High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Ultraviolet Detection of Nilotinib in Human Plasma from Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, and Comparison with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Oncohematological Patients: A Fast and Accurate HPLC-UV Method for the Quantification of Nilotinib in Human Plasma and Its Clinical Application

Nilotinib, a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated clinical activity in chronic myeloid leukemia. As an exposure–response relationship has been observed for nilotinib, its therapeutic drug monitoring could be a valuable tool in clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a selective and precise high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet method for the measurement of nilotinib in plasma from patients with cancer. After protein precipitation extraction with acetonitrile, nilotinib and rilpivirine were separated using isocratic elution on a Tracer Excel 120 ODS C18 column using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate-buffered solution (pH 5.5; 0.037 M)–methanol–acetonitrile (45:45:10, v/v/v), pumped at a flow rate of 1.7 mL·min−1. A wavelength of 254 nm was selected for the quantification of the analyte and the internal standard (IS). The technique was validated following the guidelines for the validation of analytical methods of regulatory agencies (Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA)). Linearity was established in a concentration range between 125 and 7000 ng/mL. The detection limit was 90 ng/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was 125 ng/mL. For all concentrations in the calibration curve, the intraday and interday coefficients of variation were less than 4.1%. Median recovery of nilotinib from plasma was ≥65.1% (±21.4%). The method described is sensitive, selective, reproducible, and rapid, and can be used for the accurate determination of nilotinib in human plasma for pharmacokinetics studies and for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of nilotinib in routine clinical practice.

Utility of a xanthene-based dye for determination of nilotinib using two spectroscopic approaches. Applications to bulk powder, capsules, and spiked human plasma

Novel, selective, facile, and precise spectroscopic approaches were validated to determine nilotinib hydrochloride, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. These approaches depend on the reaction of the tertiary amine group of nilotinib with erythrosine B in the Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 4. Method I, depends on measuring the absorbance of the formed complex at 551 nm. The absorbance concentration plot showed linearity over the concentration range of 1.0 to 9.0 μg/ml. Method II, involved the measurement of the quenching of the native fluorescence of erythrosine B by adding nilotinib in an acidic medium. The fluorescence quenching of erythrosine B was measured at 549 nm after excitation at 528 nm. This approach showed excellent linearity in the concentration range of 0.04 to 0.7 μg/ml. The limit of detection values for Method I and Method II were 0.225 and 0.008 μg/ml, respectively, while the limit of quantitation values for Method I and Method II were 0.68 and 0.026 μg/ml, respectively. To get the optimal conditions, factors that may affect the formation of the ion-pairing complex were thoroughly examined. The two approaches were carefully validated following the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH Q2R1) guidelines. Statistical assessment of the results achieved using the suggested and previously published comparison approaches showed no significant difference. The approaches were successful in determining nilotinib in a pharmaceutical dosage form as well as spiked human plasma samples. The eco-friendly properties of the methods were evaluated by three different tools.

Simultaneous quantification of dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib using high-performance liquid chromatography-Photodiode array detection

Background

Dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib, second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and ponatinib, a third‐generation TKI, are approved pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry assays for simultaneous quantification of the four TKIs in human serum have been reported in the literature, a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay that simultaneously quantifies these compounds has not yet been developed. This study aims to establish and validate an efficient HPLC analytical method using a photodiode array (PDA) detector for the simultaneous quantification of the four TKIs.

Methods

Calibration standards were prepared by serial dilution of serum samples containing the four TKIs, followed by solid‐phase extraction. The four TKIs were eluted in order within 10 min using a binary HPLC gradient system.

Results

The calibration ranges were 2–500 ng/ml for dasatinib, 100–5000 ng/ml for nilotinib, and 10–500 ng/ml for bosutinib and ponatinib. Intra‐day and inter‐day precision and accuracy values were found to be in accordance with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The recovery rates were 92.9%–96.0%, 80.7%–86.1%, 91.6%–99.0%, and 86.4%–92.6% for dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib, respectively.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an HPLC‐PDA analytical method that allows efficient simultaneous quantification of the four TKIs in the serum of patients with CML. We believe that the method developed herein can improve the efficiency of therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with CML in clinical practice.

Comparison of a newly developed high performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection to a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of cabozantinib, dabrafenib, nilotinib and osimertinib in human serum - Application to therapeutic drug monitoring

OBJECTIVE

Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a highly selective and sensitive method for the quantification of kinase inhibitors, yet not widely available in clinical routine for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). To provide a more accessible alternative, a high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet/diode array detection (HPLC-UV/DAD) to quantify cabozantinib, dabrafenib, nilotinib and osimertinib, was developed and validated. Results were compared to LC-MS/MS.

METHOD

After liquid-liquid-extraction and reconstitution of the residue in 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) (pH4.6), acetonitrile and methanol (50:25:25,v/v/v), chromatographic separation was achieved in 20.0 min using a Luna® C18(2)-HST column (100 × 2 mm, 2.5 μm), protected by a C18 guard column (4 × 2 mm) (column temperature: 30 °C, autosampler: 10 °C). Mobile phase A and B consisted of 20 mM KH2PO4 (pH4.9) and acetonitrile (9:1,v/v) and acetonitrile:20 mM KH2PO4 (pH4.9) (7:3,v/v), respectively. Gradient elution was performed at 200 µL/min. Analytes were quantified at 250, 280 and 330 nm, using sorafenib as internal standard.

