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Katane M, Homma H. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Free D-Amino Acids and Their Physiological Roles in the Periphery and Endocrine Glands. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:562-579. [PMID: 38432912 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
It was long believed that D-amino acids were either unnatural isomers or laboratory artifacts, and that the important functions of amino acids were exerted only by L-amino acids. However, recent investigations have revealed a variety of D-amino acids in mammals that play important roles in physiological functions, including free D-serine and D-aspartate that are crucial in the central nervous system. The functions of several D-amino acids in the periphery and endocrine glands are also receiving increasing attention. Here, we present an overview of recent advances in elucidating the physiological roles of D-amino acids, especially in the periphery and endocrine glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Katane
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Hiroshi Homma
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
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Pallerla P, Ragi N, Gari ARBR, Bhumireddy SR, Addipilli R, Rodda R, Yadla M, Sripadi P. Evaluation of amino acids and other related metabolites levels in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis by LC/MS/MS and GC/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6491-6509. [PMID: 37752301 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a rapidly increasing health problem, and every year, about 2 million ESRD cases are reported worldwide. Hemodialysis (HD) is the vital renal reinstatement therapy for ESRD, and HD patterns play a crucial role in patients' health. Plasma metabolomics is the potential approach to understanding the HD process, effectiveness, and patterns. The lack of protein vitality is a primary problem for HD patients, and the quantities of amino acids intracellularly and in the blood are considered to be a symbolic index of protein metabolism and nutrition conditions. In the current study, LC/MS/MS and GC/MS methods were developed for 29 targeted plasma metabolites and validated as per ICH bioanalytical method validation M10 guidelines. The 29 metabolites included 20 proteinogenic amino acids and nine other related metabolites. The methods were employed to measure the absolute quantities (µM) of the targeted metabolites in HD patients (n=60) before and after dialysis (PRE-HD and POST-HD), and compared with the healthy control (HC) group (n=60). Phenylacetylglutamine was found to be higher in both PRE-HD (72.88±14.5 µM) and POST-HD (26.62±7.9 µM), when compared to HC (1.61±0.6 µM). On the other hand, glutamic acid was lower in PRE-HD (14.90±6.5 µM), and POST-HD (13.6±6.1 µM) than that of HC (245.4±37.8 µM). The dialytic loss was found to be 52-45% for arginine, lysine, and histidine, while it was 38-26% for glycine, cysteine, proline, alanine, threonine, glutamine, valine, and methionine. The dialytic loss was low (≤12%) for aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and isoleucine. Graphical abstract adapted from mass spectrometry templates by Biorender.com retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates .
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavankumar Pallerla
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nagarjunachary Ragi
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | | | - Sudarshana Reddy Bhumireddy
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ramunaidu Addipilli
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ramesh Rodda
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Manjusha Yadla
- Department of Nephrology, Gandhi Medical College, Gandhi Hospitals, Hyderabad, 500025, Telangana, India.
| | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Lukhele T, Olivier D, Fotsing MCD, Tata CM, Ikhile MI, Krause RWM, Van Vuuren S, Ndinteh DT. Ethnobotanical survey, phytoconstituents and antibacterial investigation of Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. bark, fruit and leaf extracts. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rapanea melanophloeos is traditionally used in South Africa in the treatment of ailments of the skin, pulmonary and gastro intestinal tract. This study was aimed at giving an overview of these traditional uses and comparing the phytochemicals and antibacterial activities of various crude extracts of the leaves, fruits and bark in order to validate these uses. The three plant parts were extracted using petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MeOH) and water. Various phytochemicals were compared using TLC, while alcohol precipitable solids (APS), non-polar terpenes and amino acids were analysed by GC-MS. Antibacterial activity was determined against three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative strains by microdilution assays. Caryophyllene oxides, α-cadinol and (−)-spathulenol were identified in the PE extracts. All nine essential amino acids were present in fruit extracts in significantly higher levels than in the leaves and bark; 255.1, 23.4 and 21.3 mg/g respectively. Most of the extracts showed good antibacterial activity, especially against the Gram-positive pathogens (MIC of ≤1 mg/mL), the EtOAc extracts exhibited the best activity with the fruit having an MIC values of 0.1 ± 0.2 mg/mL against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis, 0.05 mg/mL against Bacillus cereus. Results from this study validate the ethnomedicinal uses of R. melanophloeos extracts for ailments of bacterial etiology. The plant had a rich supply of secondary metabolites, APS and amino acids and TLC and antibacterial activities of the extracts showed slight variations in chemical composition due to geographic distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabile Lukhele
