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Jahn IJ, Lehniger L, Weber K, Cialla-May D, Popp J. Sample preparation for Raman microspectroscopy. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy and its variants allow for the investigation of a wide range of biological and biomedical samples, i. e. tissue sections, single cells and small molecules. The obtained information is on a molecular level. By making use of databases and chemometrical approaches, the chemical composition of complex samples can also be defined. The measurement procedure is straight forward, however most often sample preparation protocols must be implemented. While pure samples, such as high purity powders or highly concentrated chemicals in aqueous solutions, can be directly measured without any prior sample purification step, samples of biological origin, such as tissue sections, pathogens in suspension or biofluids, food and beverages often require pre-processing steps prior to Raman measurements. In this book chapter, different strategies for handling and processing various sample matrices for a subsequent Raman microspectroscopic analysis were introduced illustrating the high potential of this promising technique for life science and medical applications. The presented methods range from standalone techniques, such as filtration, centrifugation or immunocapture to innovative platform approaches which will be exemplary addressed. Therefore, the reader will be introduced to methods that will simplify the complexity of the matrix in which the targeted molecular species are present allowing direct Raman measurements with bench top or portable setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. J. Jahn
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics , Helmholtzweg 4 07745 Jena , Germany
- Research Campus Infectognostic , Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena , Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the research alliance “Leibniz Health Technologies” , Spectroscopy and Imaging , Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - L. Lehniger
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics , Helmholtzweg 4 07745 Jena , Germany
- Research Campus Infectognostic , Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena , Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the research alliance “Leibniz Health Technologies” , Spectroscopy and Imaging , Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - K. Weber
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics , Helmholtzweg 4 07745 Jena , Germany
- Research Campus Infectognostic , Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena , Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the research alliance “Leibniz Health Technologies” , Spectroscopy and Imaging , Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - D. Cialla-May
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics , Helmholtzweg 4 07745 Jena , Germany
- Research Campus Infectognostic , Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena , Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the research alliance “Leibniz Health Technologies” , Spectroscopy and Imaging , Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - J. Popp
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics , Helmholtzweg 4 07745 Jena , Germany
- Research Campus Infectognostic , Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena , Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena - Member of the research alliance “Leibniz Health Technologies” , Spectroscopy and Imaging , Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena , Germany
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Abstract
Inflammation induced by toxins, micro-organisms, or autoimmunity may result in pathogenic fibrosis, leading to long-term tissue dysfunction, morbidity, and mortality. Immune cells play a role in both induction and resolution of fibrosis. γδ T cells are an important group of unconventional T cells characterized by their expression of non-major histocompatibility complex restricted clonotypic T cell receptors for non-peptide antigens. Accumulating evidence suggests that subsets of γδ T cells in experimentally induced fibrosis following bleomycin treatment, or infection with Bacillus subtilis, play pro-inflammatory roles that instigate fibrosis, whereas the same cells may also play a role in resolving fibrosis. These processes appear to be linked at least in part to the cytokines produced by the cells at various stages, with interleukin (IL)-17 playing a central role in the inflammatory phase driving fibrosis, but later secretion of IL-22, interferon γ, and CXCL10 preventing pathologic fibrosis. Moreover, γδ T cells appear to be involved, in an antigen-driven manner, in the prototypic human fibrotic disease, systemic sclerosis (SSc). In this paper we review in brief the scientific publications that have implicated γδ T cells in fibrotic diseases and their pro- and anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Bank
- Department of Medicine, Maayenei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel; Rheumatology Unit, Autoimmunity Institute and Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Bakhtiaridoost S, Habibiyan H, Muhammadnejad S, Haddadi M, Ghafoorifard H, Arabalibeik H, Amanpour S. Raman spectroscopy-based label-free cell identification using wavelet transform and support vector machine. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wavelet transform and SVM applied to Raman spectra makes a powerful and accurate tool for identification of rare cells such as CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bakhtiaridoost
- Photonics Engineering Group
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - H. Habibiyan
- Photonics Engineering Group
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - S. Muhammadnejad
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - M. Haddadi
- Cancer Models Research Center
- Cancer Institute
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - H. Ghafoorifard
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - H. Arabalibeik
- Research Center for Biomedical Technology and Robotics (RCBTR)
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - S. Amanpour
- Cancer Models Research Center
- Cancer Institute
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
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Kalyan S, Wang J, Quabius ES, Huck J, Wiltfang J, Baines JF, Kabelitz D. Systemic immunity shapes the oral microbiome and susceptibility to bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Transl Med 2015; 13:212. [PMID: 26141514 PMCID: PMC4490596 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a rare but serious adverse drug effect linked to long-term and/or high-dose exposure to nitrogen-bisphosphonates (N-BP), the standard of care for the treatment of bone fragility disorders. The mechanism leading to bisphosphonate-associated ONJ (BAONJ) is unclear and optimal treatment strategies are lacking. Recent evidence suggests that BAONJ may be linked to drug-induced immune dysfunction, possibly associated with increased susceptibility to infections in the oral cavity. The objective of this investigation was to comprehensively assess the relationship linking immune function, N-BP exposure, the oral microbiome and ONJ susceptibility. Methods Leukocyte gene expression of factors important for immunity, wound healing and barrier function were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR and the oral microbiome was characterized by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in 93 subjects stratified by N-BP exposure and a history of ONJ. Results There were marked differences in the systemic expression of genes regulating immune and barrier functions including RANK (p = 0.007), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR, p < 0.001), and FGF9 (p < 0.001), which were collectively up-regulated in individuals exposed to N-BP without ONJ relative to treatment controls. In contrast, the expression levels of these same genes were significantly down-regulated in those who had experienced BAONJ. Surprisingly, the oral microbiome composition was not directly linked to either BAONJ or N-BP exposure, rather the systemic leukocyte expression levels of RANK, TNFA and AHR each explained 9% (p = 0.04), 12% (p = 0.01), and 7% (p = 0.03) of the oral bacterial beta diversity. Conclusions The oral microbiome is unlikely causative of ONJ, rather individuals with BAONJ lacked immune resiliency which impaired their capacity to respond adequately to the immunological stress of N-BP treatment. This may be the common factor linking N-BP and anti-RANK agents to ONJ in at-risk individuals. Preventive and/or therapeutic strategies should target the wound healing deficits present in those with ONJ. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0568-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kalyan
