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Cui LJ, Liu YQ, Wang MH, Yan B, Pan S, Cui ZH, Frenking G. Multiple Bonding in AeN - (Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400714. [PMID: 38622057 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations using ab initio methods at the MRCI+Q(8,9)/def2-QZVPPD and CCSD(T)/def2-QZVPPD levels as well as using density functional theory are reported for the diatomic molecules AeN- (Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba). The anions CaN- and SrN- have electronic triplet (3Π) ground states with nearly identical bond dissociation energies De ~57 kcal/mol calculated at the MRCI+Q(8,9)/def2-QZVPPD level. In contrast, the heavier homologue BaN- has a singlet (1Σ+) ground state, which is only 1.1 kcal/mol below the triplet (3Σ-) state. The computed bond dissociation energy of (1Σ+) BaN- is 68.4 kcal/mol. The calculations at the CCSD(T)-full/def2-QZVPPD and BP86-D3(BJ)/def2-QZVPPD levels are in reasonable agreement with the MRCI+Q(8,9)/def2-QZVPPD data, except for the singlet (1Σ+) state, which has a large multireference character. The calculated atomic partial charges given by the CM5, Voronoi and Hirshfeld methods suggest small to medium-sized Ae←N- charge donation for most electronic states. In contrast, the NBO method predicts for all species medium to large Ae→N- electronic charge donation, which is due to the neglect of the (n)p AOs of Ae atoms as genuine valence orbitals. Neither the bond orders nor the bond lengths correlate with the bond dissociation energies. The EDA-NOCV calculations show that the heavier alkaline earth atoms Ca, Sr, Ba use their (n)s and (n-1)d orbitals for covalent bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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Liu YQ, Kalita AJ, Zhang HY, Cui LJ, Yan B, Guha AK, Cui ZH, Pan S. BeM(CO)3- (M = Co, Rh, Ir) and BeM(CO)3 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt): Triply bonded terminal beryllium in zero oxidation state. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:184308. [PMID: 38738611 DOI: 10.1063/5.0181343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We perform detailed potential energy surface explorations of BeM(CO)3- (M = Co, Rh, Ir) and BeM(CO)3 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) using both single-reference and multireference-based methods. The present results at the CASPT2(12,12)/def2-QZVPD//M06-D3/def2-TZVPPD level reveal that the global minimum of BeM(CO)3- (M = Co, Rh, Ir) and BePt(CO)3 is a C3v symmetric structure with an 1A1 electronic state, where Be is located in a terminal position bonded to M along the center axis. For other cases, the C3v symmetric structure is a low-lying local minimum. Although the present complexes are isoelectronic with the recently reported BFe(CO)3- complex having a B-Fe quadruple bond, radial orbital-energy slope (ROS) analysis reveals that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in the title complexes is slightly antibonding in nature, which bars a quadruple bonding assignment. Similar weak antibonding nature of HOMO in the previously reported BeM(CO)4 (M = Ru, Os) complexes is also noted in ROS analysis. The bonding analysis through energy decomposition analysis in combination with the natural orbital for chemical valence shows that the bonding between Be and M(CO)3q (q = -1 for M = Co, Rh, Ir and q = 0 for M = Ni, Pd, Pt) can be best described as Be in the ground state (1S) interacting with M(CO)30/- via dative bonds. The Be(spσ) → M(CO)3q σ-donation and the complementary Be(spσ) ← M(CO)3q σ-back donation make the overall σ bond, which is accompanied by two weak Be(pπ) ← M(CO)3q π-bonds. These complexes represent triply bonded terminal beryllium in an unusual zero oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Amlan J Kalita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya 793101, India
| | - Hui-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Li-Juan Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Ankur K Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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Nieuwland C, Fonseca Guerra C. Chalcogen Atom Size: A Key Parameter in Modulating Carbonyl Compound Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304361. [PMID: 38284777 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Exchanging oxygen in the functional group C=O (i. e., carbonyl) for the less electronegative Group 16 elements, sulfur or selenium, unexpectedly enhances the electronegativity of the C=X group in π-conjugated molecules and reduces the molecular π HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Quantum-chemical analyses revealed that the steric size of the chalcogen atom X is at the origin of this seemingly counterintuitive behavior. This tuning of the chemical properties of carbonyl compounds by varying the chalcogen atom size in the C=X bond can be applied in many fields of chemistry. This concept article delineates several useful applications in the fields of organocatalysis, supramolecular chemistry, and photo(electro)chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Nieuwland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The, Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The, Netherlands
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Nieuwland C, Almacellas D, Veldhuizen MM, de Azevedo Santos L, Poater J, Fonseca Guerra C. Multiple hydrogen-bonded dimers: are only the frontier atoms relevant? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11306-11310. [PMID: 38054332 PMCID: PMC11022277 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-frontier atom exchanges in hydrogen-bonded aromatic dimers can induce significant interaction energy changes (up to 6.5 kcal mol-1). Our quantum-chemical analyses reveal that the relative hydrogen-bond strengths of N-edited guanine-cytosine base pair isosteres, which cannot be explained from the frontier atoms, follow from the charge accumulation in the monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Nieuwland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands.
| | - David Almacellas
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mac M Veldhuizen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucas de Azevedo Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam 1081 HZ, The Netherlands.
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Nieuwland C, Verdijk R, Fonseca Guerra C, Bickelhaupt FM. More Electropositive is More Electronegative: Atom Size Determines C=X Group Electronegativity. Chemistry 2023:e202304161. [PMID: 38117278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Opposite to what one might expect, we find that the C=X group can become effectively more, not less, electronegative when the Pauling electronegativity of atom X decreases down Groups 16, 15, and 14 of the Periodic Table. Our quantum-chemical analyses, show that, and why, this phenomenon is a direct consequence of the increasing size of atom X down a group. These findings can be applied to tuning and improving the hydrogen-bond donor strength of amides H2 NC(=X)R by increasingly withdrawing density from the NH2 group. A striking example is that H2 NC(=SiR2 )R is a stronger hydrogen-bond donor than H2 NC(=CR2 )R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Nieuwland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Verdijk
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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