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Li M, Zhao R, Dang J, Zhao X. Theoretical study on the stabilities, electronic structures, and reaction and formation mechanisms of fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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2
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Zhang K, Zheng H, Li M, Li QZ, Zhao Y, Zhao X. Significant Roles of a Particularly Stable Two-Center Two-Electron Lu-Lu σ Bond in Lu 2@C 86: Electronic Structure of Lu and Radius of Lu 2. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2425-2436. [PMID: 33497217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is still dispute over the stability of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) M2C2n, and recently, multiform lutetium-based dimetallofullerenes have been dropped in experiments. The thermodynamic stabilities of Lu2C86 EMFs are revealed by density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with statistical thermodynamic analyses. Inevitably, besides the experimentally reported Lu2@C2v(63751)-C86, Lu2@Cs(63750)-C86, and Lu2@Cs(63757)-C86, other three metal carbide clusterfullerenes, Lu2C2@D2d(51591)-C84, Lu2C2@C1(51383)-C84, and Lu2C2@Cs(id207430)-C84, rather than Lu2@C86 are first characterized as thermodynamically stable isomers of Lu2C86. Specially, the Cs(id207430)-C84 is a newly non-classical fullerene containing one heptagon, which is stabilized via encaging Lu2C2. Another interesting phenomenon is that the outer fullerene cages of thermodynamically stable Lu2C82-88 molecules are geometrically connected through C2 addition/loss and Stone-Wales (SW) transformation, suggesting a special relationship between thermodynamic stabilities and geometries of Lu2C82-88 EMFs. Furthermore, the electronic configurations of (Lu2)4+@C864- and (Lu2C2)4+@C844- were confirmed. A significantly stable two-center two-electron (2c-2e) Lu-Lu σ single bond is formed in Lu2@C86. By comparing M-M bonds in M2@C2v(63751)-C86 (M = Sc, Y, La, and Lu), two significant factors, the valence atomic orbital (ns) of metal atoms and radius of M2+, are found to determine the stability of the M-M bond in the C2v(63751)-C86. Additionally, the simulated UV-vis-NIR spectra of thermodynamically stable Lu2C86 isomers were simulated, which further disclose their electronic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- KaiNi Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiao-Zhi Li
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science & Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Zhao YX, Zhao X. On the stabilization of Sc3C@I(31924)-C80 by functionalization of fluorine. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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4
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Zhao Y, Yuan K, Han YB, Li MY, Ehara M, Zhao X. Theoretical Insight into Thermodynamically Optimal U@C 84: Three-Electron Transfer Rather Than Four-Electron Transfer. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12650-12658. [PMID: 32805996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four-electron transfer from U to the fullerene cage commonly exists in U@C2n (2n < 82) so far, while four- and three-electron transfers, which depend on the cage isomers, simultaneously occur in U@C82. Herein, detailed quantum-chemical methods combined with statistical thermodynamic analysis were applied to deeply probe into U@C84, which is detected in the mass spectra without any further exploration. With triplet ground states, novel isomers including isolated-pentagon-rule U@C2(51579)-C84 and U@D2(51573)-C84 as well as nonisolated-pentagon-rule U@Cs(51365)-C84 were identified as thermodynamically optimal. Surprisingly, there were unexpected three-electron transfers, which directly led to one unpaired electron on the cage, in all of the three isomers. Significant covalent interactions between the cage and U successively weakened for U@D2(51573)-C84, U@C2(51579)-C84, and U@Cs(51365)-C84. Besides, the IR absorption spectra were simulated as a reference for further structural identification in the experiment. Last but not least, the potential reaction sites were predicted to facilitate further functionalization and thus achieve promising applications for U@C84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yuan
- Institute for Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Han
- Institute for Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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Kuznetsov V. Stereochemistry of Simple Molecules inside Nanotubes and Fullerenes: Unusual Behavior of Usual Systems. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102437. [PMID: 32456128 PMCID: PMC7287839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes have become remarkable objects for starting the implementation of new models and technologies in different branches of science. To a great extent, this is defined by the unique electronic and spatial properties of nanocavities due to the ramified π-electron systems. This provides an opportunity for the formation of endohedral complexes containing non-covalently bonded atoms or molecules inside fullerenes and nanotubes. The guest species are exposed to the force field of the nanocavity, which can be described as a combination of electronic and steric requirements. Its action significantly changes conformational properties of even relatively simple molecules, including ethane and its analogs, as well as compounds with C-O, C-S, B-B, B-O, B-N, N-N, Al-Al, Si-Si and Ge-Ge bonds. Besides that, the cavity of the host molecule dramatically alters the stereochemical characteristics of cyclic and heterocyclic systems, affects the energy of pyramidal nitrogen inversion in amines, changes the relative stability of cis and trans isomers and, in the case of chiral nanotubes, strongly influences the properties of R- and S- enantiomers. The present review aims at primary compilation of such unusual stereochemical effects and initial evaluation of the nature of the force field inside nanotubes and fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerij Kuznetsov
- Ufa State Aviation Technical University, K. Marksa, 12, Ufa 450008, Russia;
- Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Kosmonavtov, 1, Ufa 450062, Russia
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Li M, Gao Z, Han Y, Zhao Y, Yuan K, Nagase S, Ehara M, Zhao X. Potential molecular semiconductor devices: cyclo-Cn (n = 10 and 14) with higher stabilities and aromaticities than acknowledged cyclo-C18. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4823-4831. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00167h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations reveal that the zero-dimensional allotropes of carbon atoms, cyclo-Cn (n = 10 and 14), have higher thermodynamic, kinetic, optical, and dynamic stabilities and aromaticity than the acknowledged cyclo-C18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Zhibin Gao
- Department of Physics
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117551
- Republic of Singapore
| | - Yanbo Han
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Kun Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianshui Normal University
- Tianshui
- China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | | | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
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Zhao YX, Yuan K, Li MY, Zhao X. Oxidation states of gallium (infrequent i and common iii) tunable via medium-sized C 60 and small-sized C 28 fullerenes. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00824a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Differently sized fullerenes are shown to be flexible tools for tuning the oxidation states of gallium, and a fluoridation strategy facilitates the further stabilization of Ga@Ih(1812)-C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Xiao Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
- School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Kun Yuan
- Key Laboratory for New Molecule Materials Design and Function of Gansu Universities
- Tianshui Normal University
- Tianshui 741001
- People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yang Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics
- School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics
- School of Chemistry
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
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Li M, Zhao Y, Han Y, Yuan K, Zhang K, Chen Y, Ehara M, Nagase S, Zhao X. Covalent interactions depend on the distances between metals and fullerenes for thermodynamically stable M@C78 (M = La, Ce, and Sm). Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00428f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic selectivity occurs between fullerenes and metals in M@C78 (M = La, Ce, Sm), including non-IPR C1(22 595)-C78; the different number of electrons transferred from metals to C78 leads to the first EMF with diradical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Yanbo Han
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Kun Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianshui Normal University
- Tianshui
- China
| | - Kaini Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | - Yingqi Chen
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
| | | | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment & MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
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