Simultaneous determination of the combined drugs of ceftriaxone sodium, metronidazole, and levofloxacin in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography

A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor from poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/chitosan for selective and sensitive detection of levofloxacin

The improper usage of levofloxacin (LEV) endangers both environmental safety and human public health. Therefore, trace analysis and detection of LEV have extraordinary significance. In this paper, a novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor was developed for the specific determination of LEV by electrochemical polymerization of o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/chitosan (PEDOT/CS) with a porous structure and rich functional groups as a carrier and LEV as a template molecule. The morphology, structure and properties of the modified materials were analyzed and studied. The result showed that the electron transfer rate and the electroactive strength of the electrode surface are greatly improved by the interconnection of PEDOT and CS. Meanwhile, PEDOT/CS was assembled by imprinting with o-PD through non-covalent bonding, which offered more specific recognition sites and a larger surface area for the detection of LEV and effectively attracted LEV through intermolecular association. Under the optimized conditions, MIP/PEDOT/CS/GCE showed good detection performance for LEV in a wide linear range of 0.0019- 1000 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) of 0.4 nM. Furthermore, the sensor has good stability and selectivity, and exhibits excellent capabilities in the microanalysis of various real samples.

A probe of new molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC-DAD and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for quantification of tetracycline HCl, metronidazole and bismuth subcitrate in combination with their official impurities: Application in dosage form and human plasma

The integration of molecular imprinting technique with chromatographic one has a great impact on the assay's selectivity and sensitivity. Herein, a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction associated with high performance liquid chromatography (MISPE-HPLC) was employed for simultaneous determination of the co-formulated drugs; tetracycline hydrochloride (TET) and metronidazole (MET), in plasma and in their anti-H-pylori drug for the first time. Two sorts of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were fabricated using TET and MET as the template molecules, while ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and methacrylic acid were used as a cross-linker and a monomer, respectively. The synthesized MIPs were identified using different techniques. The adsorption-desorption capability of each template was investigated towards its corresponding MIP. The extraction conditions of MISPE was optimized with respect to TET/MIP and MET/MIP sorbent. Bismuth subcitrate (BSC), the third co-formulated drug was analyzed in spiked human plasma using an atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS) method. The performance of the developed methods was assured as per ICH guidelines for analyzing the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage form along with two of their official impurities. In addition, bioanalytical method validation was conducted where linearity was achieved at 2.0-40.0 μg mL-1, 2.0-40.0 μg mL-1 and 5.0-80.0 μg mL-1 for TET, MET and BSC, respectively.

Development and Validation of a Simple Procedure for the Kinetic Spectrophotometric Quantitative Determination of Ceftriaxone Using Potassium Caroate

A simple procedure for the quantitative determination of the Ceftriaxone pure substance by the spectrophotometric method in its kinetic modification using Caro’s acid has been developed and validated. The scheme of the chemical transformation of Ceftriaxone with the reaction of potassium caroate has been proposed. The appearance of a new wave gives the possibility of developing a new procedure for the quantitative determination of Ceftriaxone. The obtained results of accuracy and precision are as follows: RSD = 1.63-2.25 %, δ = 0.33-0.96 %. LOD = 0.1 µg/mL, LOQ = 0.33 µg/mL.

A Clean, Sustainable and Stability-Indicating Method for the Quantification of Ceftriaxone Sodium in Pharmaceutical Product by HPLC

Ceftriaxone sodium is a widely used antimicrobial, which is only available as a lyophilized powder. The presence of methods for evaluating the quality of this product is very important and helps to ensure its effectiveness, in addition to contributing to the fight against bacterial resistance. Therefore, a clean and sustainable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for evaluating ceftriaxone stability in pharmaceutical product. A Zorbax SB C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column was maintained at 25°C; the mobile phase consisted of purified water acidified with 0.2% orthophosphoric acid and ethanol (87: 13, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.9 mL min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 260 nm. The method was linear over a concentration range of 20-120 μg mL-1, precise with relative standard deviations <2%, robust in the event of minor changes to the original method conditions, accurate with recovery between 98% and 102% and specific to degradation products. The retention time for ceftriaxone sodium was ~4.6 minutes. This work shows an ecologically correct option by HPLC method for the evaluation of ceftriaxone sodium in pharmaceutical product, as well as its stability, which addresses the requirements of the current green and sustainable analytical chemistry.

