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Rochette-Egly C. Retinoic Acid-Regulated Target Genes During Development: Integrative Genomics Analysis. Subcell Biochem 2020; 95:57-85. [PMID: 32297296 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42282-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a major natural active metabolite of vitamin A (VA) is well known to play critical roles in embryonic development. The effects of RA are mediated by nuclear receptors (RARs), which regulate the expression of gene batteries involved in cell growth and differentiation. Since the early 1990s several laboratories have focused on understanding how RA-regulated genes and RAR binding sites operate by studying the differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells. The development of hybridization-based microarray technology and high performance software analysis programs has allowed the characterization of thousands of RA-regulated genes. During the two last decades, publication of the genome sequence of various organisms has allowed advances in massive parallel sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of genome-wide data sets. These new generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized the field by providing a global integrated picture of RA-regulated gene networks and the regulatory programs involved in cell fate decisions during embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells differentiation. Now the challenge is to reconstruct the RA-regulated gene networks at the single cell level during the development of specialized embryonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Rochette-Egly
- Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France.
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Fernandes CFDL, Iglesia RP, Melo-Escobar MI, Prado MB, Lopes MH. Chaperones and Beyond as Key Players in Pluripotency Maintenance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:150. [PMID: 31428613 PMCID: PMC6688531 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency is orchestrated by distinct players and chaperones and their partners have emerged as pivotal molecules in proteostasis control to maintain stemness. The proteostasis network consists of diverse interconnected pathways that function dynamically according to the needs of the cell to quality control and maintain protein homeostasis. The proteostasis machinery of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is finely adjusted in response to distinct stimuli during cell fate commitment to determine successful organism development. Growing evidence has shown different classes of chaperones regulating crucial cellular processes in PSCs. Histones chaperones promote proper nucleosome assembly and modulate the epigenetic regulation of factors involved in PSCs’ rapid turnover from pluripotency to differentiation. The life cycle of pluripotency proteins from synthesis and folding, transport and degradation is finely regulated by chaperones and co-factors either to maintain the stemness status or to cell fate commitment. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the chaperone network that govern stemness and present the versatile role of chaperones in stem cells resilience. Elucidation of the intricate regulation of pluripotency, dissecting in detail molecular determinants and drivers, is fundamental to understanding the properties of stem cells in order to provide a reliable foundation for biomedical research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Felix de Lima Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Piatniczka Iglesia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Melo-Escobar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brandão Prado
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilene Hohmuth Lopes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tran-Lundmark K, Tannenberg P, Rauch BH, Ekstrand J, Tran PK, Hedin U, Kinsella MG. Perlecan Heparan Sulfate Is Required for the Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by All-trans-Retinoic Acid. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:482-7. [PMID: 25078760 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is a key process in stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, and during restenosis after interventions. A clearer understanding of SMC growth regulation is therefore needed to design specific anti-proliferative therapies. Retinoic acid has been shown to inhibit proliferation of SMCs both in vitro and in vivo and to affect the expression of extracellular matrix molecules. To explore the mechanisms behind the growth inhibitory activity of retinoic acid, we hypothesized that retinoids may induce the expression of perlecan, a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan with anti-proliferative properties. Perlecan expression and accumulation was induced in murine SMC cultures by all-trans-retinoic acid (AtRA). Moreover, the growth inhibitory effect of AtRA on wild-type cells was greatly diminished in SMCs from transgenic mice expressing heparan sulfate-deficient perlecan, indicating that the inhibition is perlecan heparan sulfate-dependent. In addition, AtRA influenced activation and phosphorylation of PTEN and Akt differently in wild-type and mutant SMCs, consistent with previous studies of perlecan-dependent SMC growth inhibition. We demonstrate that AtRA regulates perlecan expression in SMCs and that the inhibition of SMC proliferation by AtRA is, at least in part, secondary to an increased expression of perlecan and dependent upon its heparan sulfate-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Tannenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johan Ekstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Phan-Kiet Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Langton S, Gudas LJ. CYP26A1 knockout embryonic stem cells exhibit reduced differentiation and growth arrest in response to retinoic acid. Dev Biol 2007; 315:331-54. [PMID: 18241852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CYP26A1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, metabolizes all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) into polar metabolites, e.g. 4-oxo-RA and 4-OH-RA. To determine if altering RA metabolism affects embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation, we disrupted both alleles of Cyp26a1 by homologous recombination. CYP26a1(-/-) ES cells had a 11.0+/-3.2-fold higher intracellular RA concentration than Wt ES cells after RA treatment