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg , PO Box 17011 , Doornfontein 2028 , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Denise Olivier
- SEOBI , 19 Mountain Street , Derdepoort 0186 , South Africa
| | - Marthe C. D. Fotsing
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg , PO Box 17011 , Doornfontein 2028 , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Charlotte M. Tata
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg , PO Box 17011 , Doornfontein 2028 , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Monisola I. Ikhile
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg , PO Box 17011 , Doornfontein 2028 , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Rui W. M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry , Rhodes University , Grahamstown 6140 , South Africa
| | - Sandy Van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , 7 York Road , Parktown 2193 , South Africa
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg , PO Box 17011 , Doornfontein 2028 , Johannesburg , South Africa
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Huang S, Wang LM, Sivendiran T, Bohrer BM. Review: Amino acid concentration of high protein food products and an overview of the current methods used to determine protein quality. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2673-2678. [PMID: 29200310 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1396202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quality of the dietary protein in foods rather than amount of dietary protein may be of greater importance from a human health and wellness standpoint. Various systems are in place to determine the value of dietary protein. Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) are the two major protein standards used to determine the completeness of proteins by their unique concentration and digestibility of indispensable amino acids. The purpose of this review was to provide a comprehensive comparison of the amino acid concentration of high protein foods and provide the current status of the use and practicality of the PDCAAS and DIAAS system. This review builds upon previous research analyzing the total nutrient density of protein-rich foods and expands scientific research investigating the quality of proteins. In summary, the average sum of indispensable amino acids for meat and fish products is much more consistent than that of non-meat and plant-based food products. However, some non-meat products have relatively similar amounts of indispensable amino acids on a similar serving size basis. The overwhelming aspect of determining protein quality is that greater research is needed to determine protein digestibility of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Huang
- a Department of Food Science , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Lydia M Wang
- a Department of Food Science , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Thakshi Sivendiran
- a Department of Food Science , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Benjamin M Bohrer
- a Department of Food Science , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
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Analysis of the Enantioselective Effects of PCB95 in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos through Targeted Metabolomics by UPLC-MS/MS. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160584. [PMID: 27500732 PMCID: PMC4976971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As persistent organic pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulate in the bodies of animals and humans, resulting in toxic effects on the reproductive, immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. The biological and toxicological characteristics of enantiomers of chiral PCBs may differ, but these enantioselective effects of PCBs have not been fully characterized. In this study, we performed metabolomics analysis, using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to investigate the enantioselective toxic effects of PCB95 in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos after exposure to three dose levels of 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L for 72 h. Multivariate analysis directly reflected the metabolic perturbations caused by PCB95. The effects of (-)-PCB95 and (+)-PCB95 were more prominent than those of the racemate in zebrafish embryos. A total of 26 endogenous metabolites were selected as potential marker metabolites with variable importance at projection values larger than 1 and significant differences (p<0.05). These metabolites included amino acids, organic acids, nucleosides, betaine, and choline. The changes in these biomarkers were dependent on the enantiomer-specific structures of PCB95. Fifteen metabolic pathways were significantly affected, and several nervous and immune system-related metabolites were significantly validated after exposure. These metabolic changes indicated that the toxic effects of PCB95 may be associated with the interaction of PCB95 with the nervous and immune systems, thus resulting in disruption of energy metabolism and liver function.
