KV. Investigation of Solvent Effects on the Molecular Energy Storage and Optical Properties of Bicyclooctadiene/Tetracyclooctane Photoswitches. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:41-50. [PMID: 38152898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effects of solvation on the solar energy storage properties of bicyclooctadiene/tetracyclooctane (BOD/TCO) photoswitches. The solvent effects on the thermochemical and optical properties are studied in cyclohexane, toluene, dichloromethane, ethanol, acetonitrile, and a vacuum using density functional theory and coupled cluster theory. Our results show that the energy storage capacity of the BOD/TCO system increases as the solvent polarity increases, and the change is more significant with an unsubstituted system. The energy storage capacity of the substituted system is not dependent on the polarity of the solvent. As the solvent polarity increases, the absorption peaks shift away from each other and the absorption intensities increase. Overall, the solvents improve the performance of the optical properties and the energy storage capacities of the BOD/TCO molecular solar thermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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4
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Jørgensen FK, Reinholdt P, Hedegård ED, Kongsted J. Nuclear Magnetic Shielding Constants with the Polarizable Density Embedding Model. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7384-7393. [PMID: 36332108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We extend the polarizable density embedding (PDE) model to support the calculation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shielding constants using gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAOs) within a density functional theory (DFT) framework. The PDE model divides the total system into fragments, describing some by quantum mechanics (QM) and the others through an embedding model. The PDE model uses anisotropic polarizabilities, inter-fragment two-electron Coulomb integrals, and a non-local repulsion operator to emulate the QM effects. The terms involving Coulomb integrals are straightforwardly extended with GIAOs. In contrast, we consider two approaches to handle the gauge dependency of the non-local operator, employing either simple symmetrization or a gauge transformation. We find the latter approach to be most stable with respect to increasing the basis set size of the QM region. We examine the accuracy of the PDE model for calculating NMR shielding constants on several solutes in a water solution. The performance is compared with the classical polarizable embedding (PE) model in addition to supermolecular reference calculations. Based on these systems, we address the basis set convergence characteristics and the QM region size requirements. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of the PDE model for a system with significant electron spill-out. In many cases, we find that the PDE model outperforms the PE model, especially regarding the accuracy of nuclear shielding constants when using small QM region sizes and in systems with significant electron spill-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Kamper Jørgensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230Odense M, Denmark
| | - Erik Donovan Hedegård
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230Odense M, Denmark
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5
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Goletto L, Giovannini T, Folkestad SD, Koch H. Combining multilevel Hartree–Fock and multilevel coupled cluster approaches with molecular mechanics: a study of electronic excitations in solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4413-4425. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06359b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the coupling of different quantum-embedding approaches with a third molecular-mechanics layer, which can be either polarizable or non-polarizable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Goletto
- Department of Chemistry
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- 7491 Trondheim
- Norway
| | - Tommaso Giovannini
- Department of Chemistry
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- 7491 Trondheim
- Norway
| | - Sarai D. Folkestad
- Department of Chemistry
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- 7491 Trondheim
- Norway
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6
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Olsen JMH, Reine S, Vahtras O, Kjellgren E, Reinholdt P, Hjorth Dundas KO, Li X, Cukras J, Ringholm M, Hedegård ED, Di Remigio R, List NH, Faber R, Cabral Tenorio BN, Bast R, Pedersen TB, Rinkevicius Z, Sauer SPA, Mikkelsen KV, Kongsted J, Coriani S, Ruud K, Helgaker T, Jensen HJA, Norman P. Dalton Project: A Python platform for molecular- and electronic-structure simulations of complex systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:214115. [PMID: 32505165 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dalton Project provides a uniform platform access to the underlying full-fledged quantum chemistry codes Dalton and LSDalton as well as the PyFraME package for automatized fragmentation and parameterization of complex molecular environments. The platform is written in Python and defines a means for library communication and interaction. Intermediate data such as integrals are exposed to the platform and made accessible to the user in the form of NumPy arrays, and the resulting data are extracted, analyzed, and visualized. Complex computational protocols that may, for instance, arise due to a need for environment fragmentation and configuration-space sampling of biochemical systems are readily assisted by the platform. The platform is designed to host additional software libraries and will serve as a hub for future modular software development efforts in the distributed Dalton community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Simen Reine
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Vahtras
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Kjellgren
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Karen Oda Hjorth Dundas
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janusz Cukras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magnus Ringholm
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik D Hedegård
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roberto Di Remigio
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nanna H List
- Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Rasmus Faber
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Radovan Bast
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas Bondo Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Zilvinas Rinkevicius
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan P A Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trygve Helgaker