for 48 h. RA-treated CYP26A1(-/-) ES cells exhibited 2-3 fold higher mRNA levels of Hoxa1, a primary RA target gene, than Wt ES cells. Despite increased intracellular RA levels, CYP26a1(-/-) ES cells were more resistant than Wt ES cells to RA-induced proliferation arrest. Transcripts for parietal endodermal differentiation markers, including laminin, J6(Hsp 47), and J31(SPARC, osteonectin) were expressed at lower levels in RA-treated CYP26a1(-/-) ES cells, indicating that the lack of CYP26A1 activity inhibits RA-associated differentiation. Microarray analyses revealed that RA-treated CYP26A1(-/-) ES cells exhibited lower mRNA levels than Wt ES cells for genes involved in differentiation, particularly in neural (Epha4, Pmp22, Nrp1, Gap43, Ndn) and smooth muscle differentiation (Madh3, Nrp1, Tagln Calponin, Caldesmon1). In contrast, genes involved in the stress response (e.g. Tlr2, Stk2, Fcgr2b, Bnip3, Pdk1) were expressed at higher levels in CYP26A1(-/-) than in Wt ES cells without RA. Collectively, our results show that CYP26A1 activity regulates intracellular RA levels, cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation of primary RA target genes, and ES cell differentiation to parietal endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simne Langton
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Rm. E-409, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Over the last quarter century, more than 532 genes have been put forward as regulatory targets of retinoic acid. In some cases this control is direct, driven by a liganded heterodimer of retinoid receptors bound to a DNA response element; in others, it is indirect, reflecting the actions of intermediate transcription factors, non-classical associations of receptors with other proteins, or even more distant mechanisms. Given the broad range of scientific questions continually under investigation, researchers do not always have occasion to classify target genes along these lines. However, our understanding of the genetic role of retinoids will be enhanced if such a distinction can be made for each regulated gene. We have therefore evaluated published data from 1,191 papers covering 532 genes and have classified these genes into four categories according to the degree to which an hypothesis of direct versus indirect control is supported overall. We found 27 genes that are unquestionably direct targets of the classical pathway in permissive cellular contexts (Category 3 genes), plus 105 genes that appear to be candidates, pending the results of specific additional experiments (Category 2). Data on another 267 targets are not evocative of direct or indirect regulation either way, although control by retinoic acid through some mechanism is clear (Category 1). Most of the remaining 133 targets seem to be regulated indirectly, usually through a transcriptional intermediary, in the contexts studied so far (Category 0).
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Balmer
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Chen Y, Keller JM. Transcriptional state and chromatin structure of the murine entactin and laminin gamma1 genes. J Cell Biochem 2002; 82:225-33. [PMID: 11527148 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The positions of nucleosomes in the proximal 5' regions of the coordinately regulated murine entactin/nidogen and laminin gamma1 genes have been identified in four different transcriptional states--constitutively off, basal, induced, and constitutively induced. In the entactin gene a 450 base pair (bp) region of open chromatin is present between three positioned nucleosomes and the transcriptional start site in the basal, induced, and constitutively induced states. Additionally there is a 200 bp open chromatin region at approximately -2.1 kbp that is only present in the induced and constitutively induced states. In the laminin gamma1 gene, a 650 bp region of nucleosome-free chromatin is present between nucleosomes positioned at approximately -750 and +120 in all transcriptionally active states. These results suggest that basal co-expression of these genes requires sites present in these near upstream regions. The induction to high levels appears to involve additional sites and possibly the production of new and/or the modification of existing trans-acting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Abstract
Laminin expression and the subsequent deposition of a basement membrane by primitive endoderm cells is necessary for early mammalian development. We demonstrate that the transcription factors COUP-TF I and II are up-regulated in primitive endoderm cells faster than LAMB1 and LAMC1, and that either COUP-TF is sufficient to induce expression of these laminin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Murray
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, L69 3GE, Liverpool, UK
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Chang HS, Kim NB, Phillips SL. Positive elements in the laminin gamma 1 gene synergize to activate high level transcription during cellular differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:1360-8. [PMID: 8614642 PMCID: PMC145770 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.7.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the murine laminin gamma 1 gene is activated during retinoic acid/cAMP induced differentiation of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Positive transcription control elements associated with two DNase I hypersensitive regions in the large first intron of the gene have been identified which confer a differentiation response on the laminin gamma 1 promoter. However, the kinetics of transcriptional activation suggest each DNA region interacts with transcription factors appearing at different times during differentiation. Synergy between the two regions in cis causes high level activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Chang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15261, USA
