Detection of the ras p21 gene product in human leukemias by flow cytometry

Sequential paraformaldehyde and methanol fixation for simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of DNA, cell surface proteins, and intracellular proteins

A cell fixation and permeabilization procedure consisting of sequential paraformaldehyde and methanol was evaluated and found suitable for concomitant flow cytometric quantification of total cellular DNA, immunofluorescence measurements of cell surface proteins, and immunofluorescence measurements of intracellular proteins. Paraformaldehyde/methanol-fixed cells exhibited significantly greater intracellular antitubulin immunofluorescence than cells fixed with paraformaldehyde or methanol alone (p less than 0.002) and significantly greater intracellular antitubulin immunofluorescence than cells fixed with methanol followed by paraformaldehyde (p less than 0.006). With paraformaldehyde/methanol fixation, cell morphology was well preserved and forward and right angle light scatter properties were sufficiently well maintained to permit gating on these parameters. Cell surface marker staining with fluorescent anti-leukocyte antibodies was unaffected by fixation with paraformaldehyde/methanol. Paraformaldehyde effects on the intensity of DNA staining with propidium iodide were dependent on paraformaldehyde concentration and fixation temperature; these effects were least pronounced at low paraformaldehyde concentrations (0.25% or less), and at temperatures lower than 37 degrees C. Paraformaldehyde fixation may result in differences in propidium iodide staining of DNA in some diploid cells, which may produce small spurious aneuploid peaks in normal peripheral blood leukocytes. Paraformaldehyde fixation also produces an apparent increase in the DNA index of aneuploid cell populations in comparison with methanol fixation, particularly when the DNA index exceeds 1.5. Occasionally, this paraformaldehyde fixation-induced effect is useful in identifying biologically distinct near-diploid subpopulations in tumors.