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Huang M, Huiskes FG, de Groot NMS, Brundel BJJM. The Role of Immune Cells Driving Electropathology and Atrial Fibrillation. Cells 2024; 13:311. [PMID: 38391924 PMCID: PMC10886649 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common progressive cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and entails serious complications including stroke and heart failure. Despite decades of clinical research, the current treatment of AF is suboptimal. This is due to a lack of knowledge on the mechanistic root causes of AF. Prevailing theories indicate a key role for molecular and structural changes in driving electrical conduction abnormalities in the atria and as such triggering AF. Emerging evidence indicates the role of the altered atrial and systemic immune landscape in driving this so-called electropathology. Immune cells and immune markers play a central role in immune remodeling by exhibiting dual facets. While the activation and recruitment of immune cells contribute to maintaining atrial stability, the excessive activation and pronounced expression of immune markers can foster AF. This review delineates shifts in cardiac composition and the distribution of immune cells in the context of cardiac health and disease, especially AF. A comprehensive exploration of the functions of diverse immune cell types in AF and other cardiac diseases is essential to unravel the intricacies of immune remodeling. Usltimately, we delve into clinical evidence showcasing immune modifications in both the atrial and systemic domains among AF patients, aiming to elucidate immune markers for therapy and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Huang
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (F.G.H.)
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Fabries G. Huiskes
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (F.G.H.)
| | | | - Bianca J. J. M. Brundel
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure and Arrhythmias, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (F.G.H.)
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Chin CG, Chen YC, Lin YK, Lu YY, Cheng WL, Chung CC, Chen SA, Chen YJ. Effect of macrophage migration inhibitory factor on pulmonary vein arrhythmogenesis through late sodium current. Europace 2023; 25:698-706. [PMID: 36056883 PMCID: PMC10103572 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine, is highly expressed in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Inflammation increases the risk of AF and is primarily triggered by pulmonary vein (PV) arrhythmogenesis. This study investigated whether MIF can modulate the electrical activity of the PV and examined the underlying mechanisms of MIF. METHODS AND RESULTS A conventional microelectrode, a whole-cell patch clamp, western blotting, and immunofluorescent confocal microscopy were used to investigate electrical activity, calcium (Ca2+) regulation, protein expression, ionic currents, and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rabbit PV tissue and isolated single cardiomyocytes with and without MIF incubation (100 ng/mL, treated for 6 h). The MIF (100 ng/mL)-treated PV tissue (n = 8) demonstrated a faster beating rate (1.8 ± 0.2 vs. 2.6 ± 0.1 Hz, P < 0.05), higher incidence of triggered activity (12.5 vs. 100%, P < 0.05), and premature atrial beat (0 vs. 100%, P < 0.05) than the control PV tissue (n = 8). Compared with the control PV cardiomyocytes, MIF-treated single PV cardiomyocytes had larger Ca2+ transients (0.6 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1, ΔF/F0, P < 0.05), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content (0.9 ± 0.20 vs. 1.7 ± 0.3 mM of cytosol, P < 0.05), and cytosolic ROS (146.8 ± 5.3 vs. 163.7 ± 3.8, ΔF/F0, P < 0.05). Moreover, MIF-treated PV cardiomyocytes exhibited larger late sodium currents (INa-Late), L-type Ca2+ currents, and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger currents than the control PV cardiomyocytes. KN93 [a selective calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) blocker, 1 μM], ranolazine (an INa-Late inhibitor, 10 μM), and N-(mercaptopropionyl) glycine (ROS inhibitor, 10 mM) reduced the beating rates and the incidence of triggered activity and premature captures in the MIF-treated PV tissue. CONCLUSION Macrophage migration inhibitory factor increased PV arrhythmogenesis through Na+ and Ca2+ dysregulation through the ROS activation of CaMKII signalling, which may contribute to the genesis of AF during inflammation. Anti-CaMKII treatment may reverse PV arrhythmogenesis. Our results clearly reveal a key link between MIF and AF and offer a viable therapeutic target for AF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chye-Gen Chin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Li Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Chung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Heart Rhythm Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Li QL, Tang J, Zhao L, Ruze A, Shan XF, Gao XM. The role of CD74 in cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1049143. [PMID: 36712241 PMCID: PMC9877307 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1049143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte differentiation antigen 74 (CD74), also known as invariant chain, is a molecular chaperone of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules involved in antigen presentation. CD74 has recently been shown to be a receptor for the macrophage migration inhibitory factor family proteins (MIF/MIF2). Many studies have revealed that CD74 plays an important role in cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the structure and main functions of CD74 and then focus on the recent research progress on the role of CD74 in cardiovascular diseases. In addition, we also discuss potential treatment strategies that target CD74. Our systematic review of the role of CD74 in cardiovascular disease will fill some knowledge gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Amanguli Ruze