Enhancement in Oral Absorption of Ceftriaxone by Highly Functionalized Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

The present study aims at the development, characterization, biocompatibility investigation and oral bioavailability evaluation of ceftriaxone (CFT)-loaded N′-methacryloylisonicotinohydrazide (MIH)-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (CFT-MIH-MNPs). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the developed CFT loaded MIH-MNPs are spherical, with a measured hydrodynamic size of 184.0 ± 2.7 nm and negative zeta potential values (–20.2 ± 0.4 mV). Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis revealed interactions between the nanocarrier and the drug. Nanoparticles showed high drug entrapment efficiency (EE) of 79.4% ±1.5%, and the drug was released gradually in vitro and showed prolonged in vitro stability using simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) fluids. The formulations were found to be highly biocompatible (up to 100 µg/mL) and hemocompatible (up to 1.0 mg/mL). Using an albino rabbit model, the formulation showed a significant enhancement in drug plasma concentration up to 14.4 ± 1.8 µg/mL in comparison with its control (2.0 ± 0.6 µg/mL). Overall, the developed CFT-MIH-MNPs formulation was promising for provision of high drug entrapment, gradual drug release and suitability for enhancing the oral delivery of CFT.

Direct nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification and identification of metronidazole in its dosage form and human urine

A rapid, sensitive and direct nano-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (NS-ESI-MS/MS) method, using an offline nanospray (NS) capillary, has been developed and validated for the analysis of metronidazole (MTZ). A mixture of 2 µl MTZ sample solution prepared in an ionization solvent consisting of methanol : water : formic acid in a ratio of 80 : 20 : 0.3, together with 2 µl of an internal standard (IS), 1,3,6-polytyrosine, is loaded into the back of the NS capillary. The NS capillary was fitted into the ion source at a distance of 3 mm between the NS tip and MS orifice. The sample is then analysed and acquired a sustainable signal that allowed for data compilation across various data points for MTZ identification and quantification. The quantification relied on the ratio of the [M + H]+ peaks of MTZ and IS with m/z values of 172.0717 and 182.0812, respectively, while the identification relied on the MS/MS of the precursor ions [M + H]+ of both compounds and their fragments at 128.05 for MTZ and 165.1 and 136.07 for the IS. The NS-ESI-MS/MS method was accurate and precise for the quantification of MTZ over the concentration range from 2.5 to 25 000 ng ml-1. The applicability of the method was confirmed by MTZ analysis in its pharmaceutical dosage form and detection of the analyte in clinical human urine samples without any sample treatment procedure.

Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry to determine the best method to assess Levofloxacin released from mesoporous silica microspheres/nano-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds

An assessment of Levofloxacin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and its pharmacokinetics in serum or plasma was made in a previous study by the present authors. Levofloxacin-loaded mesoporous silica microspheres/nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) composite scaffolds comprise a novel synthetic composite scaffold that may be utilized as a drug-delivery system for clinical usage. However, few studies have been published concerning a comparison of HPLC with UV-Vis, which is the preferred method for determination of Levofloxacin. In the present study, an HPLC method was first established, and subsequently a comparison of HPLC with the UV-Vis method was performed. The standard curve was established, and recovery rate from simulated body fluid was calculated. The linear concentration range for Levofloxacin was 0.05–300 µg/ml. The regression equation for HPLC was y=0.033x+0.010, with R²=0.9991, whereas that for UV-Vis was y=0.065x+0.017, with R²=0.9999. The recovery rates of low, medium and high (5, 25 and 50 µg/ml) concentrations of Levofloxacin determined by HPLC were 96.37±0.50, 110.96±0.23 and 104.79±0.06%, respectively, whereas those for low, medium and high concentrations according to UV-Vis were 96.00±2.00, 99.50±0.00 and 98.67±0.06%, respectively. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that it is not accurate to measure the concentration of drugs loaded on the biodegradable composite composites by UV-Vis. HPLC is the preferred method to evaluate sustained release characteristics of Levofloxacin released from mesoporous silica microspheres/n-HA composite scaffolds. The present study also provides guidance on which methods should be selected for investigating the sustained release properties of drugs in tissue engineering. The accurate determination of drug concentration in the drug delivery system provides guidance for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Enhanced HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of the co-administered drugs ceftriaxone sodium and lidocaine hydrochloride in human plasma following an intramuscular injection and application to a pharmacokinetic study

A sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method was established for the quantification of ceftriaxone sodium (CFT) and lidocaine HCl (LDC) in human plasma utilizing cefixime (CFX) and tadalafil (TDA) as internal standards. The analytes were extracted from human plasma by protein precipitation using acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was performed on Kinetex C₁₈ (50.0 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) column with methanol-0.01 M ammonium acetate pH 6.4 (70: 30, v/v) as mobile phase. Multiple reaction monitoring involving the transitions 555.10 → 396.20, 235.20 → 86.00, 454.20 → 284.80 and 390.20 → 268.20 was utilized to quantify CFT, LDC, CFX and TDA, respectively, using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer which was operated in positive ion mode. The method revealed linearity in the concentration range of 3.0-300.0 μg/mL for CFT and 3.0-300.0 ng/mL for LDC. The validation of the method was achieved in accordance to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. A pharmacokinetic study was performed on healthy Egyptian volunteers after intramuscular injection of sterile ceftriaxone sodium (1 g CFT dissolved in 3.5 mL of 1% LDC) after approval from the ethics committee. The pharmacokinetic parameters were: C_max 141.15 ± 39.84 (μg/mL) and 55.02 ± 9.36 (ng/mL); t_max (h) 2.50 ± 0.50 and 1.5 ± 0.50; t_½ (h) 7.30 ± 2.98 and 4.23 ± 1.96; and K_el (h^-1 ) 0.10 ± 0.04 and 0.20 ± 0.13 for CFT and LDC, respectively.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantitation of ceftriaxone, metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole in plasma from seriously ill, severely malnourished children