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Jørgen Aa Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Patrick Norman
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Marefat Khah A, Reinholdt P, Olsen JMH, Kongsted J, Hättig C. Avoiding Electron Spill-Out in QM/MM Calculations on Excited States with Simple Pseudopotentials. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1373-1381. [PMID: 32031806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
QM/MM calculations of electronic excitations with diffuse basis sets often have large errors due to spill-out of electrons from the quantum subsystem. The Pauli repulsion of the electrons by the environment has to be included to avoid this. We propose transferable atomic all-electron pseudopotentials that can readily be combined with most MM force fields to avoid electron spill-out. QM/MM excitation energies computed with time-dependent Hartree-Fock and the algebraic diagrammatic construction through second-order are benchmarked against supermolecular calculations to validate these new pseudopotentials. The QM/MM calculations with pseudopotentials give accurate results that are stable with augmentation of the basis set with diffuse functions. We show that the largest contribution to residual deviations from full QM calculations is caused by the missing London dispersion interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christof Hättig
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Ruhr University of Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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8
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Giovannini T, Riso RR, Ambrosetti M, Puglisi A, Cappelli C. Electronic transitions for a fully polarizable QM/MM approach based on fluctuating charges and fluctuating dipoles: Linear and corrected linear response regimes. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:174104. [PMID: 31703497 DOI: 10.1063/1.5121396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fully polarizable Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) approach based on fluctuating charges and fluctuating dipoles, named QM/FQFμ [T. Giovannini et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 15, 2233 (2019)], is extended to the calculation of vertical excitation energies of solvated molecular systems. Excitation energies are defined within two different solvation regimes, i.e., linear response (LR), where the response of the MM portion is adjusted to the QM transition density, and corrected-Linear Response (cLR) in which the MM response is adjusted to the relaxed QM density, thus being able to account for charge equilibration in the excited state. The model, which is specified in terms of three physical parameters (electronegativity, chemical hardness, and polarizability) is applied to vacuo-to-water solvatochromic shifts of aqueous solutions of para-nitroaniline, pyridine, and pyrimidine. The results show a good agreement with their experimental counterparts, thus highlighting the potentialities of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Giovannini
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Cappelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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9
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Scheurer M, Reinholdt P, Kjellgren ER, Haugaard Olsen JM, Dreuw A, Kongsted J. CPPE: An Open-Source C++ and Python Library for Polarizable Embedding. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:6154-6163. [PMID: 31580670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a modular open-source library for polarizable embedding (PE) named CPPE. The library is implemented in C++, and it additionally provides a Python interface for rapid prototyping and experimentation in a high-level scripting language. Our library integrates seamlessly with existing quantum chemical program packages through an intuitive and minimal interface. Until now, CPPE has been interfaced to three packages, Q-Chem, Psi4, and PySCF. Furthermore, we show CPPE in action using all three program packages for a computational spectroscopy application. With CPPE, host program interfaces only require minor programming effort, paving the way for new combined methodologies and broader availability of the PE model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Scheurer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Heidelberg University , D-69120 Heidelberg , Germany.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Erik Rosendahl Kjellgren
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry , UiT the Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Heidelberg University , D-69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
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10
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Scheurer M, Herbst MF, Reinholdt P, Olsen JMH, Dreuw A, Kongsted J. Polarizable Embedding Combined with the Algebraic Diagrammatic Construction: Tackling Excited States in Biomolecular Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:4870-4883. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Scheurer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Michael F. Herbst
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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11
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Caricato M. Linear response coupled cluster theory with the polarizable continuum model within the singles approximation for the solvent response. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:134113. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5021781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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12
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Hršak D, Olsen JMH, Kongsted J. Polarizable Density Embedding Coupled Cluster Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1351-1360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Hršak
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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13
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Nørby MS, Olsen JMH, Steinmann C, Kongsted J. Modeling Electronic Circular Dichroism within the Polarizable Embedding Approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:4442-4451. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten S. Nørby
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Casper Steinmann
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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14
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Hršak D, Olsen JMH, Kongsted J. Optimization and transferability of non-electrostatic repulsion in the polarizable density embedding model. J Comput Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Hršak
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55 Odense M 5230 Denmark
| | - Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55 Odense M 5230 Denmark
