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Saura-Sanmartin A. Synthesis of 'Impossible' Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304025. [PMID: 38168751 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
'Impossible' rotaxanes, which are constituted by interlocked components without obvious binding motifs, have attracted the interest of the mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) community. Within the synthetic efforts reported in the last decades towards the preparation of MIMs, some innovative protocols for accessing 'impossible' rotaxanes have been developed. This short review highlights different selected synthetic examples of 'impossible' rotaxanes, as well as suggests some future directions of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Wada K, Yasuzawa K, Fa S, Nagata Y, Kato K, Ohtani S, Ogoshi T. Diastereoselective Rotaxane Synthesis with Pillar[5]arenes via Co-crystallization and Solid-State Mechanochemical Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37411034 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Chiral rotaxanes have attracted much attention in recent decades for their unique chirality based on their interlocked structures. Thus, selective synthesis methods of chiral rotaxanes have been developed. The introduction of substituents with chiral centers to produce diastereomers is a powerful strategy for the construction of chiral rotaxanes. However, in case of a small energy difference between the diastereomers, diastereoselective synthesis is extremely difficult. Herein, we report a new diastereoselective rotaxane synthesis method using solid-phase diastereoselective [3]pseudorotaxane formation and mechanochemical solid-phase end-capping reactions of the [3]pseudorotaxanes. By co-crystallization of stereodynamic planar chiral pillar[5]arene with stereogenic carbons at both rims and axles with suitable end groups and lengths, the [3]pseudorotaxane with a high diastereomeric excess (ca. 92% de) was generated in the solid state because of higher effective molarity with aid by packing effects and significant energy differences between [3]pseudorotaxane diastereomers. In contrast, the de of the pillar[5]arene was low in solution (ca. 10% de) because of a small energy difference between diastereomers. Subsequent end-capping reactions of the polycrystalline [3]pseudorotaxane with high de in solvent-free conditions successfully yielded rotaxanes while maintaining the high de generated by the co-crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Wada
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kiichi Yasuzawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- WPI Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Kwon TW, Song B, Nam KW, Stoddart JF. Mechanochemical Enhancement of the Structural Stability of Pseudorotaxane Intermediates in the Synthesis of Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12595-12601. [PMID: 35797453 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical syntheses of rotaxanes have attracted considerable attention of late because of the superior reaction rates and higher yields associated with their production compared with analogous reactions carried out in solution. Previous investigators, however, have focused on the demonstration of the mechanochemical syntheses of rotaxanes per se, rather than on studying the solid-phase host-guest molecular interplay related to their rapid formation and high yields. In this investigation, we attribute the lower yields of rotaxanes prepared in solution to the limited concentration and a desolvation energy penalty that must be compensated for by host-guest interactions during complexation that precedes the templation leading to rotaxane formation. It follows that, if the desolvation energy can be removed and higher concentrations can be attained, even weak host-guest interactions can drive the complexation of host and guest molecules efficiently. In order to test this hypothesis, we chose two host-guest pairs of permethylated pillar[5]arene/1,6-diaminohexane and permethylated pillar[5]arene/2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) for the simple reason that they exhibit extremely low binding constants (2.7 ± 0.4 M-1 when 1,6-diaminohexane is the guest and <0.1 M-1 when 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) is the guest in CDCl3; i.e., ostensibly no pseudorotaxane formation is observed). We argue that the amount of pseudorotaxanes formed in the solid state is responsive to mechanical treatments or otherwise and changes in temperature during stoppering reactions. Compared to the amount of pseudorotaxanes that can be obtained in solution, large quantities of pseudorotaxanes are formed in the solid state because of concentration and desolvation effects. This mechanochemical enhancement of pseudorotaxane formation is referred to as a self-correction in the current investigation. Rotaxanes based on permethylated pillar[5]arene/1,6-diaminohexane and permethylated pillar[5]arene/2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) have been synthesized in much higher yields compared to those obtained in solution, aided and abetted by self-correction effects during mechanical treatments and heating at a mild temperature of 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Woo Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kwan Woo Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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Rémy M, Nierengarten I, Park B, Holler M, Hahn U, Nierengarten J. Pentafluorophenyl Esters as Exchangeable Stoppers for the Construction of Photoactive [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2021; 27:8492-8499. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Rémy
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7402 LIMA) Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Iwona Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7402 LIMA) Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Boram Park
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7402 LIMA) Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Michel Holler
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7402 LIMA) Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Uwe Hahn
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7402 LIMA) Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Jean‐François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7402 LIMA) Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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Holler M, Stoerkler T, Louis A, Fischer F, Nierengarten JF. Mechanochemical Solvent-Free Conditions for the Synthesis of Pillar[5]arene-Containing [2]Rotaxanes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Holler
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires; Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA - UMR 7042); Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Timothée Stoerkler
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires; Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA - UMR 7042); Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Alexandra Louis
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires; Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA - UMR 7042); Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Fanny Fischer
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires; Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA - UMR 7042); Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Jean-François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires; Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA - UMR 7042); Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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Riss-Yaw B, Métro TX, Lamaty F, Coutrot F. Association of liquid-assisted grinding with aging accelerates the inherently slow slipping-on of a dibenzo-24-crown-8 over the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of an ammonium-containing thread. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21587-21590. [PMID: 35521333 PMCID: PMC9066157 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05045k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Very efficient slipping-on of the dibenzo-24-crown-8 over the NHS end of an ammonium-containing molecular axle was carried out through a solvent-less procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Riss-Yaw
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- Univ. Montpellier
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- ENSCM
| | - Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Green Chemistry and Enabling Technologies Team
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron
- UMR 5247, CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- ENSCM
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Green Chemistry and Enabling Technologies Team
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron
- UMR 5247, CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- ENSCM
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- Univ. Montpellier
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- ENSCM
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