We have developed and validated a novel, sensitive, selective and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for the simultaneous quantitation of ceftriaxone (CEF), metronidazole (MET) and hydroxymetronidazole (MET-OH) from only 50 µL of human plasma, and unbound CEF from 25 µL plasma ultra-filtrate to evaluate the effect of protein binding. Cefuroxime axetil (CEFU) was used as an internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted by a protein precipitation procedure with acetonitrile and separated on a reversed-phase Polaris 5 C18-Analytical column using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and 10 mM aqueous ammonium formate pH 2.5, delivered at a flow-rate of 300 µL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring was performed in the positive ion mode using the transitions m/z555.1→ m/z396.0 (CEF), m/z172.2→ m/z 128.2 (MET), m/z188.0→ m/z125.9 (MET-OH) and m/z528.1→ m/z 364.0 (CEFU) to quantify the drugs. Calibration curves in spiked plasma and ultra-filtrate were linear ( r ² ≥ 0.9948) from 0.4-300 µg/mL for CEF, 0.05-50 µg/mL for MET and 0.02 - 30 µg/mL for MET-OH. The intra- and inter- assay precisions were less than 9% and the mean extraction recoveries were 94.0% (CEF), 98.2% (MET), 99.6% (MET-OH) and 104.6% (CEF in ultra-filtrate); the recoveries for the IS were 93.8% (in plasma) and 97.6% (in ultra-filtrate). The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of CEF, MET and MET-OH in hospitalized children with complicated severe acute malnutrition following an oral administration of MET and intravenous administration of CEF over the course of 72 hours.

A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for Determination of Ceftriaxone Sodium

Ceftriaxone sodium is a third-generation semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the class of cephalosporins. Is administered only by parenteral route and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. It has bactericidal action; its main activity is related to the Gram-negative bacteria, being also able to act against Gram-negative bacilli resistant to the first- and second-generation cephalosporins. The present study presents a survey of the characteristics, properties and analytical methods used for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium, for the gathering of data searches were carried out in scientific articles in the world literature, as well as in the official compendia. It is necessary to create awareness about the importance of developing effective and reliable analytical methods for quality control and consequently for conducting pharmacokinetic, bioavailability, bioequivalence studies as well as for the therapeutic monitoring of this drug. Most of the methods found use high-performance liquid chromatography, but also methods that use absorption spectroscopy ultraviolet, infrared spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry and microbiological methods have been presented. A discussion was presented highlighting the need to develop new ecological methods using less toxic solvents, rapid analysis and miniaturization of the samples.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantitation of ceftriaxone, metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole in plasma from seriously ill, severely malnourished children

We have developed and validated a novel, sensitive, selective and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for the simultaneous quantitation of ceftriaxone (CEF), metronidazole (MET) and hydroxymetronidazole (MET-OH) from only 50 µL of human plasma, and unbound CEF from 25 µL plasma ultra-filtrate to evaluate the effect of protein binding. Cefuroxime axetil (CEFU) was used as an internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted by a protein precipitation procedure with acetonitrile and separated on a reversed-phase Polaris 5 C18-Analytical column using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and 10 mM aqueous ammonium formate pH 2.5, delivered at a flow-rate of 300 µL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring was performed in the positive ion mode using the transitions m/z555.1→ m/z396.0 (CEF), m/z172.2→ m/z 128.2 (MET), m/z188.0→ m/z125.9 (MET-OH) and m/z528.1→ m/z 364.0 (CEFU) to quantify the drugs. Calibration curves in spiked plasma and ultra-filtrate were linear ( r 2 ≥ 0.9948) from 0.4-300 µg/mL for CEF, 0.05-50 µg/mL for MET and 0.02 - 30 µg/mL for MET-OH. The intra- and inter- assay precisions were less than 9% and the mean extraction recoveries were 94.0% (CEF), 98.2% (MET), 99.6% (MET-OH) and 104.6% (CEF in ultra-filtrate); the recoveries for the IS were 93.8% (in plasma) and 97.6% (in ultra-filtrate). The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of CEF, MET and MET-OH in hospitalized children with complicated severe acute malnutrition following an oral administration of MET and intravenous administration of CEF over the course of 72 hours.

Droplet based microfluidics: spectroscopic characterization of levofloxacin and its SERS detection

The determination of the absorption behavior of levofloxacin (levaquin) on the surface of silver nanoparticles and its determination in aqueous solution by droplet based microfluidics combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.