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Grazina L, Amaral JS, Costa J, Mafra I. Authentication of Ginkgo biloba Herbal Products by a Novel Quantitative Real-Time PCR Approach. Foods 2020; 9:E1233. [PMID: 32899672 PMCID: PMC7555165 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is a widely used medicinal plant. Due to its potential therapeutic effects, it is an ingredient in several herbal products, such as plant infusions and plant food supplements (PFS). Currently, ginkgo is one of the most popular botanicals used in PFS. Due to their popularity and high cost, ginkgo-containing products are prone to be fraudulently substituted by other plant species. Therefore, this work aimed at developing a method for G. biloba detection and quantification. A new internal transcribe spacer (ITS) marker was identified, allowing the development of a ginkgo-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the ITS region, with high specificity and sensitivity, down to 0.02 pg of DNA. Additionally, a normalized real-time PCR approach using the delta cycle quantification (ΔCq) method was proposed for the effective quantification of ginkgo in plant mixtures. The method exhibited high performance parameters, namely PCR efficiency, coefficient of correlation and covered dynamic range (50-0.01%), achieving limits of detection and quantification of 0.01% (w/w) of ginkgo in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). The quantitative approach was successfully validated with blind mixtures and further applied to commercial ginkgo-containing herbal infusions. The estimated ginkgo contents of plant mixture samples suggest adulterations due to reduction or almost elimination of ginkgo. In this work, useful and robust tools were proposed to detect/quantify ginkgo in herbal products, which suggests the need for a more effective and stricter control of such products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Grazina
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (L.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Joana S. Amaral
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Joana Costa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (L.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Isabel Mafra
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (L.G.); (J.C.)
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Li C, Wang C, Wei Y. Facile preparation of a high-capacity boronate-affinity adsorbent based on low-cost commercial supports for selective enrichment of cis
-diol-containing biomolecules. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi’an Shaanxi China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi’an Shaanxi China
| | - Yinmao Wei
- Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi’an Shaanxi China
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Johnson RT, Lunte CE. A Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Method using a Borate Background Electrolyte for the Fingerprinting Analysis of Flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba Herbal Supplements. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 16:3325-3332. [PMID: 27688816 PMCID: PMC5036526 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay00463f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory-built sheath liquid capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry interface was used to develop a qualitative method for fingerprinting analysis of 14 structurally similar flavones, flavonols, flavonones, and several representative glycosides in plant samples. The migration order of the flavonoids was dependent on a the number of hydroxyl groups present on the flavonoid B-ring, extent of conjugation, number of glycosidic functionalities, and ability of the flavonoid to form stable borate complexes with the background electrolyte. Parent ion scans of the flavonoids yielded [M-H]-, except for catechol containing flavonoids, which were detected as borate adducts. These adducts can be used diagnostically to determine the presence or absence of catechol groups on unknown polyphenolic compounds. Product ion scans of the flavonoid glycosides and borate adducts typically yielded the deprotonated aglycone fragment as the base peak, which could be used to confirm the base structure of the flavonoid. This method's utility was demonstrated by analyzing flavonoids present in ethanolic extracts of Ginkgo biloba herbal supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Lawrence, KS 66047 ; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Craig E Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Lawrence, KS 66047 ; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
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Ma YC, Mani A, Cai Y, Thomson J, Ma J, Peudru F, Chen S, Luo M, Zhang J, Chapman RG, Shi ZT. An effective identification and quantification method for Ginkgo biloba flavonol glycosides with targeted evaluation of adulterated products. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:377-387. [PMID: 27002408 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) leaf extract is one of the most popular herbal products on the market, as it contains flavone glycosides (≥ 24%) and terpene lactones (≥ 6%), which are proposed to have significant physiological effects. Unfortunately, the challenging financial climate has resulted in a natural health product market containing adulterated ginkgo products. PURPOSE 42 ginkgo samples were analyzed to establish an HPLC profile for authentic ginkgo and common ginkgo adulterants, and to develop a method capable of easily detecting adulteration in ginkgo commercial products. METHOD In this study an efficient and targeted HPLC analysis method was established that is capable of distinguishing flavonol glycosides and aglycones simultaneously for the evaluation of ginkgo powdered extracts (PEs) and finished products in a single, 13 min run. Thirteen ginkgo leaf samples, fifteen standardized powdered extracts, and fourteen commercially available ginkgo products have been analyzed using this new HPLC method. Chromatograms were compared to six standard reference materials: one flavonol glycoside (rutin), three aglycones (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin), and two isoflavones (genestin and genistein). The quantitative chromatographic data was interpreted by principal component analysis (PCA), which assisted in the detection of unexpected chromatographic features in various adulterated botanical products. RESULTS Only three of the commercially available ginkgo finished products tested in this study were determined to be authentic, with flavonol glycoside rutin, and aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin found to be common adulterants in the ginkgo powdered extract and finished product samples. CONCLUSION Despite evidence of adulteration in most of the samples, each of the samples discussed herein met most of the current pharmacopeial standards. It is therefore critical that a preliminary evaluation be utilized to detect adulteration in commercial ginkgo products, prior to the acid hydrolysis procedure utilized in the current testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chun Ma
- Canadian Phytopharmaceuticals Corp., 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada; Canadian Institute of Medicinal Plants, 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada; Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430000, PR China.
| | - Ana Mani
- Canadian Phytopharmaceuticals Corp., 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada.
| | - Yaling Cai
- Canadian Phytopharmaceuticals Corp., 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada; Canadian Institute of Medicinal Plants, 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada
| | - Jaclyn Thomson
- Canadian Phytopharmaceuticals Corp., 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada
| | - Jie Ma
- Canadian Phytopharmaceuticals Corp., 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada; Canadian Institute of Medicinal Plants, 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada
| | - Flavie Peudru
- Canadian Phytopharmaceuticals Corp., 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada
| | - Sarah Chen
- Canadian Phytopharmaceuticals Corp., 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada
| | - Mai Luo
- Canadian Phytopharmaceuticals Corp., 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada; Canadian Institute of Medicinal Plants, 12233 Riverside Way, Richmond, BC V6W 1K8, Canada
| | - Junzeng Zhang
- Natural Health Products Program, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Robert G Chapman
- Natural Health Products Program, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Zhen-Tuo Shi
- Hubei Nuokete Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xiaochang, Hubei 432900, PR China
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Advancement in the chemical analysis and quality control of flavonoid in Ginkgo biloba. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:212-25. [PMID: 25812435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the main active constituents in Ginkgo biloba L., which have been suggested to have broad-spectrum free-radical scavenging activities. This review summarizes the recent advances in the chemical analysis of the flavonoids in G. biloba and its finished products (from 2009 to 2014), including chemical composition, sample preparation, separation, detection and different quality criteria. More than 70 kinds of flavonoids have been identified in this plant. In this review, various analytical approaches as well as their chromatographic conditions have been described, and their advantages/disadvantages are also compared. Quantitative analyses of Ginkgo flavonoids applied by most pharmacopeias start with an acidic hydrolysis followed by determination of the resulting aglycones using HPLC. But increasing direct assay of individual flavonol glycosides found that many adulterated products were still qualified by the present tests. To obtain an authentic and applicable analytical approach for quality evaluation of Ginkgo and its finished products, related suggestions and opinions in the recent publications are mainly discussed in this review. This discussion on chemical analyses of Ginkgo flavonoids will also be found as a significant guide for widely varied natural flavonoids.
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