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Montesinos Guevara C, Mani AR. The role of D-serine in peripheral tissues. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Le NQ, Binh NT, Takarada T, Takarada-Iemata M, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Negative correlation between Per1 and Sox6 expression during chondrogenic differentiation in pre-chondrocytic ATDC5 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 122:318-25. [PMID: 23883486 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13091fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-chondrocytes undergo cellular differentiation stages during chondrogenesis under the influence by different transcription factors such as sry-type high mobility group box-9 (Sox9) and runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2). We have shown upregulation by parathyroid hormone (PTH) of the clock gene Period-1 (Per1) through the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway in pre-chondrocytic ATDC5 cells. Here, we investigated the role of Per1 in the suppression of chondrogenic differentiation by PTH. In ATDC5 cells exposed to 10 nM PTH, a drastic but transient increase in Per1 expression was seen only 1 h after addition together with a prolonged decrease in Sox6 levels. However, no significant changes were induced in Sox5 and Runx2 levels in cells exposed to PTH. In stable Per1 transfectants, a significant decrease in Sox6 levels was seen, with no significant changes in Sox5 and Sox9 levels, in addition to the inhibition of gene transactivation by Sox9 allies. Knockdown of Per1 by siRNA significantly increased the Sox6 and type II collagen levels in cells cultured for 24 - 60 h. These results suggest that Per1 plays a role in the suppressed chondrocytic differentiation by PTH through a mechanism relevant to negative regulation of transactivation of the Sox6 gene during chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quynh Le
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Abstract
In this review, we would outline the possible signaling system for three types of amino acids including glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and D-serine (D-Ser) to play a role as an extracellular signal mediator in mechanisms underlying maintenance of the cellular homeostasis in skeletal tissues. Although Glu and GABA has been thought to be an excitatory/inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, our molecular biological analyses give rise to a novel function for Glu and GABA as an autocrine and/or paracrine factor in three types of distinct cell types including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes in bone tissues. Moreover, D-Ser plays a pivotal role in osteoclastogenesis through a mechanism related to the incorporation of serine enantiomers in osteoclasts after the synthesis and subsequent release from adjacent osteoblasts. Accordingly, bone formation and maintenance seems to be under control by amino acid signaling in skeletal tissues as seen with neurotransmission in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Takarada T, Takarada-Iemata M, Takahata Y, Yamada D, Yamamoto T, Nakamura Y, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Osteoclastogenesis is negatively regulated by D-serine produced by osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3477-87. [PMID: 22252936 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have shown the functional expression by chondrocytes of serine racemase (SR) which is responsible for the synthesis of D-serine (Ser) from L-Ser in cartilage. In this study, we evaluated the possible functional expression of SR by bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Expression of SR mRNA was seen in osteoblasts localized at the cancellous bone surface in neonatal rat tibial sections and in cultured rat calvarial osteoblasts endowed to release D-Ser into extracellular medium, but not in cultured osteoclasts differentiated from murine bone marrow progenitor cells. Sustained exposure to D-Ser failed to significantly affect alkaline phosphatase activity and Ca(2+) accumulation in cultured osteoblasts, but significantly inhibited differentiation and maturation in a concentration-dependent manner at a concentration range of 0.1-1 mM without affecting cellular survival in cultured osteoclasts. By contrast, L-Ser promoted osteoclastic differentiation in a manner sensitive to the inhibition by D-Ser. Matured osteoclasts expressed mRNA for the amino acid transporter B(0,+) (ATB(0,+) ) and the system alanine, serine, and cysteine amino acid transporter-2 (ASCT2), which are individually capable of similarly incorporating extracellular L- and D-Ser. Knockdown of these transporters by siRNA prevented both the promotion by L-Ser and the inhibition by D-Ser of osteoclastic differentiation in pre-osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that D-Ser may play a pivotal role in osteoclastogenesis through a mechanism related to the incorporation mediated by both ATB(0,+) and ASCT2 of serine enantiomers in osteoclasts after the synthesis and subsequent release from adjacent osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Takarada T, Kodama A, Hotta S, Mieda M, Shimba S, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Clock genes influence gene expression in growth plate and endochondral ossification in mice. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36081-95. [PMID: 22936800 PMCID: PMC3476276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown transient promotion by parathyroid hormone of Period-1 (Per1) expression in cultured chondrocytes. Here we show the modulation by clock genes of chondrogenic differentiation through gene transactivation of the master regulator of chondrogenesis Indian hedgehog (IHH) in chondrocytes of the growth plate. Several clock genes were expressed with oscillatory rhythmicity in cultured chondrocytes and rib growth plate in mice, whereas chondrogenesis was markedly inhibited in stable transfectants of Per1 in chondrocytic ATDC5 cells and in rib growth plate chondrocytes from mice deficient of brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (BMAL1). Ihh promoter activity was regulated by different clock gene products, with clear circadian rhythmicity in expression profiles of Ihh in the growth plate. In BMAL1-null mice, a predominant decrease was seen in Ihh expression in the growth plate with a smaller body size than in wild-type mice. BMAL1 deficit led to disruption of the rhythmic expression profiles of both Per1 and Ihh in the growth plate. A clear rhythmicity was seen with Ihh expression in ATDC5 cells exposed to dexamethasone. In young mice defective of BMAL1 exclusively in chondrocytes, similar abnormalities were found in bone growth and Ihh expression. These results suggest that endochondral ossification is under the regulation of particular clock gene products expressed in chondrocytes during postnatal skeletogenesis through a mechanism relevant to the rhythmic Ihh expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takarada