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Southern Denmark; Campusvej 55 Odense M 5230 Denmark
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15
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Hedegård ED, Bast R, Kongsted J, Olsen JMH, Jensen HJA. Relativistic Polarizable Embedding. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2870-2880. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Radovan Bast
- High
Performance Computing Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Jørgen Aagaard Jensen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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16
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Ren S, Harms J, Caricato M. An EOM-CCSD-PCM Benchmark for Electronic Excitation Energies of Solvated Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 13:117-124. [PMID: 27973775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we benchmark the equation of motion coupled cluster with single and double excitations (EOM-CCSD) method combined with the polarizable continuum model (PCM) for the calculation of electronic excitation energies of solvated molecules. EOM-CCSD is one of the most accurate methods for computing one-electron excitation energies, and accounting for the solvent effect on this property is a key challenge. PCM is one of the most widely employed solvation models due to its adaptability to virtually any solute and its efficient implementation with density functional theory methods (DFT). Our goal in this work is to evaluate the reliability of EOM-CCSD-PCM, especially compared to time-dependent DFT-PCM (TDDFT-PCM). Comparisons between calculated and experimental excitation energies show that EOM-CCSD-PCM consistently overestimates experimental results by 0.4-0.5 eV, which is larger than the expected EOM-CCSD error in vacuo. We attribute this decrease in accuracy to the approximated solvation model. Thus, we investigate a particularly important source of error: the lack of H-bonding interactions in PCM. We show that this issue can be addressed by computing an energy shift, ΔHB, from bare-PCM to microsolvation + PCM at DFT level. Our results show that such a shift is independent of the functional used, contrary to the absolute value of the excitation energy. Hence, we suggest an efficient protocol where the EOM-CCSD-PCM transition energy is corrected by ΔHB(DFT), which consistently improves the agreement with the experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Joseph Harms
- Lawrence High School , 1901 Louisiana St., Lawrence, Kansas 66046, United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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17
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Schwabe T. General theory for environmental effects on (vertical) electronic excitation energies. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:154105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Nørby MS, Steinmann C, Olsen JMH, Li H, Kongsted J. Computational Approach for Studying Optical Properties of DNA Systems in Solution. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:5050-5057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Steen Nørby
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Casper Steinmann
- Centre
for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hui Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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19
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List NH, Olsen JMH, Kongsted J. Excited states in large molecular systems through polarizable embedding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:20234-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03834d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the polarizable embedding model enables rational design of light-sensitive functional biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Holmgaard List
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M
- Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Southern Denmark
- 5230 Odense M
- Denmark
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20
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Abstract
For the modeling of solvatochromism with an explicit representation of the solvent molecules, the quality of preceding molecular dynamics simulations is crucial. Therefore, the possibility to apply force fields which are derived with as little empiricism as possible seems desirable. Such an approach is tested here by exploiting the sensitive solvatochromism of p-nitroaniline, and the use of reliable excitation energies based on approximate second-order coupled cluster results within a polarizable embedding scheme. The quality of the various MD settings for four different solvents, water, methanol, ethanol, and dichloromethane, is assessed. In general, good agreement with the experiment is observed when polarizable force fields and special treatment of hydrogen bonding are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schwabe
- Center for Bioinformatics and Physical Chemistry Institute, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 43, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Sauer SP, Pitzner-Frydendahl HF, Buse M, Jensen HJA, Thiel W. Performance of SOPPA-based methods in the calculation of vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1048320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P.A. Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Mogens Buse
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Aa. Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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22
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Laurent AD, Adamo C, Jacquemin D. Dye chemistry with time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:14334-56. [PMID: 24548975 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we present an overview of the determination of excited-state properties of "real-life" dyes, and notably of their optical absorption and emission spectra, performed during the last decade with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). We discuss the results obtained with both vertical and adiabatic (vibronic) approximations, choosing relevant examples for several series of dyes. These examples include reproducing absorption wavelengths of numerous families of coloured molecules, understanding the specific band shape of amino-anthraquinones, optimising the properties of dyes used in solar cells, mimicking the fluorescence wavelengths of fluorescent brighteners and BODIPY dyes, studying optically active biomolecules and photo-induced proton transfer, as well as improving the properties of photochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle D Laurent
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS no. 6230, BP 92208, Université de Nantes, 2, Rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France.