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Bldg. 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jun Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany. .,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Elgar Susanne Quabius
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Bldg. 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. 27, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jörn Huck
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. 26, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jörg Wiltfang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. 26, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306, Plön, Germany. .,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, Bldg. 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Ramoji A, Neugebauer U, Bocklitz T, Foerster M, Kiehntopf M, Bauer M, Popp J. Toward a spectroscopic hemogram: Raman spectroscopic differentiation of the two most abundant leukocytes from peripheral blood. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5335-42. [PMID: 22721427 DOI: 10.1021/ac3007363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first response to infection in the blood is mediated by leukocytes. As a result crucial information can be gained from a hemogram. Conventional methods such as blood smears and automated sorting procedures are not capable of recording detailed biochemical information of the different leukocytes. In this study, Raman spectroscopy has been applied to investigate the differences between the leukocyte subtypes which have been obtained from healthy donors. Raman imaging was able to visualize the same morphological features as standard staining methods without the need of any label. Unsupervised statistical methods such as principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were able to separate Raman spectra of the two most abundant leukocytes, the neutrophils and lymphocytes (with a special focus on CD4(+) T-lymphocytes). For the same cells a classification model was built to allow an automated Raman-based differentiation of the cell type in the future. The classification model could achieve an accuracy of 94% in the validation step and could predict the identity of unknown cells from a completely different donor with an accuracy of 81% when using single spectra and with an accuracy of 97% when using the majority vote from all individual spectra of the cell. This marks a promising step toward automated Raman spectroscopic blood analysis which holds the potential not only to assign the numbers of the cells but also to yield important biochemical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ramoji
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Marischen L, Wesch D, Schröder JM, Wiedow O, Kabelitz D. Human gammadelta T cells produce the protease inhibitor and antimicrobial peptide elafin. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:547-52. [PMID: 19906197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human gammadelta T cells rapidly secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to T cell receptor-dependent recognition of pyrophosphates produced by many bacteria and parasites. In further support of an important role of gammadelta T cells in the immune defence against infection, human gammadelta T cells have been shown to produce the antimicrobial peptide LL37/cathelicidin. In this study, we have investigated whether gammadelta T cells can produce additional antimicrobial peptides. To this end, we have screened human gammadelta T cell clones by RT-PCR for mRNA expression of a broad range of antimicrobial peptides. While alpha-defensins were absent and beta-defensins (HBD1) present only in rare gammadelta T cell clones, elafin mRNA was induced by supernatant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown under static conditions. Elafin is a protease inhibitor that also displays antimicrobial activity. Constitutive intracellular expression of elafin was demonstrated by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, trappin-2 (pre-elafin) could be immunoprecipitated in cell lysates but also in the supernatant of gammadelta T cells stimulated by Ps. aeruginosa supernatant. Taken together, our studies reveal a novel effector function of gammadelta T cells which might be important for local immune defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marischen
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Morita CT, Jin C, Sarikonda G, Wang H. Nonpeptide antigens, presentation mechanisms, and immunological memory of human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells: discriminating friend from foe through the recognition of prenyl pyrophosphate antigens. Immunol Rev 2007; 215:59-76. [PMID: 17291279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells play important roles in mediating immunity against microbial pathogens and have potent anti-tumor activity. Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells recognize the pyrophosphorylated isoprenoid intermediates (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), an intermediate in the foreign 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), an intermediate in the self-mevalonate pathway. Infection with bacteria and protozoa using the MEP pathway leads to the rapid expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells to very high numbers through preferential recognition of HMBPP. Activated Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells produce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, kill infected cells, secrete growth factors for epithelial cells, and present antigens to alphabeta T cells. Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells can also recognize high levels of IPP in certain tumors and in cells treated with pharmacological agents, such as bisphosphonates and alkylamines, that block farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. Activated Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells are able to kill most tumor cells because of recognition by T-cell receptor and natural killer receptors. The ubiquitous nature of the antigens converts essentially all Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells to memory cells at an early age. Thus, primary infections with HMBPP-producing bacteria are perceived by Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells as a repeat infection. Extensive efforts are underway to harness these cells to treat a variety of cancers and to provide microbial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Morita
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Bonneville M, Scotet E. Human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells: promising new leads for immunotherapy of infections and tumors. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:539-46. [PMID: 16870417 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, a major human peripheral gammadelta T-cell subset, react in vitro against a wide array of microbial agents and tumor cells. This broad reactivity pattern is conferred by non-peptidic phosphorylated isoprenoid pathway metabolites, referred to as phosphoantigens, which are able to specifically activate this gammadelta T-cell subset in a T-cell receptor dependent fashion. Recent studies provide new insights into the mode of action of phosphoantigens on Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells and might explain how their recognition can allow detection of infected or altered self by the immune system. The broad antimicrobial and antitumoral reactivity of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells, their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines involved in protective immunity against intracellular pathogens and tumors, and their strong cytolytic and bactericidal activities suggest a direct involvement in immune control of cancers and infections. These observations have recently aided development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches aimed at Vgamma9Vdelta2 T-cell activation, which have already yielded encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bonneville
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Unite 601, Institut de Biologie, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France.
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