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | - Ayumi Kodama
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | - Shogo Hotta
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- the Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, and
| | - Shigeki Shimba
- the Department of Health Science, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
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Takarada T. [Signaling factors in a variety of cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012; 132:1145-9. [PMID: 23037699 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.12-00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been thought to be an excitatory/inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Limited information is available in the literature with regard to an extracellular transmitter role of Glu and GABA in peripheral neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, whereas recent molecular biological analyses including ours give rise to a novel function for Glu and GABA as an autocrine and/or paracrine factor in a variety of cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells, in addition to other peripheral tissues including pancreas, adrenal, and pituitary glands. Emerging evidence suggests that Glu and GABA could play a dual role in mechanisms underlying maintenance of cellular homeostasis as a neurotransmitter in the CNS and as an extracellular signal mediator in peripheral autocrine and/or paracrine tissues. In this review, therefore, we summarized the possible signaling by Glu and GABA as an extracellular signal mediator in mechanisms underlying maintenance of cellular homeostasis in mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Nishikawa T. Analysis of free d-serine in mammals and its biological relevance. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3169-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takahata Y, Takarada T, Hinoi E, Nakamura Y, Fujita H, Yoneda Y. Osteoblastic γ-aminobutyric acid, type B receptors negatively regulate osteoblastogenesis toward disturbance of osteoclastogenesis mediated by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand in mouse bone. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32906-17. [PMID: 21828041 PMCID: PMC3190880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing view is that signaling machineries for the neurotransmitter GABA are also expressed by cells outside the CNS. In cultured murine calvarial osteoblasts, mRNA was constitutively expressed for both subunits 1 and 2 of metabotropic GABA(B) receptor (GABA(B)R), along with inhibition by the GABA(B)R agonist baclofen of cAMP formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and Ca(2+) accumulation. Moreover, baclofen significantly inhibited the transactivation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) gene in a manner sensitive to a GABA(B)R antagonist, in addition to decreasing mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), osteocalcin, and osterix. In osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells stably transfected with GABA(B)R1 subunit, significant reductions were seen in ALP activity and Ca(2+) accumulation, as well as mRNA expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin, and osterix. In cultured calvarial osteoblasts from GABA(B)R1-null mice exhibiting low bone mineral density in tibia and femur, by contrast, both ALP activity and Ca(2+) accumulation were significantly increased together with promoted expression of both mRNA and proteins for BMP2 and osterix. No significant change was seen in the number of multinucleated cells stained for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase during the culture of osteoclasts prepared from GABA(B)R1-null mice, whereas a significant increase was seen in the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells in co-culture of osteoclasts with osteoblasts isolated from GABA(B)R1-null mice. These results suggest that GABA(B)R is predominantly expressed by osteoblasts to negatively regulate osteoblastogenesis through down-regulation of BMP2 expression toward disturbance of osteoclastogenesis after down-regulation of RANKL expression in mouse bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Takahata
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukari Nakamura
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Fuchs SA, Berger R, de Koning TJ. D-serine: the right or wrong isoform? Brain Res 2011; 1401:104-17. [PMID: 21676380 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Only recently, d-amino acids have been identified in mammals. Of these, d-serine has been most extensively studied. d-Serine was found to play an important role as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system (CNS) by binding to the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr), similar to glycine. Therefore, d-serine may well play a role in all physiological and pathological processes in which NMDArs have been implied. In this review, we discuss the findings implying an important role for d-serine in human physiology (CNS development and memory and learning) and pathology (excitotoxicity, perinatal asphyxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder). We will debate on the relative contribution of d-serine versus glycine and conclude with clinical applications derived from these results and future directions to progress in this field. In general, adequate concentrations of d-serine are required for normal CNS development and function, while both decreased and increased concentrations can lead to CNS pathology. Therefore, d-serine appears to be the right isoform when present in the right concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Fuchs
