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Schwarz ER, Long MT. Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance. Viruses 2023; 15:1230. [PMID: 37376530 DOI: 10.3390/v15061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) neuroinvasive disease threatens the health and well-being of horses and humans worldwide. Disease in horses and humans is remarkably similar. The occurrence of WNV disease in these mammalian hosts has geographic overlap with shared macroscale and microscale drivers of risk. Importantly, intrahost virus dynamics, the evolution of the antibody response, and clinicopathology are similar. The goal of this review is to provide a comparison of WNV infection in humans and horses and to identify similarities that can be exploited to enhance surveillance methods for the early detection of WNV neuroinvasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika R Schwarz
- Montana Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, MT Department of Livestock, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Maureen T Long
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
Domestic arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are single-stranded RNA viruses, the most common of which include the mosquito-borne West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, La Crosse virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, and eastern equine encephalitis virus, as well as the tick-borne Powassan virus. Previously considered rare infections, they have been detected with increasing frequency over the past 2 decades. Here, we present an overview of the domestic arboviruses listed above and describe the modalities employed to diagnose infection. Global arboviruses, including dengue virus, Zika virus, and chikungunya virus, have also been increasingly detected in the United States within the last 5 years but are not a focus of this minireview. Typical manifestations of arbovirus infection range from no symptoms, to meningitis or encephalitis, to death. Serologies are the standard means of diagnosis in the laboratory, since most viruses have a short period of replication, limiting the utility of molecular tests. The interpretation of serologies is confounded by antibody cross-reactivity with viruses belonging to the same serogroup and by long-lasting antibodies from prior infections. Next-generation assays have improved performance by increasing antigen purity, selecting optimal epitopes, and improving interpretive algorithms, but challenges remain. Due to cross-reactivity, a positive first-line serology test requires confirmation by either a plaque reduction neutralization test or detection of seroconversion or a 4-fold rise in virus-specific IgM or IgG antibody titers from acute- and convalescent-phase sera. The use of molecular diagnostics, such as reverse transcription PCR or unbiased metagenomic sequencing, is limited to the minority of patients who present with ongoing viremia or central nervous system replication. With the continued expansion of vector range, the diagnosis of domestic arboviruses will become an increasingly important task for generalists and specialists alike.
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Evaluation of Two Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits for Chikungunya Virus IgM Using Samples from Deceased Organ and Tissue Donors. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:825-830. [PMID: 27535838 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00330-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of nearly 3,500 cases of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in U.S. residents returning in 2014 and 2015 from areas in which it is endemic has raised concerns within the transplant community that, should recently infected individuals become organ and/or tissue donors, CHIKV would be transmitted to transplant recipients. Thus, tests designed to detect recent CHIKV infection among U.S. organ and tissue donors may become necessary in the future. Accordingly, we evaluated 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for CHIKV IgM readily available in the United States using 1,000 deidentified serum or plasma specimens collected from donors between November 2014 and March 2015. The Euroimmun indirect ELISA identified 38 reactive specimens; however, all 38 were negative for CHIKV IgG and IgM in immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) conducted at a reference laboratory and, thus, were falsely reactive in the Euroimmun CHIKV IgM assay. The InBios IgM-capture ELISA identified 26 reactive samples, and one was still reactive (index ≥ 1.00) when retested using the InBios kit with a background subtraction modification to identify false reactivity. This reactive specimen was CHIKV IgM negative but IgG positive by IFAs at two reference laboratories; plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT) demonstrated CHIKV-specific reactivity. The IgG and PRNT findings strongly suggest that the InBios CHIKV IgM-reactive result represents true reactivity, even though the IgM IFA result was negative. If testing organ/tissue donors for CHIKV IgM becomes necessary, the limitations of the currently available CHIKV IgM ELISAs and options for their optimization must be understood to avoid organ/tissue wastage due to falsely reactive results.