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Li C, Gudas LJ. Murine laminin B1 gene regulation during the retinoic acid- and dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced differentiation of embryonic F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:6810-8. [PMID: 8636104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.12.6810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) and cyclic AMP analogs cause the differentiation of F9 embryonic teratocarcinoma stem cells into parietal endoderm, an epithelial cell of the early mouse embryo. Laminin B1 is induced in this differentiation process, but is not transcriptionally activated until 24-48 h after RA addition and is not maximally induced until approximately 72 h. Cyclic AMP analogs enhance this transcriptional activation. Although several DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSS) were observed in the LAMB1 5 -flanking DNA, one of the sites, DHSS2, was detected only after 72 h of RA treatment. Transient transfections have demonstrated that the DHSS2 region functions as a "late-acting RA-inducible enhancer," and motifs in this enhancer contain the homeobox protein-binding site TTATTAACA. Greater binding is observed at these sites by electrophoretic mobility shift assay when cells are cultured with RA and cyclic AMP analogs versus RA alone, and no binding is seen in extracts from RA-treated F9 RAR gamma-/- cells which lack RAR gamma mRNA and protein. Laminin B1 mRNA is not induced by RA in the RAR gamma-/- cells (Boylan, J. F., Lohnes, D., Taneja, R., Chambon, P., and Gudas, L. J. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 9601-9605). Our data show that these DNA regulatory elements contribute to the transcriptional activation of the LAMB1 gene during the later stages of the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abstract
How cell commitment and differentiation are controlled in the early stages of embryogenesis is a problem that has long fascinated developmental biologists. Retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells in culture provides a model in which these questions can be explored. Recent work has yielded exciting insights into the central series of molecular changes which drives the commitment of these cells to formation of a new phenotype. Interacting with the key molecules in this central pathway is a variety of transcription factors, many of which show changes in availability and/or activity during differentiation. In various combinations, these modulate the activities of genes involved in both cell proliferation and in the production of extracellular matrix and other proteins characteristics of differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sleigh
- CSIRO Division of Biomolecular Engineering, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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Castle VP, Ou X, O'Shea S, Dixit VM. Induction of thrombospondin 1 by retinoic acid is important during differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:1857-63. [PMID: 1430209 PMCID: PMC443246 DOI: 10.1172/jci116062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a malignant neoplasm that arises in the adrenal medulla or sympathetic ganglion, is one of the most common solid tumors of childhood. Reports that neuroblastomas spontaneously mature to form benign ganglioneuromas have prompted investigations into the efficacy of using agents that induce neuronal differentiation in the treatment of this malignancy. Retinoic acid is one agent in particular that has been shown to induce growth inhibition and terminal differentiation of neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro. Using the human neuroblastoma cell line SMH-KCNR, we have investigated the role of the extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin in retinoic acid induced neuroblastoma differentiation. Treatment with retinoic acid results in a rapid induction (within 4 h) of thrombospondin (TSP) message which is independent of intervening protein synthesis and superinducible in the presence of cycloheximide. This suggests that TSP functions as a retinoic acid inducible immediate early response gene. A concomitant increase in both cell associated and soluble forms of TSP protein can be detected within 24 h of retinoic acid treatment. A functional role for TSP in SMH-KCNR differentiation was established in experiments which showed that exposure to anti-TSP monoclonal antibodies delay retinoic acid differentiation for 48 h. At the time the cells overcome the effects of TSP inhibition, laminin production becomes maximal. Treatment of the cells with a combination of anti-TSP and antilaminin antibodies results in complete inhibition of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Castle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109
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Okano R, Mita T, Matsui T. Characterization of a novel promoter structure and its transcriptional regulation of the murine laminin B1 gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1132:49-57. [PMID: 1339296 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the laminin B1 gene is known to be induced late during the differentiation of F9 cells by retinoic acid (RA) and dibutyryl cAMP. The involvement of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) has been demonstrated recently in the late induction of laminin B1 gene expression, although the precise regulatory mechanism is not known. In this study, we have reconstituted an efficient in vitro transcription system using F9 nuclear extracts and defined the core promoter structure of the murine laminin B1 gene. The laminin B1 gene was shown to lack a TATA box. The level of the in vitro transcription of the laminin B1 gene was determined by at least three regions between the transcription initiation sites and -100. The most distal region (from -89 to -69) contained three GC boxes. The second region (from -62 to 47) contained a direct repeat of TG(C/A)GCA motif. The proximal region (from -45 to -11) contained another direct repeat of CCTCCCT(C/A)GG motif. A deletion of any one of the three regions respectively decreased the level of transcription to about 20% of wild type DNA. The protein binding analyses revealed that F9 cells contain a factor(s) binding to the TG(C/A)GCA repeat, which was also found in HeLa cells. Together with the observation that the 5' ends of the laminin B1 mRNA from the differentiated F9 cells were identical to those from the undifferentiated F9 cells, it was concluded that the three regions identified here constitute the core promoter of the laminin B1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Okano
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Helaakoski T, Pajunen L, Kivirikko KI, Pihlajaniemi T. Increases in mRNA concentrations of the alpha and beta subunits of prolyl 4-hydroxylase accompany increased gene expression of type IV collagen during differentiation of mouse F9 cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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