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Takarada T, Hojo H, Iemata M, Sahara K, Kodama A, Nakamura N, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Interference by adrenaline with chondrogenic differentiation through suppression of gene transactivation mediated by Sox9 family members. Bone 2009; 45:568-78. [PMID: 19446054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to osteoblasts, little attention has been paid to the functional expression of adrenergic signaling machineries in chondrocytes. Expression of mRNA was for the first time demonstrated for different adrenergic receptor (AdR) subtypes in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells and mouse metatarsals isolated before vascularization in culture, but not for other molecules related to adrenergic signaling. In neonatal mouse tibial sections, beta(2)AdR and alpha(2a)AdR mRNA expression was found in chondrocytes at different developmental stages by in situ hybridization. Exposure to adrenaline significantly suppressed expression of several maturation markers through the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway activated by beta(2)AdR without affecting cellular proliferation in both cultured ATDC5 cells and metatarsals. Adrenaline also significantly inhibited gene transactivation by sry-type HMG box 9 (Sox9) family members essential for chondrogenic differentiation in a manner prevented by the general betaAdR antagonist propranolol, with a concomitant significant decrease in the levels of Sox6 mRNA and corresponding protein, in ATDC5 cells and primary cultured mouse costal chondrocytes. Systemic administration of propranolol significantly promoted the increased expression of mRNA for collagen I and collagen X, but not for collagen II, in callus of fractured femur in mice. These results suggest that adrenaline may interfere with chondrogenic differentiation through downregulation of Sox6 expression for subsequent suppression of gene transactivation mediated by Sox9 family members after activation of beta(2)AdR expressed by chondrocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/cytology
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Epinephrine/pharmacology
- Fractures, Bone/metabolism
- Fractures, Bone/pathology
- Metatarsal Bones/cytology
- Metatarsal Bones/physiology
- Mice
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- SOX9 Transcription Factor/physiology
- SOXD Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tibia/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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16
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Grundberg E, Kwan T, Ge B, Lam KCL, Koka V, Kindmark A, Mallmin H, Dias J, Verlaan DJ, Ouimet M, Sinnett D, Rivadeneira F, Estrada K, Hofman A, van Meurs JM, Uitterlinden A, Beaulieu P, Graziani A, Harmsen E, Ljunggren O, Ohlsson C, Mellström D, Karlsson MK, Nilsson O, Pastinen T. Population genomics in a disease targeted primary cell model. Genome Res 2009; 19:1942-52. [PMID: 19654370 DOI: 10.1101/gr.095224.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The common genetic variants associated with complex traits typically lie in noncoding DNA and may alter gene regulation in a cell type-specific manner. Consequently, the choice of tissue or cell model in the dissection of disease associations is important. We carried out an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) study of primary human osteoblasts (HOb) derived from 95 unrelated donors of Swedish origin, each represented by two independently derived primary lines to provide biological replication. We combined our data with publicly available information from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of bone mineral density (BMD). The top 2000 BMD-associated SNPs (P < approximately 10(-3)) were tested for cis-association of gene expression in HObs and in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) using publicly available data and showed that HObs have a significantly greater enrichment (threefold) of converging cis-eQTLs as compared to LCLs. The top 10 BMD loci with SNPs showing strong cis-effects on gene expression in HObs (P = 6 x 10(-10) - 7 x 10(-16)) were selected for further validation using a staged design in two cohorts of Caucasian male subjects. All 10 variants were tested in the Swedish MrOS Cohort (n = 3014), providing evidence for two novel BMD loci (SRR and MSH3). These variants were then tested in the Rotterdam Study (n = 2090), yielding converging evidence for BMD association at the 17p13.3 SRR locus (P(combined) = 5.6 x 10(-5)). The cis-regulatory effect was further fine-mapped to the proximal promoter of the SRR gene (rs3744270, r(2) = 0.5, P = 2.6 x 10(-15)). Our results suggest that primary cells relevant to disease phenotypes complement traditional approaches for prioritization and validation of GWAS hits for follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Grundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal H3A 1B1, Canada
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17