RESULTS

Calibration curves were linear (35-2,000 ng/mL). Method validation assays met requirements by U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Compared to the more sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS, HPLC-UV/DAD showed a good correlation and a strong positive association (Kendall's tau 0.811¬-0.963, p < 0.05). Bland-Altman-plots revealed 100% (cabozantinib), 98.6% (dabrafenib), 98.6% (nilotinib) and 96.2% (osimertinib) of relative differences inside the limits of agreement. Regulatory agency criteria for sample reanalysis and cross validation were met (±20%-criterion:100% (cabozantinib), 94.3% (dabrafenib), 92% (nilotinib) and 84.6% (osimertinib).

CONCLUSION

The developed HPLC-UV/DAD method is "fit-for-TDM" in clinical routine and serves as a genuine alternative to LC-MS/MS.

A DNA Biosensor Based on a Raspberry-like Hierarchical Nano-structure for the Determination of the Anticancer Drug Nilotinib

It is crucial to design fast, sensitive and affordable deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) recognition instruments, and elucidate changes in DNA structure, for studying the interaction between DNA and chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, a DNA biosensor, based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE), modified with raspberry-like indium(III)/nickel oxide hierarchical nano-structures (In3+ /NiO RLHNSs) was constructed. An electrochemical readout should then give information on the interactions between anticancer drugs and double-stranded (ds)-DNA. The morphology as well as the electrochemical description of this new biosensor is described. Based on experimentally determined optimal conditions, ds-DNA modified with In3+ /NiO RLHNSs/CPE was used to evaluate the binding interaction of nilotinib, as an anti-cancer drug, with DNA through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), UV-Vis spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and a computational docking process. The analyses indicated the linearity of the guanine oxidation signal at nilotinib concentration is given between 0.01 and 50.0 μm, with the limit of detection (LOD) equal to 0.62 nm. Additionally, the equilibrium constant (K) for the binding was determined to 1.5×104  m-1 . Through the quantitative measurement of nilotinib in serum samples with a high recovery rate of 101.3-98.0 %, the applicability of this approach was demonstrated. As a whole, this DNA biosensor may be promising for various bio-interactions.

Successful determination of imatinib re-administration dosage by therapeutic drug monitoring in a case of chronic myeloid leukemia initiating dialysis for acute renal dysfunction

Fixed dose regimen is currently the standard administration method for TKI. However, this case report indicated that TDM may by a useful approach to individualized dosing of TKI for the treatment of CML when initiating dialysis.

Mass Spectrometry: A Powerful Method for Monitoring Various Type of Leukemia, Especially MALDI-TOF in Leukemia's Proteomics Studies Review

Recent success in studying the proteome, as a source of biomarkers, has completely changed our understanding of leukemia (blood cancer). The identification of differentially expressed proteins, such as relapse and drug resistance proteins involved in leukemia by using various ionization sources and mass analyzers of mass spectrometry techniques, has helped scientists find better diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies. With the aid of this powerful analytical technique, we can investigate the qualification/quantification of proteins, protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications, and find the correlation between proteins and their genes with the hope of finding the missing parts of the successful therapy puzzle. In this review, we followed different MS sources and analyzers which used for monitoring various type of leukemia, then focused on MALDI-TOF MS as a quick and reliable method for studying proteins. Due to several review published for other techniques, the present review is the first work in this field. Also, by classifying more than 400 proteins, we have found 42 proteins are involved in two or three different stages of leukemia. Finally, we have suggested six specific biomarkers for AML, one for ALL, three biomarkers with a role in the etiology of leukemia and 13 markers with the potential for further studies.

A systematic approach for stability-indicating HPLC method optimization for Nilotinib bulk through design of experiments: Application towards characterization of base degradation products by mass spectrometry

A novel and reliable stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed using design of experiments. Under forced degradation conditions (hydrolysis, oxidative, photolytic and thermal) Nilotinib produced five major degradation products utilizing sodium hydroxide in base hydrolysis. The degradation products were separated by Hypersil ODS column (150×4.6mm i.d., 5μ) utilizing methanol and 10mM ammonium acetate (pH 3.0, adjusted with acetic acid) as mobile phase in gradient elusion mode at a flow rate of 1.2mL/min column temperature set at 35°C and UV detection at 263nm. Tandem mass spectrometry method was used to characterize the base degradation products by accurate mass measurements. The developed method was found to be linear, accurate, precise and selective for the separation of Nilotinib from its degradation products as per the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. The structures of the degradation products have been elucidated, of which three degradation products were reported for the first time.

Successful determination of nilotinib dosage by therapeutic drug monitoring in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia developing hepatic dysfunction: A case report

Fixed dosage regimen is currently the standard therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). This case report demonstrates successful determination of nilotinib dosage by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). TDM may provide useful marker for individualized dosing of TKI for the treatment of CML.

Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review

We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.