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xue-Feng Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, Ürümqi, China,Clinical Medical Research Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Ming Gao,
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Yao Y, Yang M, Liu D, Zhao Q. Immune remodeling and atrial fibrillation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:927221. [PMID: 35936905 PMCID: PMC9355726 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.927221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a highly prevalent arrhythmia that causes high morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanism of AF has not been fully elucidated. Recent research has suggested that, during AF, the immune system changes considerably and interacts with the environment and cells involved in the initiation and maintenance of AF. This may provide a new direction for research and therapeutic strategies for AF. In this review, we elaborate the concept of immune remodeling based on available data in AF. Then, we highlight the complex relationships between immune remodeling and atrial electrical, structural and neural remodeling while also pointing out some research gaps in these field. Finally, we discuss several potential immunomodulatory treatments for AF. Although the heterogeneity of existing evidence makes it ambiguous to extrapolate immunomodulatory treatments for AF into the clinical practice, immune remodeling is still an evolving concept in AF pathophysiology and further studies within this field are likely to provide effective therapies for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dishiwen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyan Zhao,
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Dai JX, Lin Q, Ba HJ, Ye LZ, Li ZW, Cai JY. Utility of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a potential biomarker for detection of cerebrocardiac syndrome following severe traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 512:179-184. [PMID: 33181151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrocardiac syndrome (CCS) is a common complication after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) and its occurrence obviously increases the risk of a poor outcome. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) acts as an inflammatory cytokine and its circulating concentration are related to acute heart and brain injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association of serum concentration of MIF with posttraumatic CCS. METHODS From January 2016 to February 2019, 116 sTBI patients and 116 healthy controls with similar age and gender percentage were recruited. Relationship between serum MIF concentration and CCS was assessed using multivariate analysis. RESULTS Serum MIF concentration of patients were significantly higher than those among controls. Serum MIF concentration were intimately correlated with Glasgow coma scale scores (t = -5.553, P < 0.001) and serum C-reactive protein concentration (t = 5.320, P < 0.001) in a multivariate linear regression model. 61 patients (52.6%) displayed CCS. Under ROC curve analylsis, there was a strong discriminatory ability for CCS regarding serum MIF concentration (area under curve, 0.834; 95% confidence interval, 0.754-0.897). Serum MIF concentration were highly associated with CCS independent of other confounding factors (odds ratio, 5.608; 95% CI: 1.896-16.587). CONCLUSIONS Increased MIF in serum may be a useful biomarker for early detection of CCS after head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xia Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qun Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hua-Jun Ba
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Liang-Zhi Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jian-Yong Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Wenzhou City, 32 Dajian Lane, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Adili A, Wang Y, Zhu X, Cao H, Fan F, Tang X, Zhou Q, Wang D. Preoperative monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio predicts early recurrence after radiofrequency maze procedure of valvular atrial fibrillation. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 35:e23595. [PMID: 32978843 PMCID: PMC7891499 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monocyte‐to‐high‐density lipoprotein (M/H) ratio has emerged as a novel cardiovascular prognostic biomarker. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic values of M/H with early recurrence in persistent valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients after radiofrequency (RF) maze procedure. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 131 consecutive persistent AF patients with valvular heart diseases who were followed up 3 months after RF maze procedure. Their clinical data were recorded. Logistic regression analyses were performed for significant predictors. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used for validation with corresponding area under the curve. Results 70 (53.4%) patients experienced early recurrence after procedure. Patients with early recurrence were older, have longer AF duration history, larger left atria diameter (LAD), higher plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP), lower triglycerides (TG), lower cholesterol (TC), increased monocyte counts, lower HDL cholesterol, and increased M/H ratio. In multivariate analysis, age (OR 1.1 95% CI 1.0‐1.1 P = .003), LAD (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.2‐3.5, P = .006), TG (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.15‐0.84, P = .019), M/H (OR 6.1, 95% CI 2.9‐13.0, P < .001) were significantly independent predictors of AF early recurrence. M/H ratio demonstrated a significant predictive value (AUC = 0.77, sensitivity 89.0%, specificity 54%). Further, there was a positive correlation of M/H ratio with CRP and white blood cell. Conclusion Preoperative M/H ratio was an independent risk factor of AF early recurrence following RF maze operation. M/H ratio should be considered in prediction of early recurrence for valvular AF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailiya Adili
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospita,the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospita,the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiyu Zhu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospita,the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospita,the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Fudong Fan
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospita,the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinlong Tang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospita,the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospita,the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongjin Wang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospita,the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Cheng WL, Kao YH, Chen YC, Lin YK, Chen SA, Chen YJ. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor increases atrial arrhythmogenesis through CD74 signaling. Transl Res 2020; 216:43-56. [PMID: 31669150 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine, is highly expressed in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). CD74 (major histocompatibility complex, class II invariant chain) is the main receptor for MIF. However, the role of the MIF/CD74 axis in atrial arrhythmogenesis is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of MIF/CD74 signaling on atrial electrophysiological characteristics and determined its underlying mechanisms. Confocal fluorescence microscopy, patch clamp, and western blot analysis were used to study calcium homeostasis, ionic currents, and calcium-related signaling in MIF-treated HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes with or without anti-CD74 neutralized antibodies treatment. Furthermore, electrocardiographic telemetry recording and echocardiography were obtained from mice treated with MIF. Compared with controls, MIF-treated HL-1 myocytes had increased calcium transients, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium content, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) efflux rate, calcium leak, transient outward potassium current, and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier potassium current. Furthermore, MIF could induce expression of SR Ca2+ATPase, NCX, phosphorylation of ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), and activation of calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) when compared with control cells. MIF-mediated electrical dysregulation and CaMKII-RyR2 signaling activation were attenuated through blocking of CD74. Moreover, MIF-injected mice had lesser left atrium fractional shortening, greater atrial fibrosis, and atrial ectopic beats than control (nonspecific immunoglobulin treated) or MIF combined with anti-CD74 neutralized antibody-treated mice. Consequently, our study on MIF/CD74 signaling has pointed out a new potential therapeutic intervention of AF patients with MIF elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wan C, Li Z. Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor is correlated with atrial fibrillation. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32. [PMID: 28407372 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages. This study is performed to investigate whether serum MIF is correlated with atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS Totally, 186 AF patients and 103 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. AF patients were then divided into paroxysmal AF, persistent AF, and permanent AF subgroups. RESULTS There were higher serum MIF concentrations in AF patients than in healthy subjects. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that serum MIF was associated with AF. Permanent AF patients exhibited higher serum MIF concentrations than persistent and paroxysmal AF subgroups. Elevated serum MIF concentrations were found in persistent AF patients compared with paroxysmal AF patients. Moreover, serum MIF concentrations were associated with left atrial diameter after Spearman correlation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfu Wan
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, Forth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Anaesthesia, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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