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Takarada T, Takahata Y, Iemata M, Hinoi E, Uno K, Hirai T, Yamamoto T, Yoneda Y. Interference with cellular differentiation by D-serine through antagonism at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors composed of NR1 and NR3A subunits in chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:756-64. [PMID: 19452450 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Serine racemase (SR) is responsible for the biosynthesis of D-serine (D-Ser), an endogenous co-agonist for the glycine (Gly)-binding site on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, from L-Ser in the brain. We have previously demonstrated high expression of SR by chondrocytes in cartilage. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the possible functional role of D-Ser in chondrogenesis. Expression of mRNA and corresponding protein was seen for SR in cultured rat costal chondrocytes, while the addition of L-Ser significantly increased intracellular and extracellular levels of D-Ser. In organotypic cultured mouse embryonic metatarsals isolated before vascularization, SR mRNA was highly localized in hypertrophic and calcified chondrocytes. Exposure to D-Ser not only suppressed several chondrocytic maturation markers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Ca2+ accumulation, nodule formation, and osteopontin expression, in rat chondrocytes, but also delayed chondral mineralization in mouse metatarsals. Either NMDA or Gly alone significantly increased Ca2+ accumulation in cultured chondrocytes, whereas D-Ser significantly prevented Ca2+ accumulation by Gly, but not by NMDA. Gly alone also significantly increased gene transactivation by the introduction of runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) in COS7 cells transfected with NR1 and NR3A subunits, while D-Ser significantly prevented the increase by Gly without affecting the promoter activity of Runx2. In both cultured chondrocytes and metatarsals from NR1-null mice, significant decreases were seen in ALP activity and chondral mineralization, respectively. These results suggest that D-Ser may negatively regulate cellular differentiation through inhibiting NMDA receptors composed of NR1 and NR3A subunits in a manner related to Runx2 transcriptional activity in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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18
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Nakamura Y, Takarada T, Kodama A, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Predominant promotion by tacrolimus of chondrogenic differentiation to proliferating chondrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:413-23. [PMID: 19270431 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08315fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK506) has been used as a therapeutic drug beneficial for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in humans. In this study, we investigated the effects of FK506 on cellular differentiation in cultured chondrogenic cells. Culture with FK506 led to a significant and concentration-dependent increase in Alcian blue staining for matrix proteoglycan at 0.1 to 1,000 ng/ml, but not in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, in ATDC5 cells, a mouse pre-chondrogenic cell line, cultured for 7 to 28 days, while the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin significantly decreased Alcian blue staining in a concentration-dependent manner, without altering ALP activity. FK506 significantly increased the expression of mRNA for both type II and type X collagen, but not for osteopontin, in ATDC5 cells. Similar promotion was seen in chondrogenic differentiation in both mouse metatarsals and chondrocytes cultured with FK506. However, FK506 failed to significantly affect transcriptional activity of the reporter construct for either sry-type HMG box 9 (Sox9) or runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2), which are both transcription factors responsible for chondrocytic maturation as a master regulator. These results suggest that FK506 may predominantly promote cellular differentiation into proliferating chondrocytes through a mechanism not relevant to the transactivation by either Sox9 or Runx2 in chondrogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Japan
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19
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Transactivation by Runt related factor-2 of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2009; 451:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Takahata Y, Takarada T, Iemata M, Yamamoto T, Nakamura Y, Kodama A, Yoneda Y. Functional expression of beta2 adrenergic receptors responsible for protection against oxidative stress through promotion of glutathione synthesis after Nrf2 upregulation in undifferentiated mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 218:268-75. [PMID: 18814142 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adrenaline is believed to play a dual role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and an adrenomedullary hormone in the peripheral tissues. In contrast to accumulating evidence for the involvement in endochondral ossification, osteoblastogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis, little attention has been paid to the role of adrenergic signals in the mechanisms underlying proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells with self-renewal capacity and multi-potentiality to differentiate into osteoblast, chondrocyte, adipocyte, and myocyte lineages. Expression of mRNA was seen for different adrenergic receptor (AdR) subtypes, including beta(2)AdR, in the mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1/2 cells and mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells before differentiation. Exposure to adrenaline not only increased cAMP formation, phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element (CRE) binding protein (CREB) on serine133 and CRE reporter activity in a manner sensitive to propranolol, but also rendered C3H10T1/2 cells resistant to the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide, but not of either 2,4-dinitirophenol or tunicamycin. Adrenaline induced a rapid but transient increase in mRNA expression of the antioxidative gene nuclear factor E2 p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) along with an increase in the cystine/glutamate antiporter subunit xCT mRNA expression. Hydrogen peroxide was less cytotoxic in cells overexpressing Nrf2, moreover, while adrenaline significantly increased xCT promoter activity with an increase in endogenous glutathione levels. These results suggest that adrenaline may selectively protect mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells from oxidative stress through a mechanism related to the promoted biosynthesis of glutathione in association with transient Nrf2 expression after activation of beta(2)AdR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Takahata
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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