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23
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Barragan AM, Crofts AR, Schulten K, Solov'yov IA. Identification of ubiquinol binding motifs at the Qo-site of the cytochrome bc1 complex. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:433-47. [PMID: 25372183 PMCID: PMC4297238 DOI: 10.1021/jp510022w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enzymes of the bc1 complex family power
the biosphere through their central role in respiration and photosynthesis.
These enzymes couple the oxidation of quinol molecules by cytochrome c to the transfer of protons across the membrane, to generate
a proton-motive force that drives ATP synthesis. Key for the function
of the bc1 complex is the initial redox
process that involves a bifurcated electron transfer in which the
two electrons from a quinol substrate are passed to different electron
acceptors in the bc1 complex. The electron
transfer is coupled to proton transfer. The overall mechanism of quinol
oxidation by the bc1 complex is well enough
characterized to allow exploration at the atomistic level, but details
are still highly controversial. The controversy stems from the uncertain
binding motifs of quinol at the so-called Qo active site of the bc1 complex.
Here we employ a combination of classical all atom molecular dynamics
and quantum chemical calculations to reveal the binding modes of quinol
at the Qo-site of the bc1 complex from Rhodobacter capsulatus. The calculations suggest a novel configuration of amino acid residues
responsible for quinol binding and support a mechanism for proton-coupled
electron transfer from quinol to iron–sulfur cluster through
a bridging hydrogen bond from histidine that stabilizes the reaction
complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Barragan
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1110 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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24
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Eriksen JJ, Solanko LM, Nåbo LJ, Wüstner D, Sauer SP, Kongsted J. The Second-Order Polarization Propagator Approximation (SOPPA) method coupled to the polarizable continuum model. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Day PN, Pachter R, Nguyen KA. Analysis of nonlinear optical properties in donor–acceptor materials. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:184308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4874267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Wormit M, Rehn DR, Harbach PH, Wenzel J, Krauter CM, Epifanovsky E, Dreuw A. Investigating excited electronic states using the algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC) approach of the polarisation propagator. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.859313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Aidas K, Angeli C, Bak KL, Bakken V, Bast R, Boman L, Christiansen O, Cimiraglia R, Coriani S, Dahle P, Dalskov EK, Ekström U, Enevoldsen T, Eriksen JJ, Ettenhuber P, Fernández B, Ferrighi L, Fliegl H, Frediani L, Hald K, Halkier A, Hättig C, Heiberg H, Helgaker T, Hennum AC, Hettema H, Hjertenæs E, Høst S, Høyvik IM, Iozzi MF, Jansík B, Jensen HJA, Jonsson D, Jørgensen P, Kauczor J, Kirpekar S, Kjærgaard T, Klopper W, Knecht S, Kobayashi R, Koch H, Kongsted J, Krapp A, Kristensen K, Ligabue A, Lutnæs OB, Melo JI, Mikkelsen KV, Myhre RH, Neiss C, Nielsen CB, Norman P, Olsen J, Olsen JMH, Osted A, Packer MJ, Pawlowski F, Pedersen TB, Provasi PF, Reine S, Rinkevicius Z, Ruden TA, Ruud K, Rybkin VV, Sałek P, Samson CCM, de Merás AS, Saue T, Sauer SPA, Schimmelpfennig B, Sneskov K, Steindal AH, Sylvester-Hvid KO, Taylor PR, Teale AM, Tellgren EI, Tew DP, Thorvaldsen AJ, Thøgersen L, Vahtras O, Watson MA, Wilson DJD, Ziolkowski M, Agren H. The Dalton quantum chemistry program system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2013; 4:269-284. [PMID: 25309629 PMCID: PMC4171759 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 874] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dalton is a powerful general-purpose program system for the study of molecular electronic structure at the Hartree-Fock, Kohn-Sham, multiconfigurational self-consistent-field, Møller-Plesset, configuration-interaction, and coupled-cluster levels of theory. Apart from the total energy, a wide variety of molecular properties may be calculated using these electronic-structure models. Molecular gradients and Hessians are available for geometry optimizations, molecular dynamics, and vibrational studies, whereas magnetic resonance and optical activity can be studied in a gauge-origin-invariant manner. Frequency-dependent molecular properties can be calculated using linear, quadratic, and cubic response theory. A large number of singlet and triplet perturbation operators are available for the study of one-, two-, and three-photon processes. Environmental effects may be included using various dielectric-medium and quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics models. Large molecules may be studied using linear-scaling and massively parallel algorithms. Dalton is distributed at no cost from http://www.daltonprogram.org for a number of UNIX platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kestutis Aidas
- Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Keld L Bak
- Aarhus University School of Engineering Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vebjørn Bakken
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Radovan Bast
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Coriani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Pål Dahle
- Norwegian Computing Center Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ulf Ekström
- CTCC, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Enevoldsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Berta Fernández
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lara Ferrighi
- CTCC, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Norway
| | - Heike Fliegl
- CTCC, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Luca Frediani
- CTCC, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Norway
| | | | | | - Christof Hättig
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Trygve Helgaker
- CTCC, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hinne Hettema
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eirik Hjertenæs
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stinne Høst
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Hans Jørgen Aa Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Dan Jonsson
- High-Performance Computing Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Norway
| | - Poul Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joanna Kauczor
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rika Kobayashi
- Australian National University Supercomputer Facility Canberra, Australia
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Andrea Ligabue
- Computer Services: Networks and Systems, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | | | - Juan I Melo
- Physics Department, FCEyN-UBA and IFIBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Rolf H Myhre
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Neiss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Norman
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jeppe Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jógvan Magnus H Olsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Martin J Packer
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Filip Pawlowski
- Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Patricio F Provasi
- Department of Physics, University of Northeastern and IMIT-CONICET Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Simen Reine
- CTCC, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Zilvinas Rinkevicius
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology and Swedish e-Science Research Center (SeRC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kenneth Ruud
- CTCC, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Norway
| | - Vladimir V Rybkin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Claire C M Samson
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Trond Saue
- Paul Sabatier University Toulouse, France
| | - Stephan P A Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bernd Schimmelpfennig
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Arnfinn H Steindal
- CTCC, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Norway
| | | | - Peter R Taylor
- VLSCI and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew M Teale
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Erik I Tellgren
- CTCC, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - David P Tew
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Olav Vahtras
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark A Watson
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcin Ziolkowski
- CoE for Next Generation Computing, Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Hans Agren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Eriksen JJ, Sauer SP, Mikkelsen KV, Christiansen O, Jensen HJA, Kongsted J. Failures of TDDFT in describing the lowest intramolecular charge-transfer excitation in para-nitroaniline. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.793841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janus J. Eriksen
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø , DK-2100 , Denmark
| | - Stephan P.A. Sauer
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø , DK-2100 , Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø , DK-2100 , Denmark
| | - Ove Christiansen
- b Center for Oxygen Microscopy and Imaging, Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C , DK-8000 , Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Aa. Jensen
- c Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, Odense M , DK-5230 , Denmark
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- c Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, Odense M , DK-5230 , Denmark
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