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Sambri V, Capobianchi MR, Cavrini F, Charrel R, Donoso-Mantke O, Escadafal C, Franco L, Gaibani P, Gould EA, Niedrig M, Papa A, Pierro A, Rossini G, Sanchini A, Tenorio A, Varani S, Vázquez A, Vocale C, Zeller H. Diagnosis of west nile virus human infections: overview and proposal of diagnostic protocols considering the results of external quality assessment studies. Viruses 2013; 5:2329-48. [PMID: 24072061 PMCID: PMC3814591 DOI: 10.3390/v5102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus, genus Flavivirus, is transmitted between birds and occasionally other animals by ornithophilic mosquitoes. This virus also infects humans causing asymptomatic infections in about 85% of cases and <1% of clinical cases progress to severe neuroinvasive disease. The virus also presents a threat since most infections remain unapparent. However, the virus contained in blood and organs from asymptomatically infected donors can be transmitted to recipients of these infectious tissues. This paper reviews the presently available methods to achieve the laboratory diagnosis of West Nile virus infections in humans, discussing the most prominent advantages and disadvantages of each in light of the results obtained during four different External Quality Assessment studies carried out by the European Network for ‘Imported’ Viral Diseases (ENIVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Sambri
- Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (V.S.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (G.R.); (S.V.); (C.V.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-331-8687352
| | - Maria R. Capobianchi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) “L. Spallanzani”, Rome 00149, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Francesca Cavrini
- Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (V.S.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (G.R.); (S.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Rémi Charrel
- UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, EHESP French School of Public Health & IHU Mediterranee Infection, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, Aix Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France; E-Mail: (R.C.)
| | - Olivier Donoso-Mantke
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS-1), Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin 13353, Germany; E-Mails: (O.D.-M.); (C.E.); (M.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Camille Escadafal
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS-1), Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin 13353, Germany; E-Mails: (O.D.-M.); (C.E.); (M.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Leticia Franco
- National Microbiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28220, Spain; E-Mails: (L.F.); (A.T.); (A.V.)
| | - Paolo Gaibani
- Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (V.S.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (G.R.); (S.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Ernest A. Gould
- UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, EHESP French School of Public Health & IHU Mediterranee Infection, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, Aix Marseille University, 13005, Marseille, France; E-Mail: (R.C.)
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK; E-Mail: (E.A.G.)
| | - Matthias Niedrig
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS-1), Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin 13353, Germany; E-Mails: (O.D.-M.); (C.E.); (M.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Anna Pierro
- Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (V.S.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (G.R.); (S.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Giada Rossini
- Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (V.S.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (G.R.); (S.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Andrea Sanchini
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS-1), Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin 13353, Germany; E-Mails: (O.D.-M.); (C.E.); (M.N.); (A.S.)
- European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm 171 83, Sweden
| | - Antonio Tenorio
- National Microbiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28220, Spain; E-Mails: (L.F.); (A.T.); (A.V.)
| | - Stefania Varani
- Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (V.S.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (G.R.); (S.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Ana Vázquez
- National Microbiology Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28220, Spain; E-Mails: (L.F.); (A.T.); (A.V.)
| | - Caterina Vocale
- Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna 40138, Italy; E-Mails: (V.S.); (F.C.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (G.R.); (S.V.); (C.V.)
| | - Herve Zeller
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm 171 83, Sweden; E-Mail:
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Evaluation of a new commercially available immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of dengue virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3102-6. [PMID: 23824771 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00351-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the FDA-cleared InBios dengue virus (DENV) IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for qualitative detection of anti-DENV IgM antibodies from 79 serum samples obtained from dengue virus-infected patients or suspected dengue cases. The agreement, sensitivity, and specificity of the InBios assay compared to the gold standard in-house DENV IgM capture ELISA were 94, 92, and 94%, respectively. We conclude that the InBios DENV IgM capture ELISA can be effectively used for rapid diagnosis of acute or recent DENV infection.
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Hattersley SM, Greenman J, Haswell SJ. The application of microfluidic devices for viral diagnosis in developing countries. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 949:285-303. [PMID: 23329450 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-134-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Whilst diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders are increasing in the developed world, the main threat to global health remains viral-based infectious disease. Such diseases are notably prevalent in developing countries, where they represent a major cause of mortality; however, their detection and prevention is typically hampered by poor infrastructure and a lack of resources to support the sophisticated diagnostic tools commonly found in modern laboratories. Microfluidic-based diagnostics has the potential to close the gap between developed and developing world medical needs due to the robustness and reduced operating costs such technology offers. The most recent developments in microfluidic diagnostics for viral infections have explored the separation and enumeration of immune cells, the capture and identification of viral particles, and antiviral drug evaluation within microchannels and chambers. Advances in solid-phase separation, isothermal amplification, real-time detection of nucleotide products, and improved efficiency of detection systems in microfluidic platforms have also opened up opportunities for diagnostic innovation. This chapter reviews the potential capability microfluidic technology can offer in addressing the practical challenges of providing diagnostic technology for developing countries, illustrated by research on